草原沙化和人工固沙草地生态演替中昆虫群落多样性变化？…

对宁夏沙坡头自然保护区不同沙化和人工固沙草地地段昆虫和植物群落特征参数,环境因子进行了调查,按不同营养层类群,栖息型类群和重要目分别进行了昆虫多样性变化规律的研究,应用主分量分析法和相关分析法,分析了草原沙化和人工固沙草地生态演替中昆虫不同类群多样性间以及多样性变化与植物、环境因子的关系、结果表明,我样性随草地沙化的加重而降低,以直翅目、膜翅目和食叶类群的下降率最大;随草地的恢复昆虫多样性趋于增加     

草原不同沙化地段蝗虫与植物群落多样性的变化及相互关系的数值分析

通过对植物和蝗虫种群生物量的调查，研究了宁夏盐池县干草原沙化过程中植物和蝗虫群落结构、多样性与丰富度的变化，以及其相互关系．结果表明，植物和蝗虫群落随着草地的沙化程度表现出序列性演替过程，蝗虫群落多样性直接受植物群密结构变化的影响，但二者的变化趋势并不完全平行．草地沙化对蝗虫群落多样性和丰富度是一种灾变性影响：沙化导致植被结构与土壤硬度的变化，造成蝗虫产卵地条件的改变．     

腾格里沙漠沙坡头地区土壤微生物多样性分析

为了揭示沙坡头沙漠固沙区与流沙区不同植物根际微生物群落结构的组成、丰度和多样性对沙漠极端环境的响应,采用DNA提取试剂盒提取土壤总DNA,对细菌群落编码16S rRNA的基因(16S r DNA)的V4~V5区进行Mi Seq测序,分析各样品中细菌群落结构的组成、丰度以及多样性指标,通过非度量多维尺度(NMDS)法和文氏(Venn)图解释微生物群落结构对环境的响应。固沙区与流沙区不同土壤样品微生物群落在门水平上主要以变形细菌门(Proteobacteria)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)和蓝细菌门(Cyanobacteria)为优势类群。在属水平上,不同样品优势类群差异明显。11个样品在NMDS纵轴方向上按照固沙区与流沙区分为2大组,说明微生物类群对人工固沙做出了环境响应。文氏图分析结果表明,尽管不同样品之间存在一定差异,但存在共有微生物类群,可能在沙坡头沙漠生态系统中发挥着核心作用。蓝细菌以及根瘤菌在沙生植物固沙过程中对于提供营养物质等生物地球化学循环起着重要作用。     

宁夏新垦区昆虫群落生态演替及有害种预警系统研究

以宁夏中宁县长山头、大战场（荒漠半荒漠）、灵武市狼皮子梁（沙漠）、青铜峡市渠口农场（草原化荒漠）３类垦前环境及其垦后不同耕作年限（１－１５ａ）农田昆虫群落演替进行了系统调查与研究，事理鉴定出昆虫１１目７９科２０４种，按其分布和种群动态变化划分为原生性种类、共生性种类、继生性种类和迁入性种类４个生态型类群。在此基础上研究了不同目、不同营养型类群和不同生态型类群昆虫多样性变化及时间系列演替，发现随着荒     

草原不同沙化地段蝗虫与植物群落多样性的变化及相互关系的数…

通过对植物和蝗虫各群生物量的调查，研究了宁夏盐池县干草原沙化过程中植物和蝗虫群落结构，多样性与丰富度的变化，以及其相互关系，结果表明，植物和蝗虫群落随着草地的沙化程度表现序列性演替过程，蝗虫群落多样性直接受植物群落结构变化的影响，但二者的变化趋势并不完全平行，草地沙化对蝗虫群落多样性和丰富度是一种灾变性影响，沙化导致植被结构与土壤硬度的变化，造成蝗虫产卵地条件的改变。     

