辽河流域水污染治理历程与“十四五”控制策略

为明晰辽河流域水污染治理“十四五”需求,进一步科学合理地推进辽河流域治理与保护进程,通过调研历史监测数据、统计年鉴等资料,回顾辽河流域水环境演化和治理历程.将辽河流域的治理分为3个阶段:第1阶段（1991—1999年）,该阶段流域水环境呈重度污染并持续恶化,环境治理逐渐起步;第2阶段（2000—2006年）,该阶段辽河流域水质恶化趋势基本得到遏制,控源治污初显成效;第3阶段（2007—2019年）,该阶段辽河流域水质优良比例整体持续提升,国家水体污染控制与治理科技重大专项有力支撑流域综合调控.辽河流域水污染治理颇显成效,但仍存在以下主要问题:①辽河流域水污染治理经历了从单一的控源治污向河流综合治理转变,污染程度由重度转为轻度,但流域水污染控制依然不容乐观;②辽河流域属寒冷地区缺水型河流,生态流量不足;③水质改善及水生态恢复成果不稳定;④流域管理机制体制有待完善.“十四五”应针对性增设分水期考核方式和水生态考核指标,完善水环境标准;坚持水资源、水环境、水生态“三水”统筹科学施治,构建减排和增容相结合的水污染控制模式,推动水量、水质、水功能良性循环发展;建立流域统筹管理、垂直领导的管理体制,制定辽河流域河流空间管控的长效机制,促进环保技术产业化,发展流域循环经济,缓解经济社会发展与水环境保护矛盾,最终实现流域经济社会可持续健康发展.      

太湖流域水环境监测预警系统建设对策研究

太湖流域水环境监测预警系统是加大太湖水污染防治力度、切实改善水环境质量的重要基础性工程,被视为掌握流域水质规律、预警太湖蓝藻暴发的必要系统.本文概述了太湖流域水环境,介绍了系统建设框架,结合实践从历史经验回顾、管理需求辨析、系统要素联接和预警技术评估等角度出发,提出建设中的难点问题与对策.     

东莞:加快治理黑臭河涌

正为补齐生态环境短板,改善水环境质量,从2016年起,东莞全面打响水污染治理攻坚战。通过不断完善管理机制,高效推进次支管网建设,积极创新治水模式,开展重污染河涌综合整治示范项目,水污染治理工作不断迈上新台阶,百姓环境获得感、幸福感得到提升。目前,全市40条重污染河涌整治示范项目水质均已基本消除黑臭,全市共建成截污管网超过     

农村水环境问题及治理对策

本文通过对农村地区水环境现状的分析,指出农村水环境存在问题,如水土流失,旱涝灾害对水环境的污染等问题,同时提出了保护农村水环境、改善农村水环境的主要措施.提出了各级政府应重视农村水污染的治理、积极改善农村的水环境.     

基于生态视角下的太湖一级保护区水污染防治研究

江苏省太湖流域一级保护区综合整治是治理太湖的重点工作,直接关系太湖湖体水环境质量.通过现场调查、遥感、访问专家等生态学调查方法,对一级保护区存在的生态问题进行全面分析,并提出了严格控制建设用地规模、调整工业结构、优化城乡布局、调整人口结构等减小生态压力的途径,为全面治理太湖水污染提供理论依据.     

辽河铁岭段水环境质量分析及银州段污染治理对策

本文概述了辽河铁岭段水环境质量状况,查清影响水质污染的原因,对重点污染源进行了水质预测,并依据水环境质量控制目标,提出了行之有效的水污染治理规划和对策.     

“十二五”太湖富营养化控制与治理研究思路及重点

在总结“十一五”太湖富营养化治理成效、存在问题的基础上,提出“十二五”期间水体污染控制与治理科技重大专项太湖富营养化控制与治理项目的总体设计思路. 项目以综合示范区水质改善为目标,重点研发园区化乡镇企业工业废水中难降解含氮、磷有机物的深度削减技术,农田种植业和农村分散式生活污水的控源减排技术,“湖荡湿地-入湖河流-湖滨缓冲带”为一体的生态拦截与修复技术;以湖泊水生态安全保障为目标,研发湖泛与水华灾害应急处置技术及建立水资源优化调度决策平台. 选择太湖流域重污染型竺山湾小流域、面源污染主控型苕溪小流域和城市化型太湖新城三大典型综合示范区,通过控源减排和生态修复关键技术的研发、集成和综合实施,实现综合示范区污染负荷得到有效控制、示范区水环境质量得到改善和规模化蓝藻水华发生得到有效控制的目标.      

太湖西岸典型控制单元污染物排放核定研究

文章现以宜兴市为例,进行太湖西岸典型控制单元污染物排放核定的研究.结合水污染管理现状,完成了可操作的、面向排污许可证实施的宜兴流域控制单元划分、污染物排放量核定、水质响应关系建立和水环境容量测算与分配等水质目标管理体系,为宜兴市及整个太湖流域的水污染控制与治理方案提供方法论的指导.     

江苏省太湖污染防治概述

太湖水源是整个太湖流域国民经济与社会发展的命脉，近年来太湖水质恶化已影响太湖流域的经济与社会发展，分析了太湖污染来源及污染状况探讨了太湖污染的发展原因，指出了太湖水污染防治的措施，如污染物总量控制，重点治理，综合防治等。     

南水北调湖北库区水环境现状及问题分析

本文调查了南水北调中线工程水源地──丹江口水库湖北库区水环境现状，分析了污染源排放与治理以及水环境质量存在的问题。认为库区水环境问题较多，有半数支流水质不能满足中线工程要求，主要问题是COD_(Mn)与富营养化物质污染严重，个别河流还存在着重金属汞污染问题；污染防治的重点在于抓住轻工行业重点污染源与生活污水治理，从管理上推行总量控制排污许可证制度，切实改善水环境质量。     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.