灰色局势决策在水质评价中的应用

介绍了灰色局势决策法的原理和评价过程。该法将评价样本作为事件、水质级别作为对策来构造局势，用效果测度对评价指标（决策目标）统一计量，通过综合决策矩阵确定水质级别。结合实例，将灰色局势决策法与模糊数学法及灰色聚类法进行了对比。     

炉法炭黑清洁生产评价指标设置探析

根据清洁生产指标选定原则并结合有关文献数据资料,针对当今通用的炉法炭黑生产工艺,从生产工艺与装备、资源能源利用、产品、污染物产生及回收和环境管理等方面,提出了清洁生产评价指标设置的基本思路和建议。     

硅氢氯化法生产三氯氢硅清洁生产评价指标体系

以国内先进企业的数据为基准值,采用层次分析法建立了由定量和定性两部分评价指标构成的硅氢氯化法生产三氯氢硅清洁生产评价指标体系,确定了评价指标体系准则层、指标层各定量指标权重值及定性指标分值,介绍了定量评价指标和定性评价指标的考核评分计算方法和综合评价指数的计算方法。应用该评价指标体系,对某三氯氢硅生产企业进行了实例评价,结果表明该评价指标体系能较好的反映三氯氢硅企业的清洁生产水平。     

基于组合权重及模糊评价的生态工业园指标体系研究

介绍了指标体系构建过程,分析了生态工业园的内涵,包括经济发展、环境治理、优化结构、资源利用、生态宜居和高效管理,以此构建了生态工业园指标体系,包括6个准则层,17个次准则层和40项指标;结合层次分析法和组合权重法确定了指标权重,通过研究资料及相关文献,确定了评价指标体系的标准;运用模糊评价法对天津港保税区进行了实例评价,评价结果表明,园区发展处于良好水平。     

模糊综合评价在焦化废水处理技术中的应用

采集某焦化厂废水处理系统的数据,选取当前常用的3种焦化废水处理技术和该焦化厂现用废水处理技术建立了较为完整的模糊综合评价数学模型,选择技术综合评价的评价因素集,利用判断矩阵分析法确定各评价因素的权重,建立了各定量因素指标的隶属函数,确定了各定性因素指标的模糊评语集,最后以模糊矩阵的合成运算完成模糊综合评价.4种焦化废水处理技术的综合性能优劣次序为:该焦化厂现用废水处理技术>普通活性污泥法>湿式催化氧化法>多相光催化氧化法.     

物元分析在大气环境质量评价中的应用

将大气环境质量级别、评价指标及其特征值作为物元，根据大气环境质量标准建立关联函数，提出了一种用物元分析评价大气环境质量的方法。用实例与贴近度法及模糊综合评判法进行了对比，结果完全一致。     

磷化工企业清洁生产评价指标体系的构建

根据对磷化工企业的全面调查,结合清沽生产评价指标体系编制规定,运用层次分析法建立了由定量和定性两部分评价指标构成的磷化工企业递阶层次结构清洁生产评价指标体系,并确定了评价指标体系准则层、指标层各定量指标权重值和定性评价指标分值.应用已建立的评价指标体系,对某磷化工企业进行了实例评价,结果表明该评价指标体系能较好地反应磷化工企业的清洁生产水平.     

石化行业泄漏检测与修复评估指标体系的建立与应用

泄漏检测与修复(LDAR)是国际上通用的减少石化行业VOCs无组织排放的技术方法。在对天津市60套石化化工装置进行LDAR核查评估及专家咨询的基础上,将层次分析法(AHP)与模糊综合评价法(FCE)相结合,建立了一个4层次24个指标的评估指标体系,通过AHP确定指标权重,利用FCE进行模糊综合评分。以甲、乙两石化企业为例进行LDAR评估指标体系的验证,结果表明,该指标体系评估结果与实际LDAR核查评估结果一致,具有良好的实际应用价值。     

