煤层气采出水达标排放处理技术研究

以鄂东区块采出水为研究对象，在对其水质特征充分分析的基础上，研究提出了“固定化微生物”曝气生物滤池的采出水COD和NH3-N的去除工艺，开展了3个阶段的现场试验进行COD和NH3-N去除效果的验证，同时采用GC-MS分析方法探究采出水中有机物氧化降解情况。试验数据显示：最终出水的COD、NH3-N均低于40，2mg/L排放指标要求，难降解有机物种类和数量大幅减少。其中，COD去除率从70％逐步提升至880％，且随水力停留时间（HRT）增加而不断提升；NH3-N去除率可稳定达到99％以上，远低于标准设定值2mg/L，且对HRT的调整不敏感。研究结果表明，以“固定化微生物-曝气生物滤池＋活性炭吸附”为主体的工艺的处理技术，对鄂东区块采出水中的COD，NH3-N和难降解有机物均具有明显的去除效果，将HRT调整至8h左右时，出水仍可稳定达标，此时的直接运行费用将降至1.40元/m3以下，较化学处理工艺处理费用低70％以上，实现了鄂东区块煤层气采出水的“低成本、 稳定达标排放”处理。     

内循环三相生物流化床处理生活污水的试验研究

对内循环三相生物流化床处理生活污水进行了试验研究,探讨了生物膜的形成和水力停留时间及曝气量对处理效果的影响。结果表明：在HRT为6h,曝气量为0.6m3/h,进水COD和NH4＋-N分别为240.2~298.7mg/L和29.1~68.9mg/L条件下,平均COD去除率为83%,NH4＋-N去除率为95.1%。     

一体式膜生物反应器(SMBR)处理抗生素废水研究

采用一体式膜生物反应器处理抗生素废水,用配水在水温30℃,体积负荷分别为0.5COD/m3*d,1.0COD/m3*d,1.5kgCOD/m3*d,出水COD、NH3-N均小于21.7mg/L、14.1mg/L,原水实验中在水温30℃时,体积负荷为0.957kgCOD/m3*d时,出水平均值分别为26.53mg/L,2.84mg/L、有较好的处理效果.     

化学生物絮凝-悬浮填料移动床组合工艺处理城市污水研究

采用化学生物絮凝和悬浮填料移动床组合工艺处理城市污水。通过改变化学生物絮凝工艺中投加的混凝剂种类和投加量、改变悬浮填料移动床工艺中水力停留时间和气水比取得不同工况条件下各类污染指标的去除效果。采用该组合工艺,当进水COD(89～319)mg/L,TP(1.24～4.26)mg/L,SS(44～240)mg/L,NH4 -N(14.7～36.3)mg/L时,出水可达到COD<50mg/L,TP<0.5mg/L,SS<20mg/L,NH4 -N<5mg/L。     

复合生态一体化装置处理村镇污水试验研究

以村镇污水为处理对象,探究不同水力停留时间下复合生态MST(Mini Sewage Treatment)一体化装置处理夏季村镇污水中COD和NH4+-N的去除效果,考察溶解氧含量的变化对氮元素形态转化的影响。结果表明,当停留时间约25.6h,处理水量6.90m~3/d时,此时的COD去除率达87.35%,NH_4~+-N去除率达93.02%,全部出水稳定达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB18918—2002)一级A标准;当保持系统平均溶解氧浓度4～6mg/L时,污染物去除效果较好,出水中90%以上氮元素以NO3-N存在,说明复合生态MST工艺适用于处理村镇污水。     

颗粒活性炭载体新型生物转盘去除生活污水中COD和NH3-N的研究

开发一种改进型生物转盘处理生活污水，将盘片改为转笼状，并向其中加入颗粒活性发作为载体，研究该系统对生活污水的处理效果。结果表明：在转盘转速为15rpm和HRT分别为10h、8h、6h、4．5h情况下，进水COD平均浓度约为223mg／L，出水COD平均浓度分别为15．6、17．9、23．4、28．2mg/L，平均去除率为93．0％、91．9％、89．5％、86．6％；进水NH3-N平均浓度约为22mg／L，出水NH3-N平均浓度分别为0．32、1．13、2．30、5．71mg／L，平均去除率为98．5％、94．8％、89．7％、74．6％。     

焦化废水处理新工艺研究

对某钢铁厂焦化废水进行曝气吹脱10h,氨氮去除率达73.7%,然后用缺氧-SBR工艺处理焦化废水,进水浓度为COD1474mg/L、NH3-N826.8mg/L时,缺氧SRT10h,SBR曝气10h,沉降2h,出水COD186mg/L、NH3-N290.25mg/L,去除率分别达到87.83%、64.9%。     

