Application of multivariate statistical analyses in the interpretation of geochemical behaviour of uranium in phosphatic rocks in the Red Sea,Nile Valley and Western Desert,Egypt

Factor and cluster analyses as well as the Pearson correlation coefficient have been applied to geochemical data obtained from phosphorite and phosphatic rocks of Duwi Formation exposed at the Red Sea coast. Nile Valley and Western Desert. Sixty-six samples from a total of 71 collected samples were analysed for SiO2, TiO2, Al203, Fe2O3, CaO, MgO, Na2O, K2O, P2O5, Sr, U and Pb by XRF and their mineral constituents were determined by the use of XRD techniques. In addition, the natural radioactivity of the phosphatic samples due to their uranium, thorium and potassium contents was measured by gamma-spectrometry. The uranium content in the phosphate rocks with P2O5 > 15% (average of 106.6 ppm) is higher than in rocks with P2O5 < 15% (average of 35.5 ppm). Uranium distribution is essentially controlled by the variations of P2O5 and CaO, whereas it is not related to changes in SiO2, TiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, MgO, Na2O and K2O concentrations.-Factor analysis and the Pearson correlation coefficient revealed that uranium belaves geochemically in different ways in the phosphatic sediments and phosphorites in the Red Sea, Nile Valley and Western Desert. In the Red Sea and Western Desert phosphorites, uranium occurs mainly in oxidized U6+ state where it seems to be fixed by the phosphate ion, forming secondary uranium phosphate minerals such as phosphuranylite. In the Nile Valley phosphorites, ionic substitution of Ca2+ by U4 is the main controlling factor in the concentration of uranium in phosphate rocks. Moreover, fixation of U6- by phosphate ion and adsorption of uranium on phosphate minerals play subordinate roles.     

Measurement and modeling of oxidation rate of hydrogen isotopic gases by soil

Measurements of oxidation rate of hydrogen isotopic gases by soil were made to model HT oxidation rate by soil. Soil was sampled at a cultivated farmland and laboratory measurements of the oxidation rate of H(2) and D(2) gases simulating HT gas were carried out under controlled conditions of soil. The oxidation rate increased with increase of H(2) or D(2) concentration in air and nearly saturated at high concentration. The oxidation rate was low under extremely dry and wet soil conditions and was the highest at soil water content of 8-14 w/w%. The oxidation rate increased exponentially with increasing soil temperature and was the highest at 46 degrees C. Michaelis constant K(m) increased exponentially with increasing soil temperature. Oxidation rate of H(2) was generally higher than that of D(2), while K(m) of H(2) was generally lower than that of D(2). From these results, oxidation rate of HT was modeled as a product of the functions that represent dependency on each soil factor.     

Degradation of 17α-ethinylestradiol by ozonation--identification of the by-products and assessment of their estrogenicity and toxicity

The presence of the synthetic estrogen 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2) in waters at low levels is a concern due to its ability to act as an endocrine disruptor. Ozone (O₃) is commonly used in water treatment and reacts with EE2 to form by-products having characteristics that are mostly unknown. The aim of this study was to identify the by-products of E2 and EE2 ozonation and determine their estrogenicity and toxicity relative to the parent compound. Ozonation by-products were identified via LC-MS analysis. The estrogenicity was measured using the YES assay, and toxicity was determined by monitoring effects on histology of fetal rat testes and testosterone secretion by these tissues. Two EE2 by-products were identified with open phenolic ring structures (masses 302 and 344 u). The Yeast Estrogen Screening (YES) assay showed a decreased but incomplete removal of estrogenicity after ozonation of EE2. Histological analysis of fetal testes revealed that neither E2 nor EE2, with or without ozonation, had any effect on seminiferous cord formation; however, a remarkable negative effect on testosterone secretion was observed, with EE2 by-products after ozonation showing the most rapid and extensive inhibition. These results show that the removal of EE2 via reaction with O₃ resulted in the formation of by-products that are less estrogenic (as demonstrated by the YES assay), but have a greater negative impact on testosterone secretion. Thus, the disappearance of the parent compound is not a sufficient endpoint, as the by-products created may be more toxic. Care should be taken when implementing oxidation applications such as ozone during waste water treatment.     

