天然文岩渠流域土壤水分渗漏和氮素淋失模拟

应用DNDC模型（denitrification-decomposition model）对黄淮海平原的典型平原小流域——天然文岩渠流域的土壤水分渗漏和氮素淋失状况进行了模拟.水氮控制田间试验的验证结果表明,模型对1 m土体日储水量、下界面硝态氮浓度、土壤水日渗漏量和氮素日淋失量的模拟均较理想,模拟值与实测值的相关系数分别达到了0.94（n=40）、 0.66（n=49）、 0.89（n=40）和0.94（n=39）,均方根误差则分别为15.66 mm、 2.66 mg·kg^-1、 9.00 mm和0.94 kg·hm^-2.模型在流域范围的模拟结果表明,冬小麦-夏玉米轮作农田在多年平均气象条件和常用水肥管理模式下,土壤的水分年渗漏量在220～327 mm之间,氮素年淋失量在73.1～100.6 kg·hm^-2之间.水氮淋失的空间和时间分布不均,淋失最严重的区域为固定细风沙土、砂土分布区,淋失时间主要集中于施肥、灌溉或强降雨之后.灌溉措施不当,施肥盲目以及土壤自身保水保肥能力差,是导致土壤水肥流失的主要原因.     

优化施氮对河套灌区氧化亚氮排放和氨挥发的影响

以河套灌区盐化潮土为研究对象,采用静态暗箱-气相色谱法和通气法研究了4个施肥处理(不施肥(CK)、传统施肥(CON)、优化处理1(OPT1,减氮53.3%)、优化处理2(OPT2,减氮53.3%+硝化抑制剂))对河套灌区玉米农田氧化亚氮(N_2O-N)排放、氨挥发(NH_3-N)损失和玉米产量的影响.结果表明:氮肥减量显著降低了土壤N_2O-N排放和NH_3-N挥发;相比于CON处理,OPT1处理的N_2O-N排放量和NH_3-N挥发量分别降低了45.2%和68.8%(p0.05),但N_2O-N损失氮素比率增加了9.7%(p0.05).施用硝化抑制剂可显著降低土壤N_2O-N排放,与OPT1处理相比,OPT2处理可降低34.6%(p0.05)的N_2O-N排放和41.5%(p0.05)的N_2O-N损失氮素比率,但NH_3-N挥发增加了47.5%(p0.05).OPT1处理显著降低了玉米产量,降幅达22.1%(p0.05),而OPT2处理相对于OPT1处理增产32.9%(p0.05),与传统施肥处理无差异.因此,综合N_2O-N排放、NH_3-N挥发及玉米产量可知,OPT2是较为合理的施肥措施,值得在河套灌区推广.     

基于RZWQM模型模拟太行山低山丘陵区农田土壤硝态氮迁移及淋溶规律

太行山低山丘陵区是华北平原地下水补给区,近年来山区农田面积增加,农田过量氮肥投入造成地下水硝酸盐浓度逐年升高,因此,研究典型农田土壤氮淋溶过程对保护补给区地下水具有重要意义.本文以位于太行山低山丘陵区的中国科学院太行山生态试验站冬小麦-夏玉米轮作农田为研究对象,应用根区水质模型（root zone water quality model,RZWQM）对太行山低山丘陵区2015~2016年冬小麦-夏玉米的1个轮作周期内1m土壤剖面水分和硝态氮运移进行模拟.结果表明,土壤硝态氮淋溶主要发生在夏玉米季（雨季）,当全年施氮量为300 kg·hm^-2时,夏玉米季硝态氮淋失量达到59.9 kg·hm^-2,而冬小麦生长季硝态氮淋失量仅为2.12 kg·hm^-2.不同施氮量和不同降水年型下玉米季土壤硝态氮淋溶模拟结果表明,当施氮量为0、300和450 kg·hm^-2时,2016年（丰水年）极端降水后,玉米季土壤硝态氮潜在淋失量分别为10.5、59.9和136.5 kg·hm^-2;当全年施氮量为300 kg·hm^-2时,2013（枯水年）、2015（平水年）和2016年（丰水年）玉米季硝态氮淋失量分别占轮作周期总施氮量的9%、10%和20%;当全年施氮量为450 kg·hm^-2时,2013（枯水年）、2015（平水年）和2016年（丰水年）玉米季硝态氮淋失量分别占总施氮量的11%、17%和30%,表明大降水事件不仅对地下水形成大量补给,很大程度上也增加了累积在农田土壤中的硝态氮淋溶损失,增加了对区域地下水硝酸盐潜在污染威胁.     

