回流立式组合人工湿地处理生活污水的效果

针对目前我国农村存在的生活污水随意排放问题,构建了一种安装方便、工艺简单的回流立式组合人工湿地系统用于处理生活污水,研究其对污染物质的去除效果和过程,及不同基质(砾石、陶粒、火山石)间污染物质去除的差异。结果显示,回流立式组合人工湿地系统对COD、NH+4-N、TN、TP的去除率分别高达95%、99%、53%、57%,其中COD、NH+4-N的去除过程符合一级动力学模型。不同基质组湿地对生活污水处理效果存在显著差异(P0.05),砾石组对NH+4-N、TN的去除效果较好,火山石组对COD、TP去除效果较好,可分别作为人工湿地脱氮除磷的优先选择。结果表明,回流立式组合人工湿地去除能力好、占地面积小、操作方便,是一种具有广阔发展前景的农村污水处理技术。     

Study on the performance of gravel less perforated pipe leach fields on domestic sewage treatment

以壤土、河砂为填充基质,构建了5个无砾石微孔管地下渗滤系统,在3.3 cm/d的水力负荷下,比较了5个系统对生活污水的处理效果.结果表明,无砾石微孔管地下渗滤系统对生活污水具有较好的处理效果,其中以上层填充河砂、下层填充壤土的系统C对生活污水的综合处理效果最好,其对COD、TP、浊度、NH3-N、TN的平均去除率分别为82.4％、74.1％、94.2％、98.4％、59.3％,相比传统的全部填充壤土的系统A分别提高了1.4、21.9、5.1、61.8、18.6百分点,且出水COD、TP、浊度、NH3-N、TN均达到了国家《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB18918-2002)的一级标准.对系统NH3-N和TN的去除机制分析表明,碳氮比过低可能是导致TN去除效果不理想的主要原因.     

无植物潜流人工湿地基质床污染物去除性能研究

采用单一基质页岩和页岩、陶粒组合基质进行无植物潜流人工湿地基质床的水质净化实验,比较不同基质设置对COD、TN、NH+-N、TP、溶解性总磷(TDP)和溶解性正磷酸盐(SRP)去除效果的影响.结果表明,在相同进水水质,水力负荷为480mm/d的运行条件下,以单一页岩为基质的无植物潜流人工湿地基质床的COD、TN、NH4+-N、TP、TDP、SRP去除效果均略优于填充页岩和陶粒组合基质的基质床.总体来看,基质对湿地系统中各污染物去除的贡献均不是非常显著,并且不能保证长期稳定的运行效果.沿程去除结果表明,无植物潜流人工湿地基质床对COD、NH+-N、TP的去除主要发生在进水后沿程的0～90 cm距离内.水力负荷和基质设置均可能影响基质床的污染物去除效果,以基质选择为目的的批量吸附实验结果不能完全反映基质床的全面去污性能.     

无砾石微孔管地下渗滤系统对生活污水处理效果的研究

以壤土、河砂为填充基质,构建了5个无砾石微孔管地下渗滤系统,在3.3cm/d的水力负荷下,比较了5个系统对生活污水的处理效果。结果表明,无砾石微孔管地下渗滤系统对生活污水具有较好的处理效果,其中以上层填充河砂、下层填充壤土的系统C对生活污水的综合处理效果最好,其对COD、TP、浊度、NH3-N、TN的平均去除率分别为82.4%、74.1%、94.2%、98.4%、59.3%,相比传统的全部填充壤土的系统A分别提高了1.4、21.9、5.1、61.8、18.6百分点,且出水COD、TP、浊度、NH3-N、TN均达到了国家《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB 18918—2002)的一级标准。对系统NH3-N和TN的去除机制分析表明,碳氮比过低可能是导致TN去除效果不理想的主要原因。     

生物接触氧化—复合人工湿地组合工艺对工业园区污水的处理效果研究

根据广州从化市玮思工业园排放的综合污水的特点,设计了生物接触氧化—复合人工湿地组合工艺对其进行处理,考察了该工艺运行一年来对COD、BOD5、TP、NH4+ -N、TN的去除效果.结果表明,该组合工艺对工业园区综合污水中的COD、BOD5、TP、NH4+ -N和TN都有较好的去除效果,出水COD、BOD5、TP、NH4+ -N、TN的平均去除率分别为86.07％、74.91％、60.73％、89.62％、46.01％；该组合工艺对各污染物的去除效果明显优于单一的生物接触氧化池和单一的复合人工湿地的去除效果,生物接触氧化池对COD、BOD5和NH4+ -N的去除贡献较大,但对TP和TN的去除能力有限；采用该组合工艺处理工业园区综合污水,具有运行费用低、处理效果好、操作方便、管理简单、景观效果良好等优点.     

