扬水曝气技术在水源水质改善中的应用

扬水曝气技术是新开发的水质改善技术,用于混合上下水层、控制藻类生长、增加水体溶解氧、抑制底泥污染物释放.将该技术应用于某水源地,其提水效率达到同类设备--同温层曝气器的两倍;控制了水体表层的藻类数量,抑制了藻类的生长,将藻类叶绿素a含量降低了13.96%.扬水曝气技术的适用条件:用于控制藻类生长时,水深应不小于10 m;用于抑制底泥污染物释放时,水体应存在溶解氧小于1～2 mg/L的厌氧条件.     

淀山湖蓝藻水华及其控制因子的模型研究

针对淀山湖富营养化严重的问题,应用美国环境保护署的AQUATOX模型对淀山湖水体中常规水质数据时间变化规律和藻类生长演替进行了研究.在对模型率定、验证的基础上,选择水力停留时间、营养盐、pH、水温、风速、光强对蓝藻生长的影响进行分析.该生态模型较好地模拟了常规水质和藻类的动态变化.计算结果显示,目前营养盐并非淀山湖蓝藻暴发的主要限制因子;淀山湖水力停留时间越长越适合蓝藻的生长;当pH为7.5～9.5、水温为30～35℃、静风或风速小于3.1 m/s、光强为70～400W/m2时,蓝藻能很好地生长.模拟结果可以为揭示淀山湖蓝藻"水华"暴发机制和预警预报提供科学依据.     

不同遮光方式的抑藻效果比较研究

藻类的生长繁殖与其自身通过光照进行光合作用有着密不可分的关系。研究了遮光面积、遮光周期、遮光率与水体叶绿素a含量和藻类密度之间的关系，探讨不同遮光方式对藻类生长的抑制作用；以及不同遮光方式下水体中氮磷浓度的变化情况。实验结果显示：遮光50%以上的实验桶内的叶绿素a含量和藻类密度相对于不遮光减少50%以上；从上午9：00至下午3：00遮光，12 d可以使绿素a浓度和藻类数量相对于不遮光减少70%以上；遮光率达到67%以上时，抑藻效果才较为明显，第12 d时，叶绿素a含量和藻类密度相对于不遮光减少50%以上。遮光是抑制藻类暴发的有效措施之一，不同水体可以根据具体情况选择不同的遮光方式。     

扬水曝气技术对周村水库藻类的控制

扬水曝气作为湖泊、水库水体修复技术之一,在国内多个水源水库水质改善工程中得到应用。为进一步研究扬水曝气技术对湖库藻类的控制效果及其机理,在对北方温带季节性分层水库-周村水库垂向水体的理化指标及藻类参数进行常年监测的基础上,于2015年8月—9月扬水曝气运行前后对垂向水体理化指标及浮游植物生物量、群落结构及丰度进行了连续监测和对比分析。结果表明,扬水曝气破坏了水体分层,藻类生物量锐减,多样性水平提高,藻类密度垂向差异消失,优势种群由威胁性较大的蓝藻、绿藻变为威胁性较小的硅藻,水体生态状况良好。扬水曝气系统对氮营养盐含量、热分层结构和光照条件的影响是促进了藻类群落结构改变的主要原因。     

再生水补水河道中流速对浮游藻类生长影响的模拟实验

以再生水为主要补给水源的城市河道中,避免藻类水华是河道调控的重点之一。实际调控中,在控制藻类数量增长的同时,还应关注藻类群落的多样性,降低由于优势藻种的生长而导致水华的可能。在3种水深下各设置7组流速条件,利用环形水槽模拟研究不同组合条件下河道单元水体中浮游藻类的生长情况,通过计算藻类比生长率和藻类群落的香浓-威纳(Shannon-Wiener)指数描述藻类增长速率和群落生物多样性,从而对浮游藻类生长情况进行综合评价。实验结果显示,相同水深下浮游藻类比生长率在0.05~0.08 m·s~(-1)流速范围内出现最大值,而适当降低水深有利于提高水体浮游藻类的群落多样性。综合分析比生长率和多样性得到,在0~0.05 m·s~(-1)流速附近产生水华的潜势较高。     

pH胁迫对法乐水绵生长指标和环境应激酶的影响

以淡水丝状藻法乐水绵为研究对象,分别研究了在不同pH下其环境应激酶、叶绿素a含量和细胞死亡率的变化,以期能为水体中淡水丝状藻的控制提供理论依据。结果表明,在pH为6.0~8.0时,法乐水绵对pH胁迫具有一定的抗逆性,表现为叶绿素a含量和环境应激酶含量变化较平稳。但随着pH胁迫的增加,法乐水绵细胞对胁迫引起的自由基损伤修复的能力下降。法乐水绵细胞通过形成更多的环境应激酶、增加其活性等途径来消除因胁迫而生成的多余自由基、缓解对膜系统的攻击。但pH超过8.5后,抗逆性减弱,法乐水绵出现生长抑制,pH胁迫对细胞结构的破坏加剧,导致出现细胞结构变异和死亡现象。     