沈抚灌渠污水预处理实验研究

以砾石为填料采用生物滤池法和以纤维束为填料采用生物接触氧化法，分别预处理沈抚灌渠污水。试验结果表明，在水力停留时间在3．5h，控制气水比分别为5：1和4：1的反应条件下，砾石填料对COD和NH3-N的平均去除率分别为53．9％和53．6％；纤维束软填料对COD和NH3-N的平均去除率分别为55．7％和47．7％。前者对COD和NH3-N的处理效果都达到了预定要求，而后者对NH3-N的处理效果没有达到要求。     

生物固定床处理混凝后乳化液出水

乳化液废水可生化性较差,为处理带来了很大难度。为解决混凝破乳后乳化液仍然存在的超标排放问题,采用自行设计的固定床生物接触氧化装置,使用生物载体聚氨酯填料,处理混凝后的乳化液出水。结果表明,室温下在进水COD浓度8. 35×10~3mg/L,曝气溶解氧含量5 mg/L,进水p H为7时,停留时间9天,最佳填料投配率50%及悬浮污泥浓度5 500 mg/L状况下,此装置出水COD去除率可达到95%。为了提高废水可生化性,采用3种自行研制的生物调节剂,并确定最佳使用量,结果表明在3号生物调节剂投加量为2. 97×10~(-3)kg BOD/L时效果最佳,达到相同COD去除停留时间减少至5天,最终处理后出水达到《污水排入城镇下水道控制项目限值》(GB/T 31962-2015) C级标准。该方法处理混凝后乳化液出水效果理想,配合生物调节剂的使用能提高废水可生化性,有效缩短反应的停留时间。     

煤层气采出水达标排放处理工艺试验

文章探讨了一些常规的及新兴煤层气采出水处理方法,并在鄂东区块某公司开展了曝气生物滤池处理方法试验。结果表明:处理后满足GB 3838—2002《地表水环境质量标准》Ⅴ类标准,DB 61/224—2011《黄河流域(陕西段)污水综合排放标准》(一级标准),CODCr去除率为50%～60%,NH3-N可降低到检出限0.04mg/L以下;最佳水力停留时间为6.7h(流量23L/h),处理成本可降到3元/m3以下。建议场站建设应早期规划集水设施敷设,以保证后续采出水集中处理,降低处理成本。     

Aerobic treatment of palm oil mill effluent

In this study treatment of palm oil mill effluent (POME) was investigated using aerobic oxidation based on an activated sludge process. The effects of sludge volume index, scum index and mixed liquor suspended solids during the acclimatizing phase and biomass build-up phase were investigated in order to ascertain the reactor stability. The efficiency of the activated sludge process was evaluated by treating anaerobically digested and diluted raw POME obtained from Golden Hope Plantations, Malaysia. The treatment of POME was carried out at a fixed biomass concentration of 3900+/-200mg/L, whereas the corresponding sludge volume index was found to be around 105+/-5mL/g. The initial studies on the efficiency of the activated sludge reactor were carried out using diluted raw POME for varying the hydraulic retention time, viz: 18, 24, 30 and 36h and influent COD concentration, viz: 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000 and 5000mg/L, respectively. The results showed that at the end of 36h of hydraulic retention time for the above said influent COD, the COD removal efficiencies were found to be 83%, 72%, 64%, 54% and 42% whereas at 24h hydraulic retention time they were 57%, 45%, 38%, 30% and 27%, respectively. The effectiveness of aerobic oxidation was also compared between anaerobically digested and diluted raw POME having corresponding CODs of 3908 and 3925mg/L, for varying hydraulic retention time, viz: 18, 24, 30, 36, 42, 48, 54 and 60h. The dissolved oxygen concentration and pH in the activated sludge reactor were found to be 1.8-2.2mg/L and 7-8.5, respectively. The scum index was found to rise from 0.5% to 1.9% during the acclimatizing phase and biomass build-up phase.     

