在用压力容器预计腐蚀裕量的确定

在对在用压力容器的检验实践过程中．经常邋到压力容器发生了各种腐蚀的现象。当存在较大面积的腐蚀时．根据《在用压力容器检验规程》第二十四条的规定．必须对在用压力容器进行强度校核．井将强度校核的壁厚规定为剩余壁厚按宴测的最小值减去到下一个使用周期的两倍预计腐蚀量。如何正确确定在用压力容器到下一个使用周期的预计腐蚀量也就成为在用压力容器检验人员确定强度校核壁厚的关键．     

把握检验重点控制安全质量

在对在用压力容器检验过程中,针对各类容器在生产过程中的不同特点,紧紧把握检验重点,才能有效地控制安全质量,防止事故的发生,确保压力容器的安全经济运行.     

在用锅炉压力容器检验风险与预防

按照国务院《特种设备安全监察条例》的规定，在用锅炉压力容器必须实施定期验。但近年来，国内多家检验机构在检验过程中，发生了人员伤亡事故和设备损坏事故，造成了恶劣影响。根据多年来从事检验的经验和国内外事故分析，对在用锅炉压力容器检验作业风险与预防进行了探讨。     

锅炉压力容器检验工作中的不安全因素和防护措施

为了保证锅炉、压力容器的安全运行，保护人民生命和财产的安全。必须对在用锅炉、压力容器进行定期检验。检验工作是保证锅炉、压力容器安全运行的一项重要措施，也是一项危险性较大，有特殊技术要求的特殊工作，如不采取有效的防护措施，会危及检验人员的人身安全和健康，会影响检验工作的顺利进行。如何提高检验人员的安全防护意识和技能。采取积极、有效的防护措施，对于检验工作的正常开展，减少和避免不必要的伤亡事故的发生，是十分必要的。     

中小城市在用压力容器检验中常见缺陷（夹层）的检测与处理

中小城市的在用压力容器种类多、数量大，运行参数多变，同时介质多种多样，故发生事故的危险性很大。这就需要检验人员了解介质特性，熟悉生产工艺，弄清使用中缺陷的产生机理和多发部位，据此制定不同类型容器的检验方案，以减小检验的盲目性，做到有的放矢，突出重点。本人通过近千台压力容器的定期检验，发现在用压力容器检验中，钢板的夹层缺陷较为常见，为此切实解决好定期检验中夹层缺陷，就成为保证压力容器安全运行的一个重要问题。     

试述保证压力容器定期检验安全的几项基础工作

压力容器定期检验安全包括检验过程中检验人员、仪器设备安全和被检验的压力容器的安全两个方面，如何做好这两方面的安全工作，除遵守国家相关法规、标准外，笔者将多年从事在用压力容器定期检验的有关检验安全的经验总结在此文中，希望能供同行们参考。     

压力容器整治推动了科学管理

对在用压力容器进行整顿治理,是贯彻国务院颁布的《锅炉压力容器安全监察暂行条例》的重点工作之一,是确保压力容器安全经济运行的重要措施。从1985年起,我们先后抽调了1457名工程技术人员和管理干部,深入到约5000个压力容器使用单位,进行普查摸底、检验登记,贯彻《压力容器使用登记管理规则》和《在用压力容器检验规程》。至1990年,完成了全省42898台固定式压力容器的整顿治理任务。使压力容器的使用管理水平有了较大提高,安全经济状况有了根本改善,压力容器安全监察与使用管理逐步走上了正常化、制度化和科学化管理的轨道。 整顿治理工作…     

对我国压力容器安全状况及对策的探讨

自 1982年《锅炉压力容器安全监察暂行条例》贯彻实施以来,我国压力容器安全状况迅速好转,事故数量逐年下降,但是,由于多方面因素的影响,目前压力容器安全状况还处于不稳定状态,事故数量时高时低,本文拟对近10年来压力容器安全状况及失败原因进行分析探讨。 一、近10年来的安全状况 我国现有压力容器百余万台,各类气瓶3650万余只。已经检验台数为94万台(不含气瓶),在用压力容器检验后的状况是:经检验符合或基本符合要求为80.9万台,占在用压力容器总数的86%;存在缺陷而监控使用为13万台,占在用压力容器总数的11%;经检验报废的为2.8万台,占在…     