城市化水平、工业化水平对空气质量的影响分析——基于湖北省16城市2005～2017年数据的时空模型

基于湖北省16城市2005~2017年数据，应用空间计量模型研究城市化水平、工业化水平对空气SO2、NO2、PM10含量的影响。结果显示，在城市化水平中，人均GDP对空气中SO2含量有显著负向影响，对NO2有显著正向影响，民用汽车的数量、公路里程对城市空气中SO2、NO2、PM10含量有显著正向影响，工业化水平对空气中SO2、NO2显著负向影响，对PM10含量有显著正向影响，人均绿地面积对空气中SO2的含量有显著负向影响，对NO2、PM10的影响不显著。为此，必须加快产业转型升级，做好产业发展规划；必须强化城市民用汽车尾气排放检测，加强城市配套园林建设；必须建立城市绿色发展联动机制，做好区域巡查监管。     

A Review of Environmental Sociology and the Sociology of Natural Resources： Insights for the Development of Environmental Sociology in China

Environmental sociology and the sociology of natural resources are two key subdisciplines of the sociological study on the interactions between nature and human society. Previous discussion on the relationships of these two fields has largely focused on their distinctions and synthesis in western （particularly American） academia. Environmental sociology emerged as an important sociological subdiscipline in China in the early 1990s and is under vigorous disciplinary construction at present. By contrast, the sociology of natural resources is still a novel term for most Chinese researchers. This article provides a systematic review of recent literature on the relationships between environmental and natural resource sociologies, which should provide important implications for the further development of environmental sociology in China.     

新疆地级市CO_2排放空间特征研究

基于中国高空间分辨率网格数据,建立新疆地级市CO_2排放数据集,探讨新疆CO_2排放的空间特征,为新疆低碳发展的空间布局规划提供一定的依据。研究采用"自下而上"的空间化方法建立排放数据集,并用统计学方法分析排放数据统计特征。研究结果:从整体看,CO_2直接排放总体分散,局部集中,基本沿着天山分为南部和北部,北部地区排放高于南部地区。从区域看,天山北坡经济带CO_2排放最高;丝绸之路经济带的中通道、北通道和南通道排放依次递减。从部门看,服务业与城镇生活CO_2排放相关性最高,间接排放与其他部门排放相关性最弱。从类型看,工业型地级市CO_2人均排放最高,总排放均值略低于服务业型地级市,远高于其他类型地级市;人口规模越大的地级市CO_2排放均值越大,但其人均排放越少。结论与讨论:1新疆CO_2排放空间差异显著,其排放较大的地级市整体效率不高,将是减排的重点区。2工业化、城镇化是新疆CO_2排放的重要影响因素,将是减排的着力点。3省际生态补偿和碳排放指标分配时应适度考虑能源输出引致本地较高CO_2排放的特情。     

Location and migration of cations in Cu(2+)-adsorbed montmorillonite

Locations of Cu2+ ion in Cu(2+)-adsorbed montmorillonite have been studied by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), supplemented by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and differential thermal analysis (DTA). In the EPR spectra of Cu(2+)-adsorbed montmorillonite, three signals, corresponding to Cu2+ ion, have been simultaneously recorded. Some Cu2+ ions seemed to replace the original interlayer metal cations and some entered into the hexagonal cavities. A small fraction of Cu2+ ions penetrated into the octahedral vacancies. There were two ways for the adsorption of Cu2+ ion by montmorillonite--exchangeable and specific. On heating, the hydrated Cu2+ ion in the interlayer loses the coordinating water and then enters into the hexagonal cavities. When the heating temperature further increased, dehydroxylation occurs, which facilitates Cu2+ ion in the hexagonal cavities to penetrate into the octahedral vacancies.     