暖温带和北亚热带过渡区白云山植物物种多样性与环境因子相关性

植物物种多样性及其环境因子关系研究一直是自然地理学和山地生态学的重要研究内容之一,特别是在不同温度带过渡区。该文以位于中国暖温带和北亚热带过渡地区的伏牛山北坡的白云山国家级自然保护区为研究区,采用实地调查法,对1 650~2 158 m海拔高度范围内15个样地内的乔木、灌木和草本种类数及乔木丰富度指数(Margalef)和多样性指数Shannon-Wiener进行了统计分析和测算;在此基础上,运用主成分分析法对影响植物物种多样性变化的3类20种环境因子进行分选和排序,并进行相关性分析。主成分分析结果显示,影响白云山植物物种多样性空间格局的3类环境要素贡献率大小排列依次为地形要素最大、土壤性状次之、气象因子最小;海拔、土壤厚度、大气湿度等9种环境因子是影响植物物种多样性空间变化的主要因子。相关性分析结果表明:影响乔木物种多样性变化的环境因子最明确,无论乔本层种类数,还是丰富度指数和多样性指数都与海拔、土壤厚度极显著相关(P0.01),与坡向和速效磷含量显著相关(P0.05);草本种类数与大气温度、土壤有机质和土壤碱解氮等微域气象或土壤性状关系密切;而影响灌木物种多样性变化的主要环境因子还尚不清晰,仅有坡向与之有统计上的显著相关性。研究结论丰富了秦岭-伏牛山作为中国主要气候区和生态区分界线的理论依据,同时也丰富了山地生态学理论。     

中小型土壤动物对川西高山草甸枯落物分解的季节响应

中小型土壤动物是土壤生态系统重要组成部分.为了了解川西高山草甸不同草本植物枯落物中土壤动物季节动态,利用凋落物网袋法,于雪被末期(5月初)和生长季末期(11月初)对6种草本植物残体中的中小型土壤动物群落进行了调查.结果显示,干漏斗(Tullgren)法共分离到中小型土壤动物871只,隶属1门4纲9目27类(科).雪被末期获得562只,隶属1门4纲7目14类群,其中以矮蒲螨科和美绥螨科为优势类群;生长季末期共获得309只,隶属1门4纲9目19类群,其中以丽甲螨科和舟蛾科为优势类群.川西高山草甸枯落物分解的中小型土壤动物群落结构具有显著的季节特征,多样性和类群数受季节变化的影响显著(P<0.05),且常见类群和稀有类群均发生明显变化.禾本类和阔叶杂草两类植物功能群的土壤动物群落多样性无显著差异(P>0.05).两个季节草本植物残体中土壤动物群落Sorensen相似性系数均低于0.5.草本各物种组成对土壤动物群落多样性的影响不显著(P>0.05).以上研究结果表明,川西高山草甸生态系统中,季节交替引起的环境因子变化,特别是日均温和枯落物含水量是影响中小型土壤动物群落结构的主要因素.     

紫茎泽兰入侵对不同植物群落类型中昆虫多样性的影响

紫茎泽兰Ageratina adenophora入侵对不同植物群落中昆虫群落的影响,以及不同植物群落抵御紫茎泽兰入侵的生态机制尚不清楚。本研究选取紫茎泽兰不同入侵程度和未入侵不同功能型植物群落样地,采用巴氏罐诱法、扫网法结合黄板法对各样地地表昆虫进行调查分析。在各样地共采集到昆虫标本12 099个,隶属于11目64科168种。其中,优势类群为膜翅目、同翅目、双翅目、缨翅目昆虫,占总种数的94.86%。随紫茎泽兰的入侵,群落中直翅目、缨翅目、同翅目、双翅目、鞘翅目、鳞翅目昆虫在群落中所占的比例呈先降低再升高的趋势,而膜翅目、半翅目昆虫在群落中所占比例呈先升高再降低趋势。紫茎泽兰群落中的同翅目、半翅目昆虫所占比例较不同功能型本地植物群落低,而膜翅目昆虫所占比例较其他群落高。随紫茎泽兰入侵程度的加重,昆虫多样性指数D、H、E均呈先降低后升高的趋势;昆虫优势度指数C则呈先升高再降低的趋势。多年生禾本科植物群落的昆虫各多样性指数均大于紫茎泽兰群落,与紫茎泽兰群落间的差异最小,且有较高的相似性(0.602),可能是对紫茎泽兰的入侵具有较强抵御作用的指示因子之一。     