华北平原冬小麦-夏玉米轮作体系氮肥的氨挥发

 利用可多点原位测定氨挥发的风洞系统,监测了华北平原2002～2004年冬小麦-夏玉米轮作体系传统和优化氮肥管理下的氨挥发损失.结果表明,氨挥发主要发生在施肥后2～3周内,以施肥后连续采样15d的氨挥发累积量作为总排放量,相同施氮量下生长季夏玉米的氨挥发大于冬小麦.优化处理的氨挥发平均损失率(35.9%)显著高于传统处理(20.9%),但从氨挥发绝对量上看,传统处理为125.1kgN/hm²,优化处理为42.3kgN/hm²,降幅达66.2%.施肥和灌水方式显著影响氨挥发,撒施碳铵后翻耕的氨挥发损失为10.1%,追肥撒施的氨挥发损失平均为24.6%;撒施尿素后立即灌水,氨挥发损失为19.7%,5h后灌水氨挥发损失为34.0%,增加了72.6%.     

太湖流域稻田不同氮肥管理模式下的氮素平衡特征及环境效应评价

研究了不同氮肥管理模式下的稻田氮素平衡特征和环境效应.在太湖主要入湖河流直湖港下游开展了农户常规施肥处理、缓控释肥处理、有机无机肥配施处理、按需施肥处理以及化肥减量优化处理5种氮肥管理模式的田间小区试验,实测了稻季的径流和淋洗氮损失,估算了氨挥发和N₂O等气体损失,分析了不同氮肥处理下的环境排放量和氮素平衡特征.与农户常规施肥处理相比,其他处理在减少氮肥总投入量20%～40%的情况下产量与农户对照基本持平,氮肥利用率提高了14.5%～44%.不同氮肥管理模式下,缓控释肥处理和按需施肥处理的氮环境排放量最低,比农户施肥处理分别降低了52.8%和45.4%.在等氮量投入下,有机无机配施处理比纯化肥处理减少了环境氮排放量.农户施肥处理存在着明显的氮盈余,增加了麦季氮流失的风险,按需施肥处理略微出现氮亏缺,在一定程度上减少了麦季氮流失风险.新型缓控释肥处理和按需施肥处理能在不降低产量和效益的情况下,提高氮肥利用率,减少环境排放量,是值得在太湖流域推广的经济环保氮肥管理模式.     

缓释复合肥在不同土壤水分条件下氨挥发特性研究

采用"通气法"室内培养试验研究了非包膜缓释复合肥(SRF)在不同土壤水分条件下的氨挥发损失状况和动力学特性以及盆栽试验条件下水稻生长和氮素利用效率.结果表明,SRF在淹水条件下氨挥发比不淹水处理提前3～4d到达峰值;且峰值和累积氨挥发量也比不淹水培养条件下高.与普通复合肥(CCF)相比,缓释复合肥的氨挥发损失量显著降低,不淹水条件下比等氮量CCF减少氨挥发50.6%和22.8%,淹水条件下比等氮量CCF减少氨挥发24.2%和10.4%,但是其氨挥发损失显著高于包膜缓释肥料(CRF).SRF的氨累积挥发量随施肥水平的增加而增大,其动力学特性可用一级动力学方程、Elovich方程和抛物线扩散方程定量描述.SRF、CCF和CRF各施肥处理在淹水条件下的水稻植株生物量分别比不淹水条件增加67.86%、78.25%和48.75%;氮素利用率分别比不淹水处理增加57.73%、80.70%和12.06%.在不淹水和淹水2种土壤水分条件下,施用SRF处理氮素利用率分别比CCF增加59.10%和10.40%.SRF能够降低氨挥发,提高植株生物量和氮素利用率.     