人工湿地处理城市污水启动期运行特性

选取4种植物(鸢尾、香蒲、麦冬和美人蕉)和3种基质(炉渣、沸石和砾石),通过植物和基质的不同组合构建了7组潜流型人工湿地,研究不同植物、相同基质及不同基质、相同植物条件下,湿地处理城市污水的启动期运行特性。结果表明,对COD去除率,砾石>炉渣>沸石,美人蕉>鸢尾>香蒲>麦冬;对TN去除率,沸石>砾石>炉渣,美人蕉>香蒲>麦冬>鸢尾;对NH4+-N去除率,沸石>砾石>炉渣,香蒲>美人蕉>麦冬>鸢尾;对TP去除率,炉渣>砾石>沸石,香蒲>美人蕉>鸢尾>麦冬。植物种植前,炉渣、沸石和砾石不同基质湿地的COD去除率没有明显差异;在TN和NH4+-N的去除上,沸石远优于炉渣和砾石。植物种植后,3种基质的TP去除率在10.75%左右。鸢尾、麦冬和美人蕉3种植物湿地的COD去除率随运行历程呈上升趋势,而香蒲由于生长状况不佳,去除率呈下降趋势。美人蕉湿地TN去除率较其它3种植物湿地高,各植物湿地NH4+-N去除率差异不显著。4种植物湿地TP去除率在9.24%左右。     

潮汐流人工湿地对高污染河水的处理功效

为了研究潮汐流人工湿地对高污染河流污染物的去除效果及其影响因素,实验构建了潮汐流人工湿地系统。运行春夏两季以来,系统对TN、NH3-N、TP、COD和BOD5的平均去除率分别为49.14%、48.34%、79.40%、81.52%和83.39%;其中系统对TN和NH3-N的去除受到温度的影响,且温度变化对NH3-N去除效果的影响大于TN;在实验周期内,系统对TN、TP、COD和BOD5的去除均受进水污染负荷的影响,但却有着较好的抗负荷冲击能力;潮汐流人工湿地能够显著提高系统内溶解氧,使其不再成为去除污染物的限制性因素。     

复合垂直流与潜流人工湿地沿程脱氮除磷对比研究

针对复合垂直流和潜流人工湿地对COD、TP、NH_4~+-N、NO~3~--N和TN的沿程去除规律进行了对比研究.结果表明,夏季复合垂直流人工湿地的去除效果均好于潜流人工湿地.对于复合垂直流人工湿地,污染物的去除主要集中在下行流池,且在进水端0～20 cm对COD、TP、NH_4~+-N和TN都有快速降解的过程.对于潜流人工湿地,进水端0～40 cm主要是COD和TP的快速降解沉淀,之后硝化作用逐渐加强,潜流人工湿地沿程均会发生反硝化作用,TN浓度基本呈均匀下降趋势.     

多层滤料BAF处理城镇污水

为强化BAF对城镇污水中COD、SS、NH3-N和TN等污染物的同步去除效果,本研究建立新型多层滤料BAF系统,考察了其深度处理城镇污水的效能,并与2套单一滤料BAF系统进行对比。多层滤料BAF系统底部为缺氧段,采用火山岩滤料;中部和顶部为好氧段,分别采用陶粒和聚丙乙烯泡沫滤珠滤料。2套单层滤料BAF分别采用陶粒和火山岩滤料,也分为缺氧段和好氧段。结果表明,多层滤料BAF和陶粒BAF对SS的去除效果较好,平均去除率分别为(86.1±4.6)%和(83.5±4.4)%,而火山岩BAF对SS的平均去除率仅为(80.4±7.1)%;多层滤料BAF对COD的去除率为71.7%,与2种单层滤料BAF差别不大;多层滤料BAF对NH3-N和TN的去除效果与火山岩BAF接近,但明显优于陶粒BAF。对多层滤料BAF沿程去污特性进行分析发现:底部的火山岩层对COD和TN的去除效果较好,中部的陶粒层对SS和NH3-N的去除效果较好,顶部的聚丙乙烯泡沫滤珠层可进一步去除SS、NH3-N和TN。     

