Energy from gasification of solid wastes

Gasification technology is by no means new: in the 1850s, most of the city of London was illuminated by "town gas" produced from the gasification of coal. Nowadays, gasification is the main technology for biomass conversion to energy and an attractive alternative for the thermal treatment of solid waste. The number of different uses of gas shows the flexibility of gasification and therefore allows it to be integrated with several industrial processes, as well as power generation systems. The use of a waste-biomass energy production system in a rural community is very interesting too. This paper describes the current state of gasification technology, energy recovery systems, pre-treatments and prospective in syngas use with particular attention to the different process cycles and environmental impacts of solid wastes gasification.     

瑞士绿色水电认证对我国水电开发评估的启示

简要介绍了EAWAG"绿色水电认证"的概念、程序和标准要求,分析了我国目前水电站评估中存在的制度上、技术上的缺陷和问题,结合"绿色水电认证"的特点,论证了该认证标准在我国水电站评估中的适宜性:绿色水电认证将管理计划与生态目标有机地结合,为我国水电评估指标体系的构建提供了十分有益的参考;通过绿色电力认证额外增加的发电量作为生态投资,强调电力的生态价值,提供资金改善受影响河道的生态完整性;绿色水电认证标准中关于生态监测的数据要求,能够填补我国目前水电站生态影响评价数据的不足.     

电磁阻垢技术在火电厂大型循环水系统中的适用性研究

通过电磁阻垢技术在火电厂大型循环水系统中的应用情况进行研究分析，发现火电厂大型循环冷却水系统单独采用电磁阻垢处理方式和传统化学加药处理方式相比尚有欠缺，电厂在选择电磁阻垢处理方式进行循环水系统处理时应持谨慎态度，应用前应进行考证和试验。对于已采用电磁阻垢处理方式的电厂应加强循环水水质监督和机组热力参数监督，一旦发生异常情况，应立即恢复化学加药处理或进行两种方式的联合处理。     

大港油田污水回用工程超滤反渗透设计

通过总结大港油田污水回用深度处理工程超滤反渗透系统设计思路,介绍了目前国际领先的"双膜法"污水回用深度处理技术.着重论述了该工程超滤反渗透单元以及各辅助系统如加药、反洗、化学清洗等系统的设计,研究并探讨了系统设计中膜污染问题的解决措施和思路.     

污泥掺烧技术在煤粉炉上应用的试验研究

通过污泥掺烧技术在煤粉炉上的应用试验,得出污泥的含水率对锅炉制粉系统的影响.掺烧前后对炉膛温度没有大的影响,随着污泥比例的增加,燃烧效率下降,烟尘浓度和SO2浓度降低.     

资源循环科学与工程专业课程体系优化与教学内容创新实践的探索

针对资源循环科学与工程本科专业课程教学,以西安建筑科技大学该专业课程体系为案例,通过对毕业生和专业研讨会调研,分析了课程体系建设的现状和存在的问题。借鉴其他高校资源专业的课程体系和教学内容,通过梳理各门专业课程的教学内容和相互联系,构建了资源专业课程体系课程群,探索了课程体系优化的方法和增加创新实践环节的具体措施。     

脱硫石灰石粉生产线设计及应用

以姚孟电厂脱硫石灰石制粉工程为例，介绍了水泥粉磨技术在电厂脱硫剂制粉中的应用。运行结果表明，系统运行良好、效率高、能耗低，可作为电厂脱硫石灰石制粉的专门技术。     

An inexact multi-objective dynamic model and its application in China for the management of municipal solid waste

With the development of science and technology, solid waste management has become a serious environmental problem for most communities all over the world. This paper presents a multi-objective optimization model for the management of municipal solid waste (MSW) via an uncertainty approach. In this model, the system cost of solid waste management and the environmental impact are considered as the main objectives, and some necessary constraints based on the characteristics of China are included; additionally, Pollution loss theory is applied to evaluate the environmental impact.This model is applied to the City of Fo Shan, China. Compared with the primary project of Fo Shan, which is provided by the government, the results of the optimization procedure show that the overall system cost could be reduced by $1–2.4/ton, i.e., $3.7 million/yr. The model presented in this paper was proven to be an effective response to the multi-objective solid waste management problem, and provides a new technique to optimize MSW management and operation. Why is the optimization result better? By analyzing the modelling with respect to function, constraints, and results, we conclude that the profit would be augmented due to the amount of the waste that would be treated by recycling technology, which would increase rapidly during the planning time; thus, the total system cost could be reduced accordingly.     