缓控释肥侧深施对稻田氨挥发排放的控制效果

以减少氨挥发损失为目的,以无机化肥分次施用为对照,选用树脂包膜尿素(RCU)、硫包衣尿素(SCU)和掺混控释肥(RBB)3种不同类型缓控释肥料,采用一次性施肥(B)和一基一穗(BF)2种施肥方式,研究了插秧施肥一体化条件下不同类型缓控释肥侧深施及施用方式对稻田田面水氮浓度及氨挥发损失的影响.结果表明,除SCU处理基肥期田面水总氮和铵态氮质量浓度均高于常规分次施肥处理CN,RCU和RBB处理均低于CN处理.不同缓控释肥料稻田氨挥发损失差异较大,损失量占施肥量的3.84%~28.17%.与CN处理相比,不同类型缓控释肥料均有减少稻田氨挥发损失的效应,处理间氨挥发损失量表现为:CN、B-SCUBF-SCU、BF-RBB、BF-RCU、B-RBB、B-RCU.一次性基施下,B-SCU处理的氨挥发总量显著高于B-RCU和B-RBB处理,一基一穗下3种处理间氨挥发总量差异不显著.不同肥料在2种施肥方式下氨挥发损失量差异不显著,但表现不一致.BF-SCU处理的氨挥发损失量低于B-SCU处理,BF-RCU和BF-RBB处理的氨挥发损失量分别高于B-RCU和B-RBB处理.阶段氨挥发损失来看,施用SCU处理的基肥-蘖肥(7.54%)和蘖肥-穗肥阶段(16.04%)的损失较高,RBB处理的基肥-蘖肥阶段氨挥发损失(2.91%)明显增加,而RCU处理的穗肥后阶段(2.75%)是氨挥发损失的集中时期.追施穗肥尿素增加了穗肥后阶段的氨挥发排放损失,穗肥后阶段氨挥发量与田面水铵态氮质量浓度在不同类型肥料间无明显相关关系.     

麦秸全量还田下太湖地区两种典型水稻土稻季氨挥发特性比较

利用原状土柱在田间试验条件下,比较了麦秸还田下乌栅土和黄泥土稻季氮素氨挥发损失规律,每种试验土壤均设对照、氮肥、氮肥加麦秆这3个处理,同步测定施肥后氨挥发、田面水铵态氮浓度与pH、以及表层土壤Eh.结果表明,乌栅土氨挥发速率及其累积氨挥发量显著高于黄泥土,两种土壤的稻季平均氨挥发的氮素损失量分别为41.8 kg·hm-2和11.2kg·hm-2,分别占氮肥用量的15.2%和3.8%;在3个施肥时期中,分蘖肥期氨挥发损失率最高,乌栅土和黄泥土分别占氮肥用量的29.4%和8.3%;麦秸还田显著增加了氮肥的氨挥发损失,麦秸还田下乌栅土和黄泥土稻季氨挥发损失比单施氮肥处理分别增加了19.8%和20.6%.两种土壤氨挥发速率均与田面水NH4+-N浓度、pH呈正相关关系,但与表层土壤Eh的关系还需进一步研究.     