滴水湖底泥内源营养盐释放行为与曝气运行模式的关系

以滴水湖上覆水及底泥为研究对象,探讨了不同曝气运行模式对滴水湖底泥内源营养盐释放行为的影响,为曝气原位修复滴水湖等滨海盐碱化地区富营养化人工湖泊提供技术参考。结果表明,曝气能有效降低滴水湖上覆水体NH+4-N浓度,但此类滩涂底泥中较高的盐度能促进内源NH+4-N的释放并抑制硝化作用,使其NH+4-N削减率明显低于城市重污染河道;静置组TP浓度有所升高,而间歇曝气组及连续曝气组TP削减率分别为63.6%和38.5%,说明间歇曝气能有效降低上覆水体中的TP浓度;与曝气修复城市重污染河道相比,滴水湖较高的盐度及pH不利于TN去除,其中间歇曝气组对上覆水TN的控制优于连续曝气组与静置组;间歇曝气运行模式更适合于滴水湖等滨海盐碱化地区富营养化人工湖泊的底泥修复。     

曝气对遮光条件下藻类消亡的影响

以斜生栅藻和铜绿微囊藻为材料,分析低光照度范围内藻类光合作用特性和呼吸速率,研究曝气对遮光条件下藻类消亡过程的影响.结果表明,(25±1) ℃时斜生栅藻和铜绿微囊藻的光补偿点分别为600、720 lx,呼吸速率分别为89、57 μmol/(mg*h);光照度低于光补偿点,藻类内源呼吸导致水体DO浓度降低;单纯遮光(光照度为0 lx)处理7 d,斜生栅藻和铜绿微囊藻生物量去除率(以OD650计)分别为17.2%和39.1%;增加曝气措施后,斜生栅藻和铜绿微囊藻去除率分别上升到71.3%和92.0%,曝气能有效促进藻类消亡.实验数据拟合结果证明,藻细胞消亡符合藻细胞内源呼吸-衰减模型.     

利用生物制剂处理北京动物园富营养型地表水的初步研究

北京市的地表水水质日益恶化,富营养化表现突出。目前改善水质、抑制藻类生长是解决富营养化水体的关键。试验采用从美国引进的新型生物制剂Eclean应用于北京动物园富营养化水体,试验结果表明,水体中的CODMn、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、浊度、叶绿素a、藻类浓度各项指标均有明显下降,水质明显改善,藻类生长基本得到控制。     

附着藻类对浮游藻类生长抑制的试验研究

通过室内模拟实验，研究了在实验室条件下，以控制一定的温度、照度、pH值等条件，并设置氮磷比在10：1到25：1的范围内变化时，观测浮游藻类单独培养和浮游附着藻类混合培养时的生长竞争情况，为富营养化水体的水华控制提供一定的理论依据。另外，还探讨了以葡萄糖为外加碳源，对浮游藻类和附着藻类生长状况的影响。结果表明，在氮磷比为20：1时，浮游藻类单独培养和混合培养下的浓度差最高，其值为159×10^5 cells／L。随着氮浓度的增高，当温度越高时，附着藻类对浮游藻类的竞争优势越明显。同时浮游藻类比附着藻类更能适应较高的COD浓度。     

Marine macrophytes as effective lead biosorbents

Several species of seagrass and marine macrophytes were investigated for their biosorption performance in the removal of lead from aqueous solution. The effect of pH on the equilibrium of the seagrass Cymodocea nodosa as a biosorbent also was studied. It was found that increasing pH increased lead biosorption, with a maximum uptake of approximately 140 mg/g in the range pH 3.3 to 5. Equilibrium data at different pH levels were successfully fitted to competitive equilibrium models. In addition, the seaweeds belonging to different phyla (i.e., Chlorophyta, Heterokontophyta, and Rhodophyta) were studied for the effect of their structure on equilibrium at a constant pH 5. The brown algae (Heterokontophyta) showed the highest potential for lead sorption, with a maximum uptake of 220 mg/g for C. compressa and 140 mg/g for S. lomentaria. The green algae (Chlorophyta) showed lead uptake in the range 40 to 90 mg/g, and the red algae (Rhodophyta) was least effective, with uptake in the range 10 to 40 mg/g.     