Greenhouse gas emission reduction and environmental quality improvement from implementation of aerobic waste treatment systems in swine farms

Trading of greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reductions is an attractive approach to help producers implement cleaner treatment technologies to replace current anaerobic lagoons. Our objectives were to estimate greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reductions from implementation of aerobic technology in USA swine farms. Emission reductions were calculated using the approved United Nations framework convention on climate change (UNFCCC) methodology in conjunction with monitoring information collected during full-scale demonstration of the new treatment system in a 4360-head swine operation in North Carolina (USA). Emission sources for the project and baseline manure management system were methane (CH4) emissions from the decomposition of manure under anaerobic conditions and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions during storage and handling of manure in the manure management system. Emission reductions resulted from the difference between total project and baseline emissions. The project activity included an on-farm wastewater treatment system consisting of liquid-solid separation, treatment of the separated liquid using aerobic biological N removal, chemical disinfection and soluble P removal using lime. The project activity was completed with a centralized facility that used aerobic composting to process the separated solids. Replacement of the lagoon technology with the cleaner aerobic technology reduced GHG emissions 96.9%, from 4972 tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalents (CO2-eq) to 153 tonnes CO2-eq/year. Total net emission reductions by the project activity in the 4360-head finishing operation were 4776.6 tonnes CO2-eq per year or 1.10 tonnes CO2-eq/head per year. The dollar value from implementation of this project in this swine farm was US$19,106/year using current Chicago Climate Exchange trading values of US$4/t CO2. This translates into a direct economic benefit to the producer of US$1.75 per finished pig. Thus, GHG emission reductions and credits can help compensate for the higher installation cost of cleaner aerobic technologies and facilitate producer adoption of environmentally superior technologies to replace current anaerobic lagoons in the USA.     

超滤膜处理火电厂废水的工业性试验研究

结合现场中试探讨了超滤作为反渗透预处理工艺的可行性，确定了超滤工艺处理某火电厂废水的基本参数，研究了超滤膜的恢复及效果，并且提出了系统设计的相关建议，对工业系统设计具有指导意义。     

基于灰色关联度的西安市水环境承载力状况评价

结合西安市生态社会经济现状,建立与水环境系统密切相关的承载力指标体系;采用AHP法分析确定评价指标的权重,应用灰色关联度法和模糊综合评判构建水环境承载力评价模型,收集近年数据对西安市水环境承载力进行现状评价。结果表明,西安市水环境承载力从2000年的脆弱到2009年的良好大致呈现连年增强的趋势。但从隶属度矩阵发现,增长的动力来源于经济的良好发展势头,而生态系统已经遭到较严重的破坏,且修复不利,同时科技发展对承载力的贡献也呈现逐年下降趋势。研究表明,解决西安市水环境未来面临的恶化趋势的关键在于加速雨水资源化进程推进。     

电厂脱硫工程控制系统的分析与论证

简要阐述了脱硫技术的发展过程及其工艺过程的控制特点，论述和分析了脱硫控制的几种选型方案。比较和论证了DCS控制和PLC现场总线的区别和性价比。提出的方案和结论旨在为电厂新建、扩建或改造的脱硫项目建立控制系统提供重要的技术保障。     

浅析石灰石浆液品质调节方法与制浆系统节能

燃煤电厂烟气脱硫技术以石灰石/石膏法为主,制浆系统是其重要组成之一。以金湾电厂2×600MW机组石灰石/石膏湿法脱硫制浆系统为例,介绍了石灰石浆液品质调节方法及制浆系统节能措施。     

Life cycle assessment of sewage sludge co-incineration in a coal-based power station

A life cycle assessment was conducted to evaluate the environmental and economic effects of sewage sludge co-incineration in a coal-fired power plant. The general approach employed by a coal-fired power plant was also assessed as control. Sewage sludge co-incineration technology causes greater environmental burden than does coal-based energy production technology because of the additional electricity consumption and wastewater treatment required for the pretreatment of sewage sludge, direct emissions from sludge incineration, and incinerated ash disposal processes. However, sewage sludge co-incineration presents higher economic benefits because of electricity subsidies and the income generating potential of sludge. Environmental assessment results indicate that sewage sludge co-incineration is unsuitable for mitigating the increasing pressure brought on by sewage sludge pollution. Reducing the overall environmental effect of sludge co-incineration power stations necessitates increasing net coal consumption efficiency, incinerated ash reuse rate, dedust system efficiency, and sludge water content rate.     