缓控释肥深施对黏性土壤麦田氮素去向的影响

黏性土壤严重影响土壤水肥运移.采取适宜的农艺措施优化土壤无机氮分布,减少该类型土壤的氮素损失是农业绿色可持续发展的关键.为明确缓控释肥种肥深施对黏性土壤麦田氮素损失的影响,选择常规化肥(CN)和缓控释肥(RCU)这2种类型肥料,采用撒播撒施(B)和机械化条播深施(D),研究了缓控释肥种肥深施对黏性土壤小麦产量、季节麦田氮素径流流失、氨挥发和N₂O排放的影响;并分析了其耕层土壤的无机氮时空分布特征.结果表明,相同肥料类型下,D处理的小麦产量显著高于B处理;而相同施肥方式下,RCU处理的产量显著高于CN处理.D-RCU处理的小麦产量最高,达6.97 t·hm^-2.季节径流和氨挥发氮损失量高于N₂O形态的氮损失,且不同损失途径对肥料类型和施肥方式的响应不同.肥料类型和径流发生时间是麦田径流氮素流失的主要影响因素.受监测年份降雨年型分配影响,RCU处理的季节径流氮素流失量(20.35 kg·hm^-2)较CN处理(10.49 kg·hm^-2)显著增加.生育后期是麦田氨挥发损失的主要时期,...     

氮肥使用对北方夏玉米季氨挥发的影响

氨挥发是农田作物生产中氮肥损失的主要途径之一,对空气质量有重要影响.为研究我国北方地区化肥类型、施用数量、施氮时期以及采样方法等因素对夏玉米季氨挥发的影响,本研究收集了1980~2018年发表的北方地区夏玉米生产中氨挥发的研究文献,并对数据进行统计分析.结果发现,随着化肥施氮量的增加,氨挥发总量呈指数型增长,净氨挥发量呈幂函数型增长.基肥/追肥施氮量为1/1时,追肥期氨挥发总量和净氨挥发量显著高于基肥期（P<0.05）,氨挥发总量分别约占总生育期的58.4%和41.6%.随着施氮量的增加,激发效应先表现为负效应后逐渐转变为正效应,转折点施氮量为297 kg ·hm^-2.采用抽气法与海绵法测定的氨挥发量存在显著差异（P<0.01）,且抽气法测定数据更为稳定.施用缓释尿素相较于普通尿素可降低氨挥发约20%~50%.我国北方夏玉米生产中,合理控制追肥期施氮量更有助于减少氨挥发,且高氮肥条件下抽气法比海绵法更适合于氨挥发的测定.     

氮肥管理措施对黑土玉米田温室气体排放的影响

采用静态箱-气相色谱法研究了不同氮肥管理措施(农民常规施肥、减氮20%、添加硝化抑制剂、施用控释肥)对黑土玉米田温室气体排放的影响.结果表明:黑土玉米田施肥(基肥和追肥)后1~3d出现N2O排放峰,施肥后16d内N2O排放量占生育期总排放量的28.8%~41.9%.减施氮肥20%显著降低土壤N2O排放,生育期内的N2O累积排放量减少了17.6%~46.1%,综合温室效应降低30.7%~67.8%,温室气体排放强度降低29.1%~67.0%.等氮量投入时,添加吡啶抑制剂土壤N2O排放量、综合温室效应和温室气体排放强度最低.玉米拔节~乳熟期出现了较强的土壤CO2排放,黑土玉米田是大气中CH4的一个较弱的“汇”,施氮和添加硝化抑制剂对黑土玉米田CO2排放和CH4吸收没有显著影响.添加硝化抑制剂和施用控释肥不影响玉米产量.在本试验条件下,减氮20%并添加吡啶抑制剂在保证玉米产量的同时, 减排增收效果优于其他施肥措施,适宜在黑土区玉米种植中推广使用.     