偶氮二甲酰胺发泡剂清洁生产评价模型

提出了针对不同工艺的偶氮二甲酰胺（ADC）发泡剂生产企业的清洁生产综合评价方案。利用逐层序关系分析法确定各指标的影响因子，采用极差标准化法对正逆向指标数据进行初步处理，使用主成分分析法对ADC发泡剂生产企业进行排名。该研究为ADC发泡剂清洁生产评价提供了一个更加客观和精确的方案。     

区域循环经济指标体系的设置及评价方法研究

循环经济是实现可持续发展的一种最佳模式。在系统查阅国内外循环经济发展现状、循环经济指标体系研究进展的基础上,确立了区域循环经济指标体系的设置原则、思路及指标筛选方法,构建了由经济、社会、环境、生态、循环经济特征和管理组成的指标体系,确定了评价标准及评价模型——线性加权和法。将构建的指标体系应用于国内某园区,结果表明,该园区循环经济处于中等偏上发展水平,识别了影响园区持续发展的关键瓶颈问题,提出了建议和对策。     

尿素法ADC发泡剂清洁生产评价指标体系

采用层次分析法建立了由总到分的递阶层次结构模型评价指标体系,以ADC发泡剂(偶氮二甲酰胺)生产先进企业的数据为基础,确定了各指标的基准值及权重,建立了ADC发泡剂清洁生产评价体系,介绍了定量评价指标和定性评价指标的考核评分计算方法以及企业清洁生产综合评价指数的计算方法.     

声化学氧化－间歇式活性污泥法处理染料废水的研究

介绍了声化学氧化反应机理。采用声化学氧化法作预处理，可使生物难降解的靛兰染料废水的ＢＯＤ＿５／ＣＯＤ由０．２１—０．２３提高到０．４４—０．５１，再经间歇式活性污泥法处理后，各项水质指标均符合ＧＢ８９７８—８８《污水综合排放标准》。     

Feasibility study for thermal treatment of solid tire wastes in Bangladesh by using pyrolysis technology

In this study on the basis of lab data and available resources in Bangladesh, feasibility study has been carried out for pyrolysis process converting solid tire wastes into pyrolysis oils, solid char and gases. The process considered for detailed analysis was fixed-bed fire-tube heating pyrolysis reactor system. The comparative techno-economic assessment was carried out in US$ for three different sizes plants: medium commercial scale (144 tons/day), small commercial scale (36 tons/day), pilot scale (3.6 tons/day). The assessment showed that medium commercial scale plant was economically feasible, with the lowest unit production cost than small commercial and pilot scale plants for the production of crude pyrolysis oil that could be used as boiler fuel oil and for the production of upgraded liquid-products.     

Increase of the purification efficiency of biofilters by the use of a complementary ionisation step

The biofilter and the ionisation system are two oxidative treatment techniques for purification of waste gas streams with low concentrations of volatile organic compounds. In this paper, the authors present the investigations of an ionisation technique aimed at increasing the efficiency of the reduction of the odorant concentration in waste gas streams from biological waste treatment plants. The objective is to enable advanced odour emission reduction and to adjust the existing biofilters to stricter requirements. In a first step, the odorous substances which are major contributors to the overall odorant concentration are identified on basis of various emission data sets with the help of a method of life cycle impact assessment. Thereby limonene, alpha-pinene, ethyl butyrate and dimethyl disulphide were identified as crucial indicators. In a second step, experimental investigations using limonene as a model compound were conducted to gain an understanding of the ionisation process itself and at last for the evaluation of the system.     