垂直流人工湿地处理稠油废水的实验研究

采用垂直流人工湿地模拟装置对新疆油田外排含盐稠油废水进行了处理。实验表明:对于进水CODCr为402～406mg/L,盐度5701～5712mg/L,石油类40.62mg/L的含盐稠油废水,该系统的出水指标为CODCr35～38mg/L,盐度1535～1542mg/L,湿地系统对CODCr和盐分的去除率达到91%和73%;当水力停留时间为11d以上,出水石油类<5mg/L,处理后出水CODCr、石油类达到《污水综合排放标准》(GB8978-1996)的一级标准。     

电絮凝＋电氧化法处理山西某区块煤层气采出水研究与实践

山西省某区块煤层气采出水水质均值为COD 170 mg/L,BOD₅29.7 mg/L,氨氮5.36 mg/L,氟化物6.59 mg/L,4个污染物指标超过GB 3838—2002《地表水环境质量标准》Ⅳ类水质限值要求。文章针对该地区煤层气采出水的可生化性差(BOD₅/COD≤20%)、氯离子含量较高等特点,采用“电絮凝+电氧化”法进行中试试验,处理后水质COD≤17 mg/L,氨氮≤0.1 mg/L,氟化物≤1.0 mg/L,试验结果表明:采用该方法可以有效降低COD、氨氮、氟化物等主要污染物指标,使该区块煤层气采出水达到GB 3838—2002标准Ⅳ类水质要求(COD≤30 mg/L、氨氮≤1 mg/L、氟化物≤1 mg/L)。应用中试试验研究成果,采用“双电+保障(过滤)”工艺在该区块建成了煤层气采出水处理示范工程,水处理站建成投运后出水水质稳定,始终满足GB 3838—2002《地表水环境质量标准》Ⅳ类水质要求。     

MBR/RO组合工艺回收处理己内酰胺废水的中试研究

对己内酰胺生产过程废水的回用处理工艺进行了研究。以某己内酰胺化工厂的LUCAS出水作为研究对象,采用膜生物反应器和反渗透膜处理工艺,研究此系统对己内酰胺废水的处理效果。试验结果表明,膜生物反应器工艺适用于该化工厂的生产废水,出水COD平均值为31.33mg/L,平均浊度为0.2NTU,氨氮平均值为2.81mg/L,可以满足反渗透膜的进水要求。在浓缩倍数为3时,反渗透膜系统运行稳定,且产水可以满足化工部循环冷却水用再生水水质标准。     

Treatment of low-strength soluble wastewater using an anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR)

Treatment of low-strength soluble wastewater (COD approximately 500 mg/L) was studied using an eight chambered anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR). At pseudo steady-state (PSS), the average total and soluble COD values (COD(T) and COD(S)) at 8h hydraulic retention time (HRT) were found to be around 50 and 40 mg/L, respectively, while at 10h HRT average COD(T) and COD(S) values were of the order of 47 and 37 mg/L, respectively. COD and BOD (3 day, 27 degrees C) removal averaged more than 90%. Effluent conformed to Indian standards laid down for BOD (less than 30 mg/L). Reactor effluent characteristics exhibited very low values of standard deviation indicating excellent reactor stability at PSS in terms of effluent characteristics. Based on mass balance calculations, more than 60% of raw wastewater COD was estimated to be recovered as CH(4) in the gas phase. Compartment-wise profiles indicated that most of the BOD and COD got reduced in the initial compartments only. Sudden drop in pH (7.8-6.7) and formation of volatile fatty acids (VFA) (53-85 mg/L) were observed in the first compartment due to acidogenesis and acetogenesis. The pH increased and VFA concentration decreased longitudinally down the reactor. Residence time distribution (RTD) studies revealed that the flow pattern in the ABR was neither completely plug-flow nor perfectly mixed. Observations from scanning electron micrographs (SEM) suggest that distinct phase separation takes place in an ABR.     

城市污水Al盐化学除磷的试验研究

针对新疆地区污水厂总磷去除效率有限,出水总磷存在超标排放风险的问题。试验中采用自配不同总磷含量的生活污水,通过小试试验,投加AlCl3进行试验室模拟化学除磷试验。研究结果表明:进水总磷浓度为2～4mg/L时,投加AlCl3/TP质量比为8.6;进水总磷浓度为6mg/L时,投加AlCl3/TP质量比上升到13.1,出水总磷浓度均<0.5mg/L,AlCl3投加不会改变污水的pH值,化学沉淀最佳时间为30min。建议设计除磷沉淀池的停留时间为25min～30min。     

Phosphorus and other soil components in a dairy effluent sprayfield within the central Florida Ridge