高寒草地沙化过程植物群落构成及生态位特征变化

草地沙化是目前面临的重要环境问题,会对草原地区牧草生产与居民生活环境产生影响。目前对沙化草地的研究主要集中在植被与土壤性质的变化,对物种之间关系的变化并未进行深入探究。基于经典的生态位理论,利用空间代替时间序列的方法,通过调查高寒草地沿沙化梯度的植物群落变化特征,分析沙化演替过程中高寒草原植物群落构成、生态位宽度以及生态位重叠(O)的变化,探索沙化过程植物种群的资源利用状况及生态适应能力,以期为青藏高原高寒草原植物多样性维持机制与沙化草地植被恢复提供参考依据。结果发现,随着沙化程度的加重,群落盖度和地上生物量呈现逐渐降低的趋势。不同的是,物种丰富度、辛普森指数和香农-维纳指数的最大值出现在轻度沙化梯度,而后呈显著降低趋势(P0.001),但Pielou指数在各沙化梯度间差异不显著(P=0.634)。通过计算重要值发现,沙化梯度之间群落结构变异较大。相关性分析发现,沙化过程物种生态位宽度与重要值呈饱和曲线关系。随着沙化程度的加重,生态位高度重叠(0.9)和部分重叠(0.5O≤0.9)的植物种对数逐渐降低,而中度重叠以下(≤0.5)的植物种对数则变化不大,这说明沙化程度加深导致的物种数减少会降低种群间资源利用的竞争。沙化程度的加重伴随土壤养分的减少,为降低对有限资源的竞争,植物种群间的资源利用呈现多样化。     

基于种子库激活的沙化草地生态修复技术应用

种子库在草原退化植被恢复重建中发挥着重要作用,针对科尔沁草原生态功能区草地沙化问题,研发出沙化草地种子库激活技术。该技术通过围封样地,在样地上施加由有机肥与保水剂混合配制的锁水保肥剂,实现沙化草地的快速锁水保肥。结果表明,通过激活沙化草地种子库,修复样地植被盖度较对照样地提高66.43%,Shannon-Wiener多样性指数提高8.90%,0~30 cm沙地土壤有机质、全氮、全钾和全磷总量分别增加23.47%、14.82%、2.90%和403.56%。因此,该技术有利于土壤肥力增强,短期内有助于提高群落的物种多样性,促进沙地植被的修复,起到防沙和固沙作用。     

三江源区不同建植年代人工草地群落演替与土壤养分变化

研究了了三源区不同建植期人工修复草地在不同演替阶段毒杂草[主要是甘肃马先蒿(Pedicularis kansuensis)]的入侵规律、数量特征,植物群落物种组成、生物苗和草地质最以及土壤养分、微生物活性的变化规律.结果表明,不同建植期人工修复草地植物群落的种类组成、植物功能群组成和群落数量特征存在显著差异.随着演替时间的推移,人工草地群落盖度、高度、物种数、生物最和多样性指数均表现出"V"字型变化规律,杂类草--甘肃马先蒿的数量特征变化尤为明显,在4 a的人工草地群落中开始局部入侵,在5～6 a的人工草地群落中大面积入侵,其入侵速度、入侵面积达到高峰期.土壤的含水量、容重、土壤中有机质、氮素和磷素在演替过程(7 a、9 a草地)中逐渐降低,到一定时期又逐步增加;随着演替的进行,不同建植期人工草地的土壤微牛物生物量碳和酶活性均呈"V"字型,变化.对于退化生态系统的恢复首先是植被恢复,其次是土壤肥力的恢复.土壤有机质等养分的积累、微生物活性的改善不仅能使土壤-植物复合系统的功能得以恢复,同时也能促进物种多样性的形成,有利于人工草地群落稳定性的提高.在试验区尽管植被恢复演替进行得比较缓慢,但从土壤发展的角度看,仍属进展演替.所以,在退化高寒草甸的恢复过程中,若降低和有效控制外界的干扰(如围栏封育),可为退化草地恢复提供繁殖体与土壤环境,实现人工草地逐步向恢复(正向)演替进行.图3表6参34     

Arthropod assemblages are best predicted by plant species composition

Insects and spiders comprise more than two-thirds of the Earth's total species diversity. There is wide concern, however, that the global diversity of arthropods may be declining even more rapidly than the diversity of vertebrates and plants. For adequate conservation planning, ecologists need to understand the driving factors for arthropod communities and devise methods, that provide reliable predictions when resources do not permit exhaustive ground surveys. Which factor most successfully predicts arthropod community structure is still a matter of debate, however. The purpose of this study was to identify the factor best predicting arthropod assemblage composition. We investigated the species composition of seven functionally different arthropod groups (epigeic spiders, grasshoppers, ground beetles, weevils, hoppers, hoverflies, and bees) at 47 sites in The Netherlands comprising a range of seminatural grassland types and one heathland type. We then compared the actual arthropod composition with predictions based on plant species composition, vegetation structure, environmental data, flower richness, and landscape composition. For this we used the recently published method of predictive co-correspondence analysis, and a predictive variant of canonical correspondence analysis, depending on the type of predictor data. Our results demonstrate that local plant species composition is the most effective predictor of arthropod assemblage composition, for all investigated groups. In predicting arthropod assemblages, plant community composition consistently outperforms both vegetation structure and environmental conditions (even when the two are combined), and also performs better than the surrounding landscape. These results run against a common expectation of vegetation structure as the decisive factor. Such expectations, however, have always been biased by the fact that until recently no methods existed that could use an entire (plant) species composition in the explanatory role. Although more recent experimental diversity work has reawakened interest in the role of plant species, these studies still have not used (or have not been able to use) entire species compositions. They only consider diversity measures, both for plant and insect assemblages, which may obscure relationships. The present study demonstrates that the species compositions of insect and plant communities are clearly linked.     

