空气污染对气候变化的影响与反馈

由于社会的不断的发展和科技的不断的提升,工业生产也得到了很大的发展,但是也正是由于工业的发展和人们不重视植被的保护,导致大量的污染物排放在空气中,从而导致了很严重的空气污染问题,并且现在的地方都出现的极端的天气,就目前的相关的调查来看,气候的变化和空气污染有很大的关系,基于此本文对于空气污染对气候变化的影响与反馈进行了相关的分析,希望可以通过下面的一些分析,让人们意识到空气对污染对于人类的生存环境的危害,从而增强人们的环境的保护意识,保护我们共同的地球家园。     

公路工程的环境影响评价及其方法

一项公路工程的环境评价不应视为一点一时的单项独立的活动，而是应做为与规划、设计、建设和运行的项目周期成一体化的一项过程．一项典型完整的环境评价，包括现有条件的文件提供、影响的鉴别和可供选择方案的审查．特殊的环境评价主要是集中在减轻环境影响的措施上。规划性环境评价也用于更广泛的政策和指导性报告，它们适用的范围超过了单项的工程项目．评价方法应包括筛选和确定范围．筛选：用来决定要求的环境研究的深度．从审查项目的规模和类型、可能影响的程度以及项目地点的敏感度，它的确定是需要一份正式的环境评价报告，还是一些稍，］＼程度的研究，或者根本不需要研究．确定范围：决定一项环境评价研究的程度、覆盖的区域、所考虑的影响以及所评价的时间范围．一份典型的全面环境评价的报告．包括项目的说明、原始资料、影响预测、可供选择方案的分析、减轻影响的计划，以及培训和监督协议。如果预期的影响是限定的，那么更特定的环境评价研究可能是合适的．这些通常采取单独的减轻计划，重点放在需要避免、减轻或补偿已鉴定的环境影响的实际阶段．与有影响的集团．以及其他有利益关系的组织，个人和政府机构进行磋商常常是这些的重要组成部分．     

浅谈不同源水和回用途径的再生水处理工艺的选择

对于目前我国再生水的实际的相关的使用情况,针对不同的源水的不同水质以及不同的回用途径,选择相应的再生水的处理工艺,以供相关的技术人员进行相应的参考。     

暖通空调系统节能与优化控制策略

社会在不断的发展,科技在不断的进步,我国的建筑事业也在不断的进步。在建筑事业的发展之中,提高建筑的舒适性、环保性在能源紧缺的今天显得十分重要。重视建筑的节能性设计和施工是使建筑事业迈入可持续发展的必由之路,优秀的节能方案就是对建筑的建设的原材料节约,减少人力的消耗,通过一定的措施提高能源的利用率。在建筑设计中对建筑的暖通空调进行系统节能设计符合这一时代的主旋律。笔者根据多年的从业经验对暖通空调系统优化和优化设计进行了阐述,对暖通空调存在的功能耗问题进行了讨论,并提出相应的解决措施。希望使暖通空调的能耗达到我国环保的综合指标,使建筑事业走入可持续发展的道路。     

浅谈环境保护与可持续发展

随着科技的进步,带动了经济的发展,社会的发展等,但是也同样也对环境造成了严重的问题。环境恶化的加剧会对人们的生活造成巨大的影响,所以对于环境的保护与可持续发展就成为了当今社会上的头等重要的事情之一了。众所周知的是环境的保护是可持续发展的前提,因此本文就对环境保护和可以持续发展的相互关系,针对现在的一系列环境问题和可持续发展一些方案提出个人的一些见解,为保护环境和构造可持续发展做出自己的一份贡献。     

论我国环境保护的公众参与制度

随着我国经济的快速发展,随之而来产生的环境问题也越来越凸现出来,环境保护已经是我们生活所必须关注的问题。在环境保护的过程中,政府是要起到相应的作用,可是积极的让公众参与进环境保护的过程中来也是至关重要的。在环境保护的过程中,公众有权平等的参与环境保护的一系列活动,在探讨环境保护的公众参与制度的同时,我们也发现了当前公众参与存在的问题以及提出的相关的建议。     