The ORP and pH profiles during simultaneous nitrification and denitrification of low carbon municipal wastewater

The ORP and pH profiles and the stability of Simultaneous Nitrification and Denitrification (SND) for low carbon municipal wastewater treatment were investigated under the different aeration modes in Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR). The results showed that the 92% removal efficiency for TN, the smallest average level of ORP and both of the variation of ORP and pH values are achieved in Intermittent Aeration (IA) with 0.5 aeration fraction and high air-on frequency. These results suggested that IA with small aeration fraction and high air-on frequency favourable for the stable SND. The average level of ORP fluctuation range and the stability of ORP and pH values are all beneficial for the stable and complete degree of SND.     

Effects of increased sea water concentrations of CO2 on growth of the bivalve Mytilus edulis L

It has been proposed that emission of anthropogenic carbon dioxide to the atmosphere will lead to increased concentrations of CO(2) in sea water corresponding to a decrease of pH of several tenths of pH units. An experiment was performed to test the effects of increased sea water concentrations of CO(2) on shell growth of the blue mussel Mytilus edulis. The experiment was performed in aquaria continuously flushed with sea water spiked with CO(2) to provide five different levels of pH between 6.7 and control sea water with a pH of 8.1. The shell length of the mussels was measured at the start and end of the 44 days experimental period. No mortality was observed during the first 23 days of the experiment. The growth increment in mm was much larger for small mussels than for large mussels, but relative growth profile as function of pH was more similar in the two size groups; observed differences may be random variation between samples. The experiments showed that CO(2) induced reduction of pH affects the growth of M. edulis negatively. There was a strong and statistically significant decrease in growth at the lowest pH values, with virtually no growth at pH = 6.7 and reduced growth at pH = 7.1. The effect seems to set in between pH 7.4 and 7.1; at mean pH levels 7.4 and 7.6 the growth increments were not significantly different from growth at normal pH 8.1.     

超声强化混凝去除蓝藻实验研究

研究了超声波对藻类的混凝去除强化,证明超声波可以快速、高效地提高藻类混凝去除效率,减少混凝剂用量.在混凝剂投加量为0.8 mg/L时,5 s超声处理,藻类去除效果比对照样好30%.同样,藻类去除率都为92%时,5 s超声预处理可以将混凝剂投加量降低至1/3.超声预处理时间对强化混凝效果有很大的影响,在实验条件下,1～5 s的超声处理均可产生满意的结果,1 s为最优、最经济时间,而预处理超过30 s反而降低混凝效果.低频下不同处理频率对超声强化混凝效果影响不大,在80 kHz的频率下,最佳功率为50 W.最佳pH值在8～9范围内.     

曝气量对悬浮系统单级自养脱氮性能的影响

通过连续实验和间歇实验研究了不同曝气量对SBR系统自养脱氮性能的影响。连续实验表明,在进水氨氮浓度为155～185 mg/L时,曝气量分别为20、28、36和44 L/h时,TN去除率分别为80%、82%、80%和77%;增大和减小曝气量均会降低系统的脱氮效率。间歇实验表明,随着曝气量的增加,氨氮的降解速率有所升高,20、28、36和44 L/h曝气条件下氨氮的降解速率分别为7.23、7.25、7.86和7.95 mg/(g MLVSS.h);在降解的过程中DO浓度一直维持在较低的水平(<0.5 mg/L),pH值则呈先升高后降低的趋势;氨氮降解结束时,pH值和DO浓度同时升高。结果表明,改变曝气量会影响单级自养脱氮反应的进程,但对降解过程DO浓度值变化不大;DO浓度和pH值变化对氨降解结束具有指示作用。     

基于改性凹凸棒土的强化混凝处理高藻低浊原水工艺

针对水厂低浊高藻水的处理难题,研究了改性凹凸棒土(改性凹土)联合聚合氯化铝(PAC)强化混凝的除藻除浊效果。设计实验原水条件为叶绿素a(chl-a)浓度为98.58~110.35μg/L,浊度(5.6±0.5)NTU。考察了PAC和改性凹土的复配投加量、混凝沉淀时间、pH、投加顺序、搅拌速率等工艺参数对Chl-a和浊度耦合去除效果的影响。结果表明,"PAC+改性凹土"对Chl-a和浊度的去除效果明显优于单投PAC的效果。当PAC投药量12 mg/L,改性凹土投药量10 mg/L,沉淀时间20 min时,对Chl-a和浊度的去除率可分别达到92.5%和89.2%,可至少减少40%的PAC投量,且形成的矾花密实,沉降速度快,去除效率高。最适pH范围为7~8。投加顺序应为先投加改性凹土,混合搅拌转数宜慢速,可控制为50 r/min。     