There is concern that P from dairy effluent sprayfields will leach into groundwater beneath Suwannee River basins in northern Florida. Our purpose was to describe the effects of dairy effluent irrigation on the movement of soil P and other nutrients within the upper soil profile of a sprayfield over three 12-mo cycles (April 1998-March 2001). Effluent P rates of 70, 110, and 165 kg ha(-1) cycle(-1) were applied to forages that were grown year-round. The soil is a deep, excessively drained sand (thermic, uncoated Typic Quartzipsamment). Mean P concentration in soil water below the rooting zone (152-cm depth) was < or = 0.1 mg L(-1) during 11 3-mo periods. Mehlich-1-extractable (M1) P, Al, and Ca in the topsoil increased over time but did not change in subsoil depths of 25 to 51, 51 to 71, 71 to 97, and 97 to 122 cm. Topsoil Ca increased as effluent rate increased. High Ca levels were found in dairy effluent (avg.: 305 mg L(-1)) and supplemental irrigation water (avg.: 145 mg L(-1)) which likely played a role in retaining P in the topsoil. An effect of effluent rate on P and Al concentrations in the topsoil was not detected, probably due to large and variable quantities present at project initiation. The P retention capacity (i.e., Al plus Fe) increased in the topsoil because Al increased. Dairy effluent contained Al (avg.: 31 mg L(-1)). Phosphorus saturation ratio (PSR) increased over time in the topsoil but not in subsoil layers. Regardless of effluent rate, the P retention capacity and PSR of subsoil, which contained 119 to 229 mg kg(-1) of Al, should be taken into account when assessing the risk of P moving below the rooting zone of most forage crops.     

Soil water nitrate and ammonium dynamics under a sewage effluent irrigated eucalypt plantation

Managed forests and plantations are appropriate ecosystems for land-based treatment of effluent, but concerns remain regarding nutrient contamination of ground- and surface waters. Monthly NO3-N and NH4-N concentrations in soil water, accumulated soil N, and gross ammonification and nitrification rates were measured in the second year of a second rotation of an effluent irrigated Eucalyptus globulus plantation in southern Western Australia to investigate the separate and interactive effects of drip and sprinkler irrigation, effluent and water irrigation, irrigation rate, and harvest residues retention. Nitrate concentrations of soil water were greater under effluent irrigation than water irrigation but remained <15 mg L(-1) when irrigated at the normal rate (1.5-2.0 mm d(-1)), and there was little evidence of downward movement. In contrast, NH4-N concentrations of soil water at 30 and 100 cm were generally greater under effluent irrigation than water irrigation when irrigated at the normal rate because of direct effluent NH4-N input and indirect ammonification of soil organic N. Drip irrigation of effluent approximately doubled peak NO3-N and NH4-N concentrations in soil water. Harvest residue retention reduced concentrations of soil water NO3-N at 30 cm during active sprinkler irrigation, but after 1 yr of irrigation there was no significant difference in the amount of N stored in the soil system, although harvest residue retention did enhance the "nitrate flush" in the following spring. Gross mineralization rates without irrigation increased with harvest residue retention and further increased with water irrigation. Irrigation with effluent further increased gross nitrification to 3.1 mg N kg(-1) d(-1) when harvest residues were retained but had no effect on gross ammonification, which suggested the importance of heterotrophic nitrification. The downward movement of N under effluent irrigation was dominated by NH4-N rather than NO3-N. Improving the capacity of forest soils to store and transform N inputs through organic matter management must consider the dynamic equilibrium between N input, uptake, and immobilization according to soil C status, and the effect changing microbial processes and environmental conditions can have on this equilibrium.     

臭氧—活性炭技术处理石油微污染地下水*

在实验室及中试条件下研究了臭氧-活性炭技术对石油微污染地下水的处理效果。通过石油类和高锰酸盐指数两个指标,考察了臭氧投加量、pH值、过滤速率等操作参数对污染物的去除效果。结果表明:臭氧投加量和活性炭过滤速率是最主要的影响因素,pH值对处理效果影响不显著。中试条件下适宜的臭氧投加量应为8mg/L左右,最佳过滤速率在10m/h附近。采用臭氧氧化与活性炭过滤组合工艺,当进水石油类浓度在1.5mg/L以下时,出水石油类低于0.3mg/L,高锰酸盐指数低于3.0mg/L。     

单户型家庭生活污水盆景式处理研究

单户型家庭生活污水盆景式处理是以人工湿地为基础的分散式废水处理方法。通过接近1年的试验对其净水效果进行研究,结果表明,它对化学需氧量（CODCr）、生物需氧量（BOD5）、氨氮（NH3-N）、总磷（TP）、总固体悬浮物（TSS）的去除率可分别达到92.72%、96.28%、79.06%、85.11%、95.83%。出水水质分别达到33.8mg/L、19.2mg/L、0.8 mg/L、0.7 mg/L、8 mg/L,基本符合国家一级排放标准,部分指标如BOD5、NH3-N等甚至可以达到或优于城市生活杂用水水质标准。同时它也可以作为室内盆景用水,起到美化环境净化空气的作用。