植被恢复的生态效应研究进展

植被在水土保持、水源涵养及生态系统的固碳过程中起着重要的作用。植被恢复是指运用生态学原理,通过保护现有植被、封山育林或营造人工林、灌、草植被,修复或重建被毁坏或被破坏的森林和其他自然生态系统,恢复其生物多样性及其生态系统功能。目前,植被的自然及人工恢复是改善脆弱生态系统及退化生态系统生态环境现状最有效的措施。植被在恢复过程中对地上植被生态系统,物种多样性的恢复有着重要影响,同时通过凋落物及根系的输入,可以有效改善地下生态系统,增加土壤的养分含量、改善土壤的物理结构、增加土壤生物的生物量及活性。文章以地上及地下生态系统为出发点,综述了植被恢复过程中自然及人工恢复过程中不同的植被类型、不同的恢复时间下植物物种组成和多样性、土壤理化性质及土壤微生物群落的变化。植被的自然及人工恢复在一定程度上均能增加植物物种的多样性,随着恢复年限的增加物种的组成发生改变且多样性呈增加趋势,但一些特殊环境下不当的人工恢复可造成植被演替向退化方向发展,降低生物多样性。不同的植被类型由于其生长方式的不同对土壤理化性质和土壤微生物的影响存在差异,随着恢复年限的增长,土壤理化指标及微生物学指标呈现先增加而后趋于平稳的状态。针对已有的研究进展,提出在未来的研究过程中,一方面应该增加更多的对比研究,对不同环境下,不同的恢复物种,不同的恢复方式进行更深入地探讨;另外一方面应增加不同尺度的研究,现有的研究多集中在样地尺度,未来应在更大尺度上进行分析;再者,地上及地下生态系统之间的相互关系及影响机理一直是土壤学科研究的热点,植被恢复过程中应增加更多该方面的机理研究。     

Bird metacommunities in temperate South American forest: vegetation structure, area, and climate effects

Spatial structure in metacommunities and their relationships to environmental gradients have been linked to opposing theories of community assembly. In particular, while the species sorting hypothesis predicts strong environmental influences, the neutral theory, the mass effect, and the patch dynamics frameworks all predict differing degrees of spatial structure resulting from dispersal and competition limitations. Here we study the relative influence of environmental gradients and spatial structure in bird assemblages of the Chilean temperate forest. We carried out bird and vegetation surveys in South American temperate forests at 147 points located in nine different protected areas in central Chile, and collected meteorological and productivity data for these localities. Species composition dissimilarities between sites were calculated, as well as three indices of bird local diversity: observed species richness, Chao estimate of richness, and Shannon diversity. A stepwise multiple regression and partial regression analyses were used to select a small number of environmental factors that predicted bird species diversity. Although diversity indices were spatially autocorrelated, environmental factors were sufficient to account for this autocorrelation. Moreover, community dissimilarities were not significantly related to distance between sites. We then tested a multivariate hypothesis about climate, vegetation, and avian diversity interactions using a structural equation modeling (SEM) approach. The SEM showed that climate and area of fragments have important indirect effects on avian diversity, mediated through changes in vegetation structure. Given the scale of this study, the metacommunity framework provides useful insights into the mechanisms driving bird assemblages in this region. Taken together, the weak spatial structure of community composition and diversity, as well as the strong environmental effects on bird diversity, support the interpretation that species sorting has a predominant role in structuring avian assemblages in the region.     