在用压力容器局部坑状腐蚀的安全状况等级评定

通过对在用压力容器局部坑状腐蚀所产生的凹坑应力进行分析，得出了不同坑深的在用压力容器安全状况等级的评定。     

劳动部锅炉安全监察局对工作提出新要求

本刊讯 最近,劳动部锅炉压力容器安全监察局对工作提出新要求,要求以加强使用环节的安全监察为重点,进一步提高锅炉压力容器安全监察与检验工作质量,认真落实检验工作质量保证体系;同时大力加强检验队伍的自身建设。具体工作要求是: 一、继续开展锅炉房综合治理工作。要求有关主管部门加强锅炉房的安全管理,对这项工作进展迟缓的困难地区要加强指导,以加快工作的进展步伐。 二、要做好在用压力容器治理整顿的收尾工作,少数尚未完成治理整顿的在用压力容器要抓紧,在搞好总结的基础上把在用压力容器的安全监察工作适时地转向正常化和制度化管…     

Computational fluid dynamics simulations of hydrogen releases and vented deflagrations in large enclosures

This paper presents model predictions obtained with the CFD tool FLACS for hydrogen releases and vented deflagrations in containers and larger enclosures. The paper consists of two parts. The first part compares experimental results and model predictions for two test cases: experiments performed by Gexcon in 20-foot ISO containers (volume 33 m³) as part of the HySEA project and experiments conducted by SRI International and Sandia National Laboratories in a scaled warehouse geometry (volume 45.4 m³). The second part explores the use of the model system validated in the first part to accidental releases of hydrogen from forklift trucks inside a full-scale warehouse geometry (32 400 m³). The results demonstrate the importance of using realistic and reasonably accurate geometry models of the systems under consideration when performing CFD-based risk assessment studies. The discussion highlights the significant inherent uncertainty associated with quantitative risk assessments for vented hydrogen deflagrations in complex geometries. The suggestions for further work include a pragmatic approach for developing empirical correlations for pressure loads from vented hydrogen deflagrations in industrial warehouses with hydrogen-powered forklift trucks.     

Measurement of charge transfer during filling and emptying FIBC

Filling and emptying normal FIBC (flexible intermediate bulk containers) in hazardous areas represents a high electrostatic ignition hazard. Manufacturers of FIBC have therefore designed different measures to reduce the ignition risks from static electricity. Depending on the measures applied FIBC are categorized into types A, B, C and D. End of 2005 a new international standard for testing type D FIBC has been published. Type D FIBC have now to be certified according to this standard. Since this standard requires comprehensive ignition testing on a test rig especially designed for this purpose, industry is looking for a simpler test method, which can be used for the development of new FIBC fabric and in production quality control. In the present paper it is attempted to apply the method of charge transfer measurement to assess the ignition probability of static discharged from FIBC during filling and emptying and to correlate the results with the ignition tests performed on the standard test rig.     

Safety evaluation of different acids in high-density polyethylene container loading

To reduce costs, high-purity chemical suppliers wash and reuse HDPE containers collected from users. To determine the lifetime of a container, the appearance of that container and the manufacturer's recommendations for its lifetime are generally considered. Guidelines for determining the lifetime of an HDPE container have not been clearly defined. The lack of these specifications may result in the leakage of high-purity chemicals in the storage, transportation and use of HDPE containers. To understand the effects of using high-purity chemicals (sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄) and nitric acid (HNO₃)) on HDPE, this study revealed its effects by mechanical and thermal performance tests. According to the mechanical properties test results, the ductility and tensile strength of HDPE soaked H₂SO₄ and HNO₃ decreased. HDPE immersed in HNO₃ exhibited the lowest thermal stability by thermal performance testing. In summary, the degradation of HDPE is affected by storage conditions. For this study, HDPE only needs 60 days of immersion in HNO_3, and its ductility and tensile strength will decline obviously. This study shows that when these containers are used for long-term storage of high purity chemicals, the mechanical properties (including ductility, ductility, and tensile strength) of HDPE containers tend to decrease. To decrease accidental leakage of chemicals due to aging of HDPE, comprehensive and approved regulations should be established for the loading, transport, and storage of HDPE containers.     

高要求模式SIS异型冗余结构PFH计算模型*

为了满足石油化工生产中对高要求操作模式下采用异型设备的安全联锁回路进行SIL定级的需求,避免因误用同型PFH公式导致SIL等级评估误差。考虑各通道差异性及其失效顺序的遍历性,以MonteCarlo仿真值为多元线性回归模型观察样本,以改进共因失效部分多样性修正因子确定方法,提出异型KooN冗余结构每小时危险失效平均频率(PFH)的计算公式;比较该模型独立失效部分与异型1oo2结构Markov模型PFH结果,并分别将该模型和传统同型PFH公式应用于海上采油平台高完整性压力保护系统(HIPPS)异型关断阀子系统的比较分析。研究结果表明:在不同检测周期内,所提出的PFH计算模型与Markov模型PFH计算结果相对误差均保持在10-3数量级;但当检测周期大于3 a时,使用同型PFH公式会出现对HIPPS子系统SIL等级的误判,造成井口压力联锁保护功能过保护或欠保护。研究结果有助于生产单位准确评估联锁保护风险和设备维护投入。     