Soil-to-plant transfer of radiocaesium for selected tropical plant species in Bangladesh

Soil-to-plant transfer factors (TF) of radiocaesium (137Cs) were determined under field condition for grassy vegetation grown in Bangladesh at contaminated land in the Atomic Energy Research Establishment (AERE) campus. TF values for rice, grass and grassy/root vegetations grown in the same type of soil were also measured under pot condition. TF values of 137Cs for grassy vegetation (2.4 x 10(-2) -4.2 x 10(-2) with an average of 3.1 x 10(-2) +/-0.005) obtained under field condition were slightly lower than the values for grass and grassy/root vegetations (2.9 x 10(-2) -6.6 x 10(-2) with an average of 4.8 x 10(-2) +/-0.01 for grass and grassy vegetations and 2.3 x 10(-2) -5.6 x 10(-2) with an average of 4.0 x 10(-2) +/-0.009 for root vegetations, respectively) obtained under pot condition. However, TF values (9.0 x 10(-3) -2.6 x 10(-2) with an average of 1.9 x 10(-2) +/-0.004) obtained for rice were about a factor of 4 lower than the values obtained for grass and grassy/root vegetations. When the properties of the AERE soils as input parameters were used in the soil-plant transfer model of Absalom, the estimated TF values (4.5 x 10(-2) -6.7 x 10(-2) with an average of 5.3 x 10(-2) +/-0.006) were consistent with the measured values obtained for grass and grassy vegetations under pot condition, however, the model overestimates the TF values for rice.     

Estimation of 14CO2 flux at soil-atmosphere interface and distribution of 14C in forest ecosystem

To realize the dynamical behavior of 14C among exchangeable carbon reservoirs in terrestrial environment, a method for in situ determination of 14CO2 flux at soil-atmosphere interface and a high flow rate CO2 sampler were developed. This method allowed us to collect integrated quantity of CO2 for determining 14C activity over an extended time period under environmental conditions with minimal site disturbance. The 14CO2 flux from ground surface was estimated to be 1.59 x 10(-5) Bq m (-2) S (-1) in a forest floor with the method. The specific activities of 14C in environmental materials such as some biological and air samples were also determined in the vicinity of the place, where the flux measurement was made, to discuss the behavior of 14C in the forest ecosystem. The results indicated that fresh pine needles had a similar 14C specific activity to the atmospheric CO2 at the same height due to its fairly rapid equilibrium, 14C specific activity in the atmospheric CO2 has a concentration gradient near the ground surface and, at least in this site, CO2 with high 14C specific activity was generated by decomposition of soil organic matter which may be accumulated in soil as a result of former nuclear weapons tests.     

Retention of estrogenic steroid hormones by selected New Zealand soils

We performed batch sorption experiments for 17beta-estradiol (E2) and 17alpha-ethynylestradiol (EE2) on selected soils collected from dairy farming regions of New Zealand. Isotherms were constructed by measuring the liquid phase concentration and extracting the solid phase with dichloromethane, followed by an exchange step, and analysis by HPLC and UV detection. The corresponding metabolite estrone, (E1) formed during equilibration of E2 with soil was taken into account to estimate the total percentage recoveries for the compounds, which ranged from 47-105% (E2 and E1) and 83-102% (EE2). Measured isotherms were linear, although some deviation from linearity was observed in a few soils, which was attributed to the finer textured particles and/or the allophanic nature of the soils having high surface area. There was a marked difference in K(d)(eff) (effective distribution coefficient) values for E2 and EE2 among the soils, consistent with the soils organic carbon content and ranged from 14-170 L kg(-1) (E2), and 12-40 L kg(-1) (EE2) in the soils common for both compounds. The sorption affinity of hormones in the soils followed an order: EE2相似文献   

中国陆上油藏CO2封存潜力评估

CO2捕集与封存是减缓气候变化的一种关键的碳减排选择方案。将CO2注入油藏作为一种碳埋存方式引起广泛关注。作为判断某一国家、某一区域或某一具体储层是否适合CO2地质封存开展的重要依据之一,有必要在规划碳捕集与封存(CCS)项目前,对潜在的封存库进行封存潜力评估。本文在已有可公开的地质资料的基础上,评估了中国陆上216个油田实施CO2地质封存的潜力,并与相关研究结果进行了比较。结果表明:在满足埋存深度大于800 m的筛选条件下,当假设我国陆上油田全部用于CO2-EOR时,CO2封存潜力约3.6 Gt;当陆上油田全部视为废弃油藏处理时,CO2理论封存潜力约4.6 Gt。其中,东北和华北地区油藏封存CO2潜力巨大,占陆上油田CO2封存总量的60%以上;同时这里CO2集中排放源分布密集,排放源和封存地间的匹配性良好,可以减少CO2运输和封存成本。在这两个地区可以优先考虑实施油藏封存CO2项目。     