施氮和水分管理对光合碳在土壤-水稻系统间分配的量化研究

施肥和水分管理是影响水稻生长的两个关键因素,探讨水肥耦合条件下光合碳在"水稻-土壤"系统输入与分配动态,对深入解析稻田土壤碳循环具有重要意义.本研究通过盆栽试验,选用籼性常规水稻品种(中早39),采用13C-CO_2连续标记技术,量化研究施氮和水分管理对光合碳在"水稻-土壤"系统中分配的影响.结果表明:施氮增加了水稻地上部干物质重和碳、氮含量,却显著降低了水稻根冠比;干湿交替使施氮条件下的水稻地上部全碳、全氮含量较持续淹水处理分别提高了22%和33%,根系中全碳、全氮含量分别提高了36%、44%,这表明施氮有利于水稻地上部生长,而干湿交替显著促进了水稻根系的生长.施氮显著增加水稻地上部13C含量,与不施氮处理相比增加了32%~83%;施氮使光合碳在水稻地上部的回收率增加6%~32%,在根系的回收率减少18%~59%.水分管理对13C分配的影响表现为:连续标记22 d后,在施氮条件下,干湿交替使水稻地上部、根系13C量均有一定量的增加;不施氮条件下,干湿交替与持续淹水处理相比,地上部13C量减少10.3mg·pot-1,回收率降低了11%~12%;根系13C量增加1.9 mg·pot-1,回收率提高了24%~57%.施氮和干湿交替都显著增加了13C在根际土壤中的累积与回收率.因此,施氮增加了光合碳在土壤-水稻系统中的累积,但降低了光合碳在根系中的分配,干湿交替比持续淹水更利于光合碳向土壤中的传输与累积,水肥耦合管理显著调控了光合碳的传输与分配.该研究进一步量化了水肥管理条件下水稻光合碳的分配及其在土壤有机碳库中的传输特征,为稻田水肥管理、水稻土有机质积累持续机制提供了理论依据和数据支撑.     

浅层淹水条件下不同施肥处理对黑土温室气体排放的影响

以东北黑土区长期耕作土壤为对象,通过室内培养试验研究了浅层淹水条件下不同施肥处理对黑土温室气体排放的影响.结果表明,浅层淹水条件下,与不施肥对照处理相比,单施氮肥处理对土壤CO₂排放没有显著影响,氮肥配施猪粪或者秸秆则显著促进了CO₂的排放,使得CO₂排放速率提高了一个数量级,氮肥配施秸秆处理的CO₂排放量最高.浅层淹水条件下,与不施肥对照处理相比,施用氮肥显著促进了土壤N₂O的排放.而与单施氮肥处理相比,氮肥配施猪粪和秸秆则显著抑制了N₂O的排放,表现为土壤对N₂O的微量吸收,氮肥配施秸秆处理的N₂O吸收量相对较高.浅层淹水条件下施用氮肥抑制了土壤CH₄的排放,而与单施氮肥处理相比,氮肥配施猪粪或者秸秆则促进了土壤CH₄的排放.     

有机肥与无机肥配施对潮土N2O排放的影响

华北平原是我国重要的粮食主产区,由于土壤有机质含量低,增加氮肥用量并不能导致玉米产量持续增加.有机肥和无机肥配施被广泛认为是同时实现粮食增产和提高土壤有机质的双赢措施,但是有机肥和无机肥配施对华北平原农田N_2O排放的影响尚不明确.本研究在华北平原潮土区,通过测定不同种类有机肥与无机肥配施后农田N_2O排放通量和作物产量,旨在揭示不同种类有机肥及其用量对潮土N_2O排放和作物产量的影响效应.田间试验共设置8个处理,分别为不施肥(CK)、化肥氮(NPK)、 40%牛粪氮+60%化肥氮(CM)、 40%鸡粪氮+60%化肥氮(FC)、 40%猪粪氮+60%化肥氮(FP)、 20%牛粪氮+80%化肥氮(1/2CM)、 20%鸡粪氮+80%化肥氮(1/2FC)和20%猪粪氮+80%化肥氮(1/2FP).整个玉米季N_2O排放通量均与土壤WFPS显著正相关(P0.05).除NPK处理外,玉米季N_2O排放量与土壤可溶性有机碳(DOC)平均含量存在显著的线性关系.玉米季CK处理N_2O排放量为0.50 kg·hm~(-2),NPK处理增加到2.28 kg·hm~(-2).相同用量不同种类有机肥处理,N_2O排放未出现显著差异. 40%有机肥氮用量处理下N_2O排放量与NPK处理无显著差异,而用量减少至20%后, 1/2CM、 1/2FC和1/2FP处理N_2O排放量分别较CM、 FC和FP减少了33.6%、 43.7%和12.1%,其主要原因为易分解有机碳输入减少,土壤DOC含量降低,但玉米产量未出现显著差异.因此,从减少温室效应的角度,玉米季80%化肥氮配施20%有机肥氮为本地区农田施肥的较佳选择.     