不同曝气参数下间歇增氧垂直流人工湿地脱氮的分层效应

以新型间歇增氧垂直流人工湿地(IA-VFCW)为研究对象,揭示了不同工况对人工湿地污染物去除的分层效应及去除效果的影响.结果 表明:不同曝气参数对细砾石层、煤渣层污染物去除的影响较小;对曝气区、湿地植物区污染物去除的影响较大.当进水NH4-N质量浓度为25 mg·L-1、COD为200 mg·L-1时,细砾石层、煤渣层对NH4+-N和TN平均去除率分别为10.8％、9.3％和13.3％、11.6％,两区域中均无NO2-N、NO3-N的积累;细砾石层对COD去除的贡献较大,COD平均去除率为67.2％.曝气区对NH4-N、TN去除贡献较大,NH4-N、TN的最大去除率分别达到69.3％、40.9％,COD平均去除率为25.4％.在低曝停比下,曝气量的增加将提高IA-VFCW对TN的去除性能;在高曝停比下,曝气量的增加会降低IA-VFCW对TN的去除效果,且会造成NO--N积累.在曝气量2 m3·h-1、曝停比1/3、曝停周期6h工况下IA-VFCW具有较好的污染物去除效果,NH4+-N去除率为94.9％、TN去除率为77.0％、COD去除率为90.0％.IA-VFCW脱氮性能明显优于传统垂直流人工湿地.     

Investigation of the characteristics of the reflectivity of clouds

This paper investigates some of the reflectivity characteristics that clouds (when modelled as solid bodies) must exhibit to be compatible with observations that the reflecting surface of a cloud (i) appears almost equally bright across its face, (ii) is brightest when the cloud is opposite to the Sun but decreases in brightness as the cloud moves to other positions and (iii) increases in brightness with increasing optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight. These observations, respectively, are shown to imply that the peak value of the bidirectional total reflectivity from a cloud surface (i) increases in inverse proportion to the cosine of the angle between the Sun and the normal to the cloud surface, as the incident angle increases, (ii) appears to be directed back in the direction of the incident radiation, and (iii) increases as optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight increases. The results could have application in many fields (e.g. modelling diffuse radiance distributions for cloudy skies).     

底泥修复中温度对微生物活性和污染物释放的影响

通过分析底泥中微生物的酶活性以及污染物的释放规律,探讨了温度对河道底泥生物修复的影响.结果表明,底泥中微生物的脱氢酶、脲酶和磷酸酶的活性随着温度的升高而显著增大,但温度对纤维素酶的活性影响较小.4 ℃和10 ℃时底泥中污染物的释放量和微生物的酶活性均较低,水质较稳定;20～37 ℃时底泥中污染物的释放量明显增加,微生物的新陈代谢能力有较大提高,水体的自净能力较强.在各种因素的综合作用下,20～30 ℃是进行底泥生物修复的适宜环境温度.此外,当pH为9.0以及添加葡萄糖时,底泥中微生物均表现出较高的脱氢酶活性.     

The Governance of the Mitigation of the Baltic Sea Eutrophication: Exploring the Challenges of the Formal Governing System

This article focuses on the governing system of the mitigation of eutrophication in the Baltic Sea. Policies and measures of the Baltic Sea coastal countries, the macro--regional (HELCOM) level, and the level of the European Union are described and governance challenges explicated. We found that the main challenges at different governance levels include: differences between coastal countries in terms of environmental conditions including environmental awareness, overlaps of policies between different levels, the lack of adequate spatial and temporal specification of policies, and the lack of policy integration. To help to meet these challenges, we suggest closer involvement of stakeholders and the public, the improvement of the interplay of institutions, and the introduction of a “primus motor” for the governance of the mitigation of eutrophication in the Baltic Sea.     

Industrial plastic on the southern beaches of the Arabian Gulf and the western beaches of the Gulf of Oman

The increasing production and use of plastic in the Arabian Gulf combined with shipping and waste disposal practices, have increased the concentration of plastic particles on the sea's surface and beaches. The objective of this investigation was to provide an assessment of the abundance, distribution, potential sources and significance of industrial plastic on the western beaches of the United Arab Emirates on the Arabian Gulf and on the eastern beaches on the Gulf of Oman. The abundance of stranded plastic pellets was highly uneven. By early 1992 alarming levels of fresh plastic pellets were noticed on the Arabian Gulf beaches of the UAE. Large numbers of 25 kg sacks of white plastic spherules manufactured by (SABIC) in Jubail, Saudi Arabia were washed ashore. When compared to the west coast on the Arabian Gulf, the east coast on the Gulf of Oman exhibited much lower levels of plastic pellets. When compared to other parts of the world, the beaches of the UAE on the Arabian Gulf are considered to be heavily polluted with industrial plastic.     