NDVI起伏型时间序列模型初探

NDVI(植被归一化指数 )是描述地表植被特征的重要指标 ,其月动态变化具有明显的周期性规律 .应用起伏型时间序列法对中国及其典型省份的NDVI月动态变化进行模拟 .结果表明 :无论是较规则的周期波动 ,还是幅度较大的不规则波动 ,均呈较高的拟合精度 ,且优于以气象因子所建立的线性回归模型的拟合效果 .说明起伏型时间序列分析可用于NDVI动态变化研究 ,因此丰富了NDVI动态变化定量研究的方法和内容 ,从而为研究全球气候影响下的植被变化提供思路 .图 2表 1参 14     

锡林河河漫滩湿地植物群落特征及物种多样性分析

内蒙古高原草原区湿地具有不同于典型湿地的特征,同时还兼具草原的一些特征,在保持生物多样性和珍惜物种资源方面具有不可替代的重要作用.通过样方调查,以重要值为数量特征,采用指示种分析法和多样性指数测定,对内蒙古高原典型内陆河流——锡林河中游河漫滩湿地植被群落特征及物种多样性进行了系统分析和研究.结果表明:(1)锡林河中游河漫滩湿地植被依微地形由高河漫滩向低河漫滩可分为芦苇+羊草,黄花苜蓿+无茫雀麦,灰脉苔草+早熟禾,水甜茅群落,小糠草+蒙古扁穗草等5个群落,以禾本科、菊科、豆科三大草本为主,建群种有别于典型湿地和典型草原群落.(2)植物水分生态类型以湿生、中生为主且无水生类型,具有典型湿地和草原的双重特征;(3)湿地植物群落物种多样性、均匀性和丰富度表现出相似的变化趋势,多样性和丰富度较草甸草原低但高于典型草原;(4)锡林河河漫滩湿地植物群落是典型河流湿地和典型草原之间的过渡类型.表6,参28.     

Effect of Vertebrate Grazing on Plant and Insect Community Structure

Abstract: We compared species diversity of plants and insects among grazed and ungrazed areas of Ponderosa pine–grassland communities in Arizona. Plant species richness was higher in two of three grassland communities that were grazed by native elk and deer and domestic cattle than in ungrazed areas inside a series of three large (approximately 40-ha) grazing exclosures. Similarly, plant species richness was higher in grazed areas relative to ungrazed areas at one of two series of smaller (approximately 25-m²) and short-term exclosure sites. Evenness of plant distribution, however, was greater inside ungrazed long-term exclosures but was reduced inside ungrazed short-term exclosures relative to grazed areas. Relative abundances of forbs, grasses, trees, and shrubs, and native and introduced plants did not differ between the long- and short-term grazing exclosures and their grazed counterparts. Relative abundances of some plant species changed when grazers were excluded, however. In contrast, insect species richness was not different between grazed and ungrazed habitats, although insect abundance increased 4- to 10-fold in ungrazed vegetation. Our results suggest that vertebrate grazing may increase plant richness, even in nutrient-poor, semi-arid grasslands, but may decrease insect abundances.     

历山山地草甸的物种多样性及其与土壤理化性质的关系

运用12种多样性指数综合分析了历山舜王坪草甸的物种多样性．随着放牧强度渐弱，物种多样性升高，土壤环境因子影响多样性指数，且有机质、N和K对各多样性指数的影响都较大．各群落多样性指数有大体一致的变化趋势，且其随Cu,K含量的增加而增加，说明土壤养分的增加有利于物种多样性的升高；而有机质和N增加群落多样性反而减少，这是因为人为干扰的影响超过了土壤环境因子的影响．综合以上分析得出，该研究地物种多样性指数的影响因子有放牧强度和土壤环境因子等，其中放牧的影响是最主要的．图3表3参15     

Scale-dependent relations in land cover biophysical dynamics

The exploration of the relationships between plant biotic dynamics and scale can reveal important information on ecosystem spatial organization by addressing preservation of information integrity in upscaling/downscaling procedures of land-surface parameterization for environmental modeling applications. Scale-dependent relations of vegetation dynamics are investigated in this study by using emergent biophysical characteristics obtained through a predictive multidimensional model of vegetation anomalies derived from remote-sensing observations. In particular, the analysis is focused on the spatial organization of some phenological parameters including deterministic variations (seasonal range, interannual variability, jump discontinuities) and stochastic components (plant memory, spatial correlations). The analysis is performed using MODIS-based Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) 16-day composites for the period from March 2000 to December 2006 over Italy at different levels of spatial aggregation (1-8 km). Scale-dependences of the statistical moments of the phenological parameters are quantified through simple power laws for five distinct vegetated land covers. Results suggest that some biophysical characteristics, especially deterministic components, show no preferential spatial scale for important coverage. In particular, broad-leaved forests and natural grasslands are characterized by deterministic and low-distance spatial components well explained by scale relationships, which are modulated by possible spatiotemporal dynamics of climatic drivers. Agricultural lands show high scale-dependent relations on short-term biophysical memory sources and low-distance spatial components of phenology likely related to hierarchical interactions of anthropogenic and ecological processes; whereas mixed patterns of croplands and natural areas generally present no consistent scaling relations.