Analysis of energy recovery potential using innovative technologies of waste gasification

In this paper, two alternative thermo-chemical processes for waste treatment were analysed: high temperature gasification and gasification associated to plasma process. The two processes were analysed from the thermodynamic point of view, trying to reconstruct two simplified models, using appropriate simulation tools and some support data from existing/planned plants, able to predict the energy recovery performances by process application. In order to carry out a comparative analysis, the same waste stream input was considered as input to the two models and the generated results were compared. The performances were compared with those that can be obtained from conventional combustion with energy recovery process by means of steam turbine cycle. Results are reported in terms of energy recovery performance indicators as overall energy efficiency, specific energy production per unit of mass of entering waste, primary energy source savings, specific carbon dioxide production.     

Assessing the Collection of Urban Solid Wastes: A Step Towards Municipality Benchmarking

The assessment of collection systems for municipal wastes is becoming an issue of increasing importance among local authorities. This paper contributes to this task by addressing and discussing a set of parameters that are characterizing certain aspects of the efficiency and effectiveness of the waste collection process. Case-study area for testing this set is the Thessaloniki Urban Area in Northern Greece. Specifically, a set of four evaluation indicators is initially discussed and quantified for each of the 14 considered municipalities, while the multiple-criteria decision support method of Analytical Hierarchy Process is finally applied to globally rank the municipalities. As a result, a classification of all examined municipalities is derived and various conclusions are drawn on certain efficiency and effectiveness aspects of waste collection systems.     

Effect of seasonal changes in quantities of biowaste on full scale anaerobic digester performance

A 750,000l digester located in Roppen/Austria was studied over a 2-year period. The concentrations and amounts of CH4, H2, CO2 and H2S and several other process parameters like temperature, retention time, dry weight and input of substrate were registered continuously. On a weekly scale the pH and the concentrations of NH4+ -N and volatile fatty acids (acetic, butyric, iso-butyric, propionic, valeric and iso-valeric acid) were measured. The data show a similar pattern of seasonal gas production over 2 years of monitoring. The consumption of VFA and not the hydrogenotrophic CH4 production appeared to be the limiting factor for the investigated digestion process. Whereas the changes in pH and the concentrations of most VFA did not correspond with changes in biogas production, the ratio of acetic to propionic acid and the concentration of H2 appeared to be useful indicators for reactor performance. However, the most influential factors for the anaerobic digestion process were the amount and the quality of input material, which distinctly changed throughout the year.     

Evaluation of electronic components in life cycle assessment

Life cycle assessment (LCA), a quantitative method for evaluating the total environmental impact of a product, from the materials in its manufacture to its final disposal, is playing an increasingly important role in manufacturing. When the LCA method is applied to a product containing many kinds of electronic components, there is a need for life cycle inventory (LCI) data on the components. This paper provides an original calculation of the LCI data for each electronic components industry. These data show the amount of input energy and emissions into the atmosphere per yen of production yield. It is demonstrated that the magnitude of the LCI data for each industry is essentially equal to that of the other industries. Furthermore, we conclude that the LCI data for all electronic components are roughly equivalent, making it possible to calculate the LCI data of any electronic component by simply multiplying the LCI data for the industry by the price of the component. Furthermore, after comparing the materials production stages with the component manufacturing stage in the calculation, it became clear that for several component industries the materials production stage could not be omitted from the calculation. Received: April 10, 1998 / Accepted: February 8, 1999     

Statistical analysis in MSW collection performance assessment

The increase of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) generated over the last years forces waste managers pursuing more effective collection schemes, technically viable, environmentally effective and economically sustainable. The assessment of MSW services using performance indicators plays a crucial role for improving service quality. In this work, we focus on the relevance of regular system monitoring as a service assessment tool. In particular, we select and test a core-set of MSW collection performance indicators (effective collection distance, effective collection time and effective fuel consumption) that highlights collection system strengths and weaknesses and supports pro-active management decision-making and strategic planning. A statistical analysis was conducted with data collected in mixed collection system of Oporto Municipality, Portugal, during one year, a week per month. This analysis provides collection circuits’ operational assessment and supports effective short-term municipality collection strategies at the level of, e.g., collection frequency and timetables, and type of containers.