Estimation of displacement losses from storage containers using a simple method

Filling losses in tanks due to the expansion of the liquid into the tank and the vapors that are forced out of the tank are generally called displacement losses. Restrictions on vaporization loss of petroleum products give added emphasis to the accurate prediction of vapor pressure and hydrocarbon losses for petroleum products. In this work, firstly, a simple-to-use correlation is developed to estimate the true vapor pressure of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and natural gasoline as a function of Reid Vapor pressure (RVP) and temperature as well as the vapor pressure of different mixtures of propane and butane are correlated as a function of ambient air temperature and propane volume percent. Secondly, the filling losses from storage containers are estimated in percentage of liquid pumped in tanks as a function of working pressure and vapor pressure at liquid temperature. The study showed the proposed method to be in good agreement with the available reliable data in the literature. The average absolute deviation between reported data and the proposed correlation is less than 2%. The proposed simple-to-use approach can be of significant practical value for the process engineers and scientists to have a quick check on the prediction of the displacement losses from storage containers as well as for rapid estimation of vapor pressure of LPG and natural gasoline.     

加标回收实验的实施及回收率计算的研究

分析了加标回收实验的基本方法,给出回收率计算的通式,探讨了用试验中间值计算回收率的可行性.     

基于多组并联控制的高层建筑遇险循环链梯研究

为了解决居住在高层建筑中的人们遇险后安全疏散的问题,研究出一种新颖的无动力链梯逃逸系统。在没有电力资源的情况下,既要解决循环链梯缓降速度,实现平滑控制的问题,又要解决系统长期处于闲置状态,而不影响其可靠性的问题。提出了循环链梯缓降速度多组并联控制的方案;采用液压式并联控制机构,很好地解决了链梯缓降速度的平滑控制及其可靠性的问题;并成功地研制出循环链梯的试验装置,经实际的性能测试表明,具有启动负荷小、运行平稳、工作可靠的特点。     

软、硬煤层残余瓦斯含量区域效果检验临界值研究

针对软、硬煤层瓦斯含量区域突出危险性效检指标临界值存在较大差异这一工程实际。建立软、硬煤样相关参数关系模型,对基于残余瓦斯含量的区域防突措施效果检验指标临界值进行研究。结果表明:同一煤质软煤和硬煤瓦斯吸附量差别不大,但随着煤的变质程度降低,软、硬煤瓦斯吸附量差值先减小后增大。对存在软、硬分层的煤层,建议采用0.74MPa时软、硬煤瓦斯含量测值的小值（取整）作为煤层残余瓦斯量指标的临界值。此研究因地制宜地确定符合矿井实际的突出预测指标临界值和区域措施效果检验指标临界值,对降低防突成本具有重要意义。     

安全帽阻燃性能测试方法研究与探讨

本文采用GB/T2812-2006《安全帽测试方法》提供的方法对安全帽的阻燃性能进行了测试,测试结果表明,采用该方法,同一顶安全帽得到了两种不同的实验结果:一种实验结果为"合格",另一种实验结果为"不合格"。进而研究发现,标准仅对火焰的长度和颜色作了简单的要求,并未对燃气压力、火焰温度等作出明确的要求,从而导致同一顶安全帽有两种不同的实验结果。建议在以后的标准修订中,对试验用气体的纯度和实验时气体的压力有所要求,从而确保测试结果的唯一性和可重复性。     

丙烯槽车特大泄漏事故的应急处置方法

如何快速有效地处置危险化学品槽车突发泄漏事故，目前还是一个世界性的难题。本文介绍了吉林市6．26丙烯槽车特大泄漏事故发生后的报警、接警、启动应急预案、现场侦察、现场警戒、禁绝火源、交通管制、紧急疏散、喷雾稀释、着装防护、丙烯的特性、健康危害、急救措施等。阐述了夹具捆绑法带压堵漏的机理，提供了丙烯泄漏槽车的勘测数据、夹具设计思路、夹具制造图纸、现场应急处置方法及现场照片。本案例表明，只要有可靠的安全措施及特殊的技术手段，危险化学品槽车泄漏事故是可以进行应急处置的，实现控制、降低、消除泄漏，避免灾害性事故的发生。文中方法同样适用于铁路槽车泄漏事故的应急处置。