控释肥条件下沿南四湖农田水稻吸氮特征

氮素是水稻必需营养元素中限制植物生长和形成产量的首要因素,同时也是南四湖水体主要营养性污染物之一.通过施用树脂包膜控释尿素不同氮肥量处理大田试验,研究了南四湖流域鱼台农田控释肥条件下水稻生育期的吸氮特征.结果表明,树脂包膜控释尿素对水稻产量有明显的促进作用,但并不随施氮量的增加呈线性增长,施用中氮量337.5 kg/h...     

Review of greenhouse gas emissions from crop production systems and fertilizer management effects

Fertilizer nitrogen (N) use is expanding globally to satisfy food, fiber, and fuel demands of a growing world population. Fertilizer consumers are being asked to improve N use efficiency through better management in their fields, to protect water resources and to minimize greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, while sustaining soil resources and providing a healthy economy. A review of the available science on the effects of N source, rate, timing, and placement, in combination with other cropping and tillage practices, on GHG emissions was conducted. Implementation of intensive crop management practices, using principles of ecological intensification to enhance efficient and effective nutrient uptake while achieving high yields, was identified as a principal way to achieve reductions in GHG emissions while meeting production demands. Many studies identified through the review involved measurements of GHG emissions over several weeks to a few months, which greatly limit the ability to accurately determine system-level management effects on net global warming potential. The current science indicates: (1) appropriate fertilizer N use helps increase biomass production necessary to help restore and maintain soil organic carbon (SOC) levels; (2) best management practices (BMPs) for fertilizer N play a large role in minimizing residual soil nitrate, which helps lower the risk of increased nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions; (3) tillage practices that reduce soil disturbance and maintain crop residue on the soil surface can increase SOC levels, but usually only if crop productivity is maintained or increased; (4) differences among fertilizer N sources in N₂O emissions depend on site- and weather-specific conditions; and (5) intensive crop management systems do not necessarily increase GHG emissions per unit of crop or food production; they can help spare natural areas from conversion to cropland and allow conversion of selected lands to forests for GHG mitigation, while supplying the world's need for food, fiber, and biofuel. Transfer of the information to fertilizer dealers, crop advisers, farmers, and agricultural and environmental authorities should lead to increased implementation of fertilizer BMPs, and help to reduce confusion over the role of fertilizer N on cropping system emissions of GHGs. Gaps in scientific understanding were identified and will require the collaborative attention of agronomists, soil scientists, ecologists, and environmental authorities in serving the immediate and long-term interests of the human population.     

Soil quality response to long-term nutrient and crop management on a semi-arid Inceptisol

The soil quality concept provides a tool to help quantify the combined biological, chemical and physical response of soil to crop management practices. Our objective was to quantify effects of 10 fertilizer and farm yard manure (FYM) treatments applied for 31 years to a rotation that included maize (Zea mays), pearl millet (Pennisetum americanum), wheat (Triticum aestivum) and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) on an Inceptisol at the Indian Agricultural Research Institute in New Delhi, India. A soil quality index (SQI) based on six soil functions (i.e. the soil's ability to: accommodate water entry, facilitate water movement and storage, resist surface degradation, resist biochemical degradation, supply plant nutrients and sustain crop productivity) was derived for each treatment using bulk density, water retention, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), plant-available nutrients, soil organic matter (SOM), microbial biomass, soil enzymes and crop yield. SQI ratings ranged from 0.552 (unfertilized control) to 0.838 for the combined NPK fertilizer plus manure treatment. Comparisons among treatments indicated that SQI increases associated with the combined (NPK + manure) treatment were distributed as follows: N (7.1% increase), P (7.8%), K (14.4%), Zn (4.8%) and manure (15%). The control (−11.4%) and N alone (−5.1%) resulted in degradation compared to a reference soil (no fertilizer/manure, no crop), and NP alone or sub-optimal rates of NPK were on the verge of degradation. Hand weeding and sulphur application had no measurable effect on SQI. High K fixing capacity was a limiting factor for these soils, even when FYM was applied. The lower SQI rating associated with N or NP-only treatments suggests that two of the most common fertilizer management practices in India may not be sustainable. The SQI was calculated without the weighting factors too, which revealed that the weighting factors did not affect the relative ranks of individual treatments.     