浅析大气污染治理技术

随着社会主义市场经济的发展,工业化进程的加快,当今社会已经逐渐的以环保为主题。大气污染问题成为人们身心健康的重要的影响因素,我国在发展工业的进程当中同时注重大气污染的处理,并且取得了一定的成效。但是由于大气污染的检测难度较大,使得大气污染的治理始终不能良好的解决。本文针对大气污染进行相应的分析,并针对相关的问题采取一定的措施。     

关注后进生的转化

<正>一个好的班级应该是和谐的,是进取的,是团结的。一个好的班级的学生应该是均衡发展的,是积极向上的。一个好的班级的领导核心应该是一个富有爱心的班主任。一个好的班级犹如一木桶水,决定容纳水的多少的应该是那最短的一块木板。班级中的后进生就是那块短板,一个班级不可能都是尖子生,每一个班级都会有后进生,那么,为了提高班级的整体水平,实现我们要求每一个学生均衡全面发展的愿望,后进生的转化问题无疑就是班主任工作中的重点。班主任,是班级的核心,是班级的领导者和管理者,更是一个教育工作者。教育的     

哲理漫画赏析:价值在于奉献

<正>赏析:对于价值,不同的评价主体从不同的立场或用不同的尺度,会得出不同的结论。大体上,对人的价值评价可分为两种,即从个人角度出发的"自我评价"及从他人、社会角度出发的"社会评价"。在马克思主义看来,人的自我价值总是与人的社会价值相联系并从属于社会价值的,因此,人的价值评价的尺度归根到底应是社会的尺度,而不应是个人的尺度。运用社会的尺度评价人的价值,就是要看他对社会的贡献。人的价值的真正所在,也就在于对社会的贡献之中。爱因斯坦说:"一个人的价     

用包裹体测定压力的方法

成矿物理化学条件的研究,对于查明矿化成因、成矿规律以及指导找矿勘探具有十分重要的意义。成矿溶液的温度、压力,pH、Eh、成分及浓度是成矿过程中重要的物理化学参数。随着生产的发展和科研的逐步深入,了解这些参数是很重要的。作为成矿的物理化学因素,压力的意义是很大的。压力的变化如同溶液的温度、成分和浓度的变化一样能引起成矿过程的重大变化。 多数内生矿床通常是在较深的部位形成的,即在较大的静水压力下形成的。静水压力的大小取决于深度,并用地压梯度来表示     

Experimental investigation of the effect of sediment transport patterns on the adsorption of cadmium ions onto sediment particles

The mechanism of flow turbulence, sediment supply conditions, and sediment transport patterns that affect the adsorption of cadmium ions onto sediment particles in natural waters are experimentally simulated and studied in this study both in batch reactors and in a turbulence simulation tank. By changing the agitation conditions, the sediment transport in batch reactors can be categorized into bottom sediment-dominated sediment and suspended sediment-dominated sediment. It is found that the adsorption rate of bottom sediment is much less than that of suspended sediment, but the sediment transport pattern does not affect the final (equilibrium) concentration of dissolved cadmium. This result indicates that the parameters of an adsorption isotherm are the same regardless of the sediment transport pattern. In the turbulence simulation tank, the turbulence is generated by harmonic grid-stirred motions, and the turbulence intensity is quantified in terms of eddy diffusivity, which is equal to 9.84F(F is the harmonic vibration frequency) and is comparable to natural surface water conditions.When the turbulence intensity of flow is low and sediment particles stay as bottom sediment, the adsorption rate is significantly low, and the adsorption quantity compared with that of suspended sediment is negligible in the 6 h duration of the experiment. This result greatly favors the simplification of the numerical modeling of heavy metal pollutant transformation in natural rivers. When the turbulence intensity is high but bottom sediment persists, the rate and extent of descent of the dissolved cadmium concentration in the tank noticeably increase, and the time that is required to reach adsorption equilibrium also increases considerably due to the continuous exchange that occurs between the suspended sediment and the bottom sediment.A comparison of the results of the experiments in the batch reactor and those in the turbulence simulation tank reveals that the adsorption ability of the sediment, and in particular the adsorption rate, is greatly over-estimated in the batch reactor.     