NID循环半干法烟气脱硫技术在改造工程中的应用

总结了NID循环半于法烟气脱硫技术在台州电厂135MW机组和宁夏大武口2×110MW机组脱硫改造中的应用，结果表明：该技术占地小，改造方式灵活，适用于不同布置方式除尘装置的脱硫改造。能达到同时去除烟气中飞灰和SO2的目的。     

Effects of pre-treatment technologies on quantity and quality of source-sorted municipal organic waste for biogas recovery

Source-sorted municipal organic waste collected from different dwelling types in five Danish cities and pre-treated at three different plants was sampled and characterized several times during one year to investigate the origin of any differences in composition of the pre-treated waste introduced by city, pre-treatment technology, dwelling type or annual season. The investigated pre-treatment technologies were screw press, disc screen and shredder+magnet. The average quantity of pre-treated organic waste (biomass) produced from the incoming waste varied between the investigated pre-treatment technologies: 59%, 66% and 98% wet weight, respectively (41%, 34% and 2% reject, respectively). The pre-treatment technologies showed differences with respect to distribution of the chemical components in the waste between the biomass and the rejected material (reject), especially for dry matter, ash, collection bag material (plastic or paper) and easily degradable organic matter. Furthermore, the particle size of the biomass was related to the pre-treatment technology. The content of plastic in the biomass depended both on the actual collection bag material used in the system and the pre-treatment technology. The sampled reject consisted mostly of organic matter. For cities using plastic bags for the source-separated organic waste, the expected content of plastic in the reject was up to 10% wet weight (in some cases up to 20%). Batch tests for methane potential of the biomass samples showed only minor variations caused by the factors city, pre-treatment technology, dwelling type and season when based on the VS content of the waste (overall average 459STPm(3)/tVS). The amount of methane generated from 1t of collected waste was therefore mainly determined by the efficiency of the chosen pre-treatment technology described by the mass distribution of the incoming waste between biomass and reject.     

膜技术在污水深度处理中的应用

大港油田生活污水处理系统采用膜技术进行深度处理。与传统工艺相比,膜技术具有工艺简单、运行稳定、出水水质较好等特点,是中水回用技术领域的一个重要工艺路线。介绍了膜技术在大港油田污水深度处理工程中的实际应用,重点分析了超滤系统及反渗透膜的调试、运行与水质分析。     

污泥热解气化技术的研究进展

通过热解气化等热化学转化方式将污泥转变为液体或气体燃料是极具前景的污泥利用方式之一。从污泥的资源化利用方面着手,阐述了污泥热解气化技术的研究进展,分析了现有污泥热解气化工艺的优缺点和主要影响因素,并对该技术的发展趋势进行了展望。指出:高湿污泥与生物质混合进行共热解可以提高原料的转化率和整个系统的热效率;高效污泥热解气化装置的研发是目前污泥热解气化技术领域亟待解决的问题。     

Centralization of dairy farming facilities for improved economics and environmental quality

In Japan, most farm animal excreta has been stored directly on farmland. Runoff from this storage has often caused water pollution. Biogasification is anticipated as an important technology to manage excreta properly, but complex problems hinder its introduction. Economic aspects of management have been especially difficult for dairy farmers. For this study, structural problems regarding introduction of biogasification into dairy farming were identified. Subsequently, a desirable system of dairy farming including biogasification was suggested, and an evaluation model of the financial balance was constructed. A case study using current financial balances of several systems of dairy farming was evaluated using the constructed model and actual data. The systems were based on several policy alternatives including the suggested system mentioned above. Results show that a farmer can obtain sufficient income from a system featuring centralization of dairy housing and biogasification facilities and coordinated management by over six farmers.     

清洁生产技术框架探讨

从系统工程的角度审视了清洁生产技术，建立了一个由实体维，本质维，范畴维构成的普遍化的清洁生产三维技术框架。其中，将实体维划分为原料，工艺过程和产品，将本质维划分为非毒化，非碳化和非物质化，将范畴维划分为装置，企业和区域经济3个层次。作为对清洁生产技术进行多维度分析的尝试，该框架期望能为清洁生产技术的产生提供指导生的框架，并指明清洁生产技术的发展方向。