有机肥施用对田面水氮磷流失风险的影响

为探明化肥配施有机肥对田面水氮、磷流失及水稻系统养分吸收的影响,采用田间小区试验,设置常规施肥处理（FN）、常规施肥减氮磷量20%处理（F0）、减氮磷20%+有机肥处理（F1~F4处理有机肥施用量分别为1 500、3 000、4 500和6 000 kg/hm2）共6个处理,探索化肥减量20%配施有机肥的最优组合.结果表明:不同施肥处理下,田面水中ρ（TN）、ρ（NH₄+-N）均于施肥后第1天达到峰值,随后迅速下降,于第7天后逐渐趋于稳定,ρ（TN）和ρ（NH₄+-N）分别维持在各自峰值的5.1%~10.9%与4.8%~9.6%,田面水中ρ（TP）的变化趋势与ρ（TN）相似;F0与F1处理均能有效降低田面水中ρ（TN）和ρ（TP）.与FN处理相比,F1处理下ρ（TN）、ρ（NH₄+-N）与ρ（TP）平均值分别降低了6.5%、9.1%和3.1%,该处理能够有效地降低氮、磷养分流失风险,且增施有机肥可使水稻增产0.2%~19.8%,地上部分氮、磷累积量随有机肥施用量的增加而显著增加（P < 0.05）.综合水稻产量、养分吸收和田面水养分动态等指标发现,F1处理不仅能提高区域双季稻产量,还能有效控制田面水氮、磷养分浓度,降低氮、磷地表径流产生的农田面源污染风险,是针对南方双季稻田的一项"控源节流"优化施肥模式.      

Emissions of N2O and NH3, and nitrogen leaching from direct seeded rice under different tillage practices in central China

Tillage practices affect the fate of fertilizer nitrogen (N) through influencing transformations of N, but few studies have examined N₂O and NH₃ emissions, and N leaching from different rice tillage systems. Thus the objective of this study was to assess N₂O emission, NH₃ volatilization and N leaching from direct seeded rice in conventional tillage (CT) and no-tillage (NT) production systems in the subtropical region of China during the 2008 and 2009 rice growing seasons. Treatments were established following a split-plot design of a randomized complete block with tillage practices as the main plot and N fertilizer level as the sub-plot treatment, and there were four treatments: NT + no fertilizer (NT0), CT + no fertilizer (CT0), NT + compound fertilizer (NTC) and CT + compound fertilizer (CTC), respectively. Results showed that N fertilization significantly increased (p < 0.01) N₂O emissions, NH₃ volatilization and N leaching from rice fields in both years. In general, there was no significant difference in N₂O emissions and NH₃ volatilization between NT0 and CT0 in both years, while NTC had significantly higher (p < 0.05) N₂O emissions and NH₃ volatilization compared to CTC. Over the two rice growing seasons, NTC showed 32% and 47% higher N₂O emissions, and 29% and 52% higher NH₃ losses than CTC. Higher (p < 0.05) N₂O emissions from NTC than CTC were presumably due to higher soil organic C and greater denitrification. Total N and NO₃^? concentrations were higher (p < 0.05) in CTC than NTC, but larger volumes of percolation water in NTC than CTC resulted in no significant difference in leakage of total N and NO₃^?. Hence, application of N fertilizer in combination with NT appeared to be ineffective in reducing N losses from N fertilizer in paddy fields.