Adsorption of phenolic compounds from aqueous solutions by aminated hypercrosslinked polymers

Two novel polymers （NJ-1 and N J-2） were synthesized by chemically modified a hypercrosslinked polymer NJ-0 with dimethylamine and trimethylamine, respectively. The comparison of the adsorption properties of the three polymers toward phenol, resorcin and phloroglucin was made. The study focused on the static equilibrium adsorption behaviors and the adsorption thermodynamics. Freundlich equation was found to fit the adsorption results well. The effect of amino groups introduced onto the surface of the resin and the structure of phenolic compounds on the adsorption were also studied. The hydrogen-bonding interaction and electrostatic interaction could happen between the amino groups and the adsorbates. The adsorption impetus increased as quantity of hydroxyl groups increased, but the adsorption capacity decreased due to the drop of the matching degree of the aperture of resins and the diameter of adsorbate molecules.     

厌氧氨氧化过程中COD及pH与基质浓度之间的关系

分析了上向流厌氧氨氧化生物滤池中氮素化合物浓度、COD和pH变化规律以及ANAMMOX活性和生物量的分布规律,利用数理统计的方法研究了厌氧氨氧化过程中COD和pH与氮素基质浓度之间的关系.结果表明,溶解氧和氮负荷的共同作用使得ANAMMOX活性和生物量的分布沿滤层深度呈"山脊"状不均匀分布;异养反硝化的存在和H+的消耗使得厌氧氨氧化过程中COD和pH分别呈降低和升高趋势;100 mg/L以下的有机物浓度对厌氧氨氧化菌的影响不大,且COD和pH与基质NH4+-N浓度之间呈良好的线性相关关系.本试验中COD-NH4+-N和pH-NH4+-N拟合直线的斜率分别为1.113 8±0.052 2和-0.111 3±0.001 2,置信度为95%,平均相关系数R2分别为0.982 3和0.985 0.     

Influence of lactic acid on the two-phase anaerobic digestion of kitchen wastes

To evaluate the influence of lactic acid on the methanogenesis, anaerobic digestion of kitchen wastes was firstly conducted in a two-phase anaerobic digestion process, and performance of two digesters fed with lactic acid and glucose was subsequently compared. The results showed that the lactic acid was the main fermentation products of hydrolysis-acidification stage in the two-phase anaerobic digestion process for kitchen wastes. The lactic acid concentration constituted approximately 50% of the chemical oxygen demand （COD） concentration in the hydrolysis-acidification liquid. The maximum organic loading rate was lower in the digester fed with lactic acid than that fed with glucose. Volatile fatty acids （VFAs） and COD removal were deteriorated in the methanogenic reactor fed with lactic acid compared to that fed with glucose. The specific methanogenic activity （SMA） declined to 0.343 g COD/（gVSS-d） when the COD loading were designated as 18.8 g/（L-d） in the digester fed with lactic acid. The propionic acid accumulation occurred due to the high concentration of lactic acid fed. It could be concluded that avoiding the presence of the lactic acid is necessary in the hydrolysis-acidification process for the improvement of the two-phase anaerobic digestion process of kitchen wastes.     

Composition analysis of colored dissolved organic matter in Taihu Lake based on three dimension excitation-emission fluorescence matrix and PARAFAC model, and the potential application in water quality monitoring

Taihu Lake is one of the five biggest lakes in China. Surface water samples from 26 sampling sites of Taihu Lake were collected. Furthermore wet chemical analysis （CODCr and BOD5） and measurement of three dimensional excitation-emission matrix （3DEEM） spectra in the laboratory have been conducted. Using parallel factor analysis （PARAFAC） model, three components of colored dissolved organic matter （CDOM） have been identified successfully, based on the analysis of 3DEEM data. The characteristics of the three components also have been described by comparing them to some components of CDOM, identified in earlier researches. Meanwhile, spatial variations of concentration for the three components in Taihu Lake have been analyzed, and the result indicates that the concentration of component 1 depends more on the situation of wastewater pollution and can be used as the indicator of wastewater pollution. The relationship between the concentrations of the three components and results of the wet chemical analysis show that none of the three components can be used as indicators of gross organic matter in water. However, the concentrations of all the three components have obvious linear relationships with the BOD5 value, especially for component 1 （r = 0.72878）. Finally, the potential applications of the composition analysis based on 3DEEM and PARAFAC model in water quality monitoring have been illuminated.     

Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in fishes from Taihu Lake, China

The Cr,Zn,Cu,Cd,Pb contents were determined in Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus,Carassius auratus Linnaeus,Hypophthalmichthys molitrix and Aristichthys nobilis,which were caught from Meiliang Bay,Taihu Lake,a large,shallow and eutrophic lake of China.The results showed that:(1)the Cr,Cu,Pb,Cd contents in the edible parts of the four fish species were much lower than Chinese Food Health Criterion(1994),but the Zn contents were higher than the Criterion;(2)Cd contents were the highest in the liver of fish,Pb contents were almost the same in all organs of fish,Cr contents mainly enriched in the skin and gonads,Zn contents were the highest in the gonad(♀),and Cu contents were the highest in the liver;(3)the total metal accumulation was the greatest in the liver and the lowest in the muscle.The total metal accumulation was the highest in C.auratus L.This investigation indicated that fish products in Taihu Lake were still safe for human consumption,but the amount consumed should be controlled under the Chinese Food Health Criterion to avoid excessive intake of Zn.     

Sorption and cosorption of the nonionic herbicide mefenacet and heavy metals on soil and its components

Sorption and cosorption of the nonionic herbicide mefenacet and two typical metals (copper and silver) on black soil and its components (kaolinite and humic acid) were investigated. It was found that because of their different valences and properties, Cu²⁺and Ag⁺ presented different effects on the sorption of mefenacet. Due to the competition of Cu²⁺, along with the shells of dense water formed by its surface complexation, for sorption surface area with mefenacet, the addition of Cu²⁺ decreased the sorption amount of mefenacet on soil and its components, especially on humic acid. However, the addition of Ag⁺ significantly enhanced the sorption of mefenacet, which was attributed to the softness of the cation that weakened the hydrophilicity of the local region around Ag⁺-complexed functionalities, and thus mitigated the competitive sorption of water. In addition, the sorption of mefenacet on soil with or without the two metals was generally decreased with increasing pH, which was caused by the hydrolysis of carbonyl and carboxyl groups on the surface of the sorbents, π-π interaction between mefenacet and the soil organic matter, and so on. On the other hand, the presence of mefenacet seemed to have little effect on the sorption of Cu²⁺ and Ag⁺, indicating that Cu²⁺ and Ag⁺ might be sorbed strongly on the tested sorbents and the mefenacet added was too low in concentration to affect the sorption of the metals.     

Emissions of SO2, NO and N2O in a circulating fluidized bed combustor during co-firing coal and biomass

This paper presents the experimental investigations of the emissions of SO2, NO and N2O in a bench scale circulating fluidized bed combustor for coal combustion and co-firing coal and biomass. The thermal capacity of the combustor is 30 kW. The setup is electrically heated during startup. The influence of the excess air, the degree of the air staging, the biomass share and the feeding position of the fuels on the emissions of SO2, NO and N2O were studied. The results showed that an increase in the biomass shares resulted in an increase of the CO concentration in the flue gas, probably due to the high volatile content of the biomass. In co-firing, the emission of SO2 increased with increasing biomass share slightly, however, non-linear increase relationship between SO2 emission and fuel sulfur content was observed. Air staging significantly decreased the NO emission without raising the SO2 level. Although the change of the fuel feeding position from riser to downer resulted in a decrease in the NO emission level, no obvious change was observed for the SO2 level. Taking the coal feeding position R as a reference, the relative NO emission could significantly decrease during co-firing coal and biomass when feeding fuel at position D and keeping the first stage stoichiometry greater than 0.95. The possible mechanisms of the sulfur and nitrogen chemistry at these conditions were discussed and the ways of simultaneous reduction of SO2, NO and N2O were proposed.     

基于电子鼻土壤与地下水污染修复现场TVOC和恶臭的评估

根据上海某土壤与地下水污染修复现场情况,应用自主研发的电子鼻系统(iSA-M1)分别对未修复及修复过程中的土壤和地下水、修复场地上空及周边空气中的VOCs和恶臭类气体进行检测.结合前期研究所得TPI和OPI公式,求得各点的值,并将其用图表示.结果表明:①修复后TVOC和恶臭的浓度总体呈下降趋势;②在土壤和地下水修复过程中,VOCs和恶臭的挥发受气象要素和作业的影响,其浓度在总体下降的过程中伴随着阶段性上升现象;③结合GIS技术,电子鼻能初步用于评估土壤和地下水修复现场造成的空间污染情况及对周围居民产生的影响.但造成影响程度的具体细化分级还需要进一步研究.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.