Effect of the pesticide lindane on the biomass of the microalgae Nannochloris oculata

This study assesses the growth of the microalgae Nannochloris oculata in the presence of lindane and the ability of N. oculata to remove lindane from media. Algal biomass increased with 0.1 and 0.5 mg L^?1 of lindane, and lindane concentrations in the media decreased. N. oculata removed 73% and 68.2% of lindane in the 0.1 and 0.5 mg L^?1 media concentrations, respectively. Algal biomass decreased to the level of the control at lindane concentrations greater than 2.5 mg L^?1, probably due to toxicity. N. oculata removed lindane from the media at concentrations lower than 1.0 mg L^?1. Thus, N. oculata may be useful for lindane bioremediation in contaminated aquatic systems.     

Assessment of the effects of the carbamazepine on the endogenous endocrine system of Daphnia magna

In the present study, the endocrine activity of the antiepileptic pharmaceutical carbamazepine (CBZ) in the crustacean Daphnia magna was assessed. To assess the hormonal activity of the drug, we exposed maternal daphnids and embryos to environmental relevant concentrations of CBZ (ranging from 10 to 200 μg/L) and to mixtures of CBZ with fenoxycarb (FEN; 1 μg/L). Chronic exposure to CBZ significantly decreased the reproductive output and the number of molts of D. magna at 200 μg/L. This compound induced the production of male offspring (12?±?1.7 %), in a non-concentration-dependent manner, acting as a weak juvenile hormone analog. Results showed that this substance, at tested concentrations, did not antagonize the juvenoid action of FEN. Further, CBZ has shown to be toxic to daphnid embryos through maternal exposure interfering with their normal gastrulation and organogenesis stages but not producing direct embryo toxicity. These findings suggest that CBZ could act as an endocrine disruptor in D. magna as it decreases the reproductive output, interferes with sex determination, and causes development abnormality in offspring. Therefore, CBZ could directly affect the population sustainability.

     

Influence of the application of sewage sludge on the degradation of pesticides in the soil

A study was made of the influence of the application of sewage sludge on the degradation of pesticides in the soil. Two kinds of sludge were used, with different characteristics, one from an urban treatment plant and one from a food processing plant. Three organophosphorus insecticides, fenitrothion, diazinon and dimethoate, were studied. The relative importance was determined of the chemical and biological degradation processes, which involved experiments on soil and sterile soil samples. A comparative study was also made of the degradation of pesticide residues and the evolution of the microbial population. The application of sludge seems to have a complex effect on the degradation of pesticides, determined by the bioavailability and biodegradability of their active ingredient. The biodegradation of pesticide residues brings about alterations in the microorganism population of the soil.     

Isolation of the stable fraction (the core) of the humic acid

Humic acid consists of a recalcitrant (unhydrolysed fraction) (the core) and labile (hydrolysable fraction) fraction. Core-humic acid (core-HA) isolation was performed by treating source material with apolar and polar solvents (organic solvents+acid hydrolysis) before alkaline extraction. Leonardite, soil Ah horizont and dry blood were chosen for this study because of their different origin and degree of humification. Chemical analysis (elemental analysis, total acidity, E(4):E(6)), spectroscopic analysis (DRIFT and (1)H NMR), and complete mass balance were used to investigate the effect of purifying humic acids. The results obtained showed that purification produced a slight modification of Leonardite humic acids as was expected for these highly humified organic matrices. On the other hand, about 500 g kg(-1) of soil humic acids were lost by purification. The fractions lost mainly consisted of carbohydrates. Dry blood showed the presence of humic acids that contrasted with its origin, thus indicating the limitations of the common analytical methods used for HA extraction. Nevertheless, in practice, purification caused the complete disappearance (914 g kg(-1) of HA was lost) of these HAs. The results obtained in this work suggest that the HA fraction isolated (named core-HA) effectively represents the HA structure proposed by the existing literature, since the purification proposed was able to eliminate the adsorbed organic molecules (interference materials) coating the HA structure.     

党的执政能力建设与环境保护——学习十六届四中全会决定的体会

阐述了环境保护与党的执政能力建设的内在联系。论述了加强环境保护是增强“党的领导能力”的题中之意；加强环境保护是“坚持把发展作为党执政兴国的第一要务，不断提高驾驭社会主义市场经济的能力”的重要内容；环境保护关系到社会和谐与国家安全。环境保护工作者应全面分析和妥善应对来自各方面的机遇和挑战，促使环境发展矛盾由“两难”向“双赢”转化，走生产发展、生活富裕、生态良好的文明发展之路。