低曝气下PAC强化SBR工艺同步脱氮除磷

采用序批式反应器(SBR)处理模拟生活污水,研究不同曝气量(30、24、18和12 L/h)下活性污泥同步脱氮除磷规律,并在最佳曝气量下,比较了粉末活性炭-序批式反应器(PAC-SBR)和SBR的脱氮除磷效率,分析了低曝气下PAC-SBR的运行特性和优越性。实验结果表明,当曝气量为24 L/h时,SBR内出水效果较好,其COD、TN和TP的平均去除率分别可以达到90.02%、81.13%和88.12%。在这个最佳曝气量下,PAC-SBR具有明显的优势,其COD、TN和TP的平均去除率均高于SBR,并且PAC-SBR具有较好的污泥沉降性能和较高的活性污泥浓度。在PAC-SBR中,活性污泥以PAC作为微生物载体强化了生物降解效果,并改善了低曝气下污泥絮体的结构,促使反应器内先后形成缺氧-厌氧-微氧/缺氧-缺氧的环境,利于同步硝化反硝化和反硝化聚磷,提高了PAC-SBR的同步脱氮除磷效率。     

The impact of aluminium on green algae isolated from two hydrochemically different headwater streams, Bavaria, Germany

Two strains of green algae (Scenedesmus sp. and Chlorella sp.) have been isolated from two headwater streams differing in stream chemistry (Eger river: acidic, low alkalinity; Püttlach river: slightly alkaline, high alkalinity). In this study the growth response of these indigenous algae to increased concentrations of aluminium (Al) is investigated. A semi-continuous culture technique was used for Al-toxicity studies. Algal response was determined by calculating growth rates from turbidity and cell counts. Those Al-species which are well known to be toxic were estimated by equilibrium calculations using the WATEQ computer program (Truesdall & Jones, 1973). The pH-value of the culture media was usually pH=5, except for one of the test series. Tested concentrations ranged from c=4 to 220 micromol litre(-1). The isolated strains of green algae were highly sensitive to increased Al-concentrations. The strain isolated from the Püttlach river was more sensitive than the Eger river algae. A total growth inhibition occurs at Al-concentrations of c=4 micromol litre(-1) if the whole Al was added at once. If Al was added gradually into the growth media the response of the algae was delayed. This is due to Al-enrichment in cells. In our long term toxicity studies, growth inhibition occurs even at nearly neutral pH-conditions (pH=6.5) although Al toxicity is expected at pH-values less than pH=5.5. This new result confirms the need of long-term studies in continuous cultures under simulated natural conditions. This might be the only way to achieve valid conclusions about the fate and the toxicity of environmental pollutants.     

Solids separation coupled with batch-aeration treatment for odor control from liquid swine manure

Previous studies on solids/liquid (S-L) separation for odor control from swine manure indicated that the practice might not technically be feasible because of the complexity of removing the fine particles, which are usually the major source of the odor problems. This study coupled S-L separation by sedimentation with an aeration treatment to quickly break down the fine as well as dissolved solids. Results showed that S-L separation of manure prior to aeration, at the same level of aeration, took only 1.5 days compared to 3 days needed for the control, to bring down volatile fatty acids (VFAs) to the "threshold of unacceptable level". In addition, it took 2.3 and 5 aeration-days for VFAs to reach the "acceptable level" for the separated liquid manure and the control, respectively. Results also showed that within the three weeks of post-aeration storage, the VFAs in the separated liquid manure consistently stayed 13.5 folds below the acceptable level. In the unseparated manure, the VFAs gradually increased upwards from 2.2 folds below acceptable level achieved at the end of aeration treatment, to 1.38 folds below the acceptable level at the end of the third week of storage and looked poised to definitely rise above the acceptable level in a matter of days. A strong relationship (R=0.99) between pH and the VFAs in the manure suggested that; degradation of VFAs rendered manure more basic as shown by the increase in pH. After only three days of aeration, the oxidation reduction potential (ORP) in the separated liquid manure stabilized at a much higher level of -15 mV, while the ORP in unseparated manure stabilized at a much lower level of -200 mV. The S-L separation treatment thus significantly improves the oxygen transfer efficiency, which in turn significantly reduces the aeration power needed to maintain adequate ORP if prolonged aeration is desired.