Contamination of Austrian soil with caesium-137

Austria ranks among the countries that have been most strongly affected by the Chernobyl fallout. The mean contamination with 137Cs is 21.0 kBq/m2, of which 18.7 kBq/m2 is due to the Chernobyl accident, whereas global fallout contributes 2.3 kBq/m2. Maximum values of total 137Cs contamination are nearly 200 kBq/m2. Total deposition of Chernobyl 137Cs on Austrian territory is 1.6 PBq or a fraction of around 2% of the 137Cs released from the reactor. 2115 measurements were used to draw the Austrian "caesium map". The geographical pattern of fallout distribution shows regional differences of contamination as high as 1:100.     

长江中下游滨岸带水体温室气体释放的时空分布特征

内陆河流生态系统作为大气中温室气体通量交换的热点区域,对全球的碳循环有重要影响。分别于平水期(2017年5月)和丰水期(2018年7月)对长江中下游滨岸带水体两种温室气体(CH_4和CO_2)释放通量进行了调查研究。结果表明:平水期时,CH_4和CO_2的释放通量分别为0.39～9 668.83 nmol·m~(-2)·h~(-1)和0.25～3 229.41μmol·m~(-2)·h~(-1),平均值为298.24±1 308.65 nmol·m~(-2)·h~(-1)和290.75±645.99μmol·m~(-2)·h~(-1);丰水期时,二者的释放通量为-22.80～329.76 nmol·m~(-2)·h~(-1)和-110.21～16.39μmol·m~(-2)·h~(-1),平均值为21.51±49.56 nmol·m~(-2)·h~(-1)和-3.63±13.25μmol·m~(-2)·h~(-1)。水体温度、pH、溶解性总磷浓度、溶解性有机碳和溶解性有机氮比值是影响CH_4和CO_2通量的重要因素。CH_4和CO_2释放通量还受到通江湖泊的缓冲和入江河流输入的影响,表现为河口水系高,湖口水系低的特点。由于外源污染和滨岸带土地利用的差异,城市岸带的CH_4和CO_2排放量最高,其次为自然岸带,湿地岸带和河口较低,通量最低的为化工园岸带。估算表明,长江全年碳排放以CO_2为主,年释放量约为1.93×10~7 t(C),CH_4年释放量约为2.28×10~(4 )t(C),低于世界上一些其他大型河流。     

“2+26”城市治霾方案效果评估:以山东省为案例的研究

以京津冀大气污染传输通道“2+26”城市为对象的区域性雾霾专项治理已经开展两年有余。要判断“2+26”城市治霾方案的实施是否取得了显著成效需要通过科学的实证分析加以验证。采集山东省13个内陆城市2016—2018年每日空气质量指数(AQI)、六种单项污染物(PM 2.5、PM 10、SO 2、NO 2、CO、O 3)浓度以及气象条件等数据,以其中属于“2+26”城市的7城市作为实验组,其余6城市作为对照组,基于双重差分法,对“2+26”城市治霾方案在山东省相关城市的实施效果进行评估,试图分离方案实施所带来的环境效应。结果表明:①“2+26”城市治霾方案的实施总体上有效,对污染传输通道7城市空气质量指数(AQI)指标的降低发挥了显著作用。②“2+26”城市治霾方案对污染传输通道城市的PM 2.5、PM 10、CO浓度的降低有显著贡献,但对SO 2、NO 2和O 3指标的改善贡献并不明显。③对方案进行分时段动态效应分析发现,《京津冀及周边地区2017年大气污染防治工作方案》的发布并未对污染传输通道城市空气质量改善产生立竿见影的效果,而《京津冀及周边地区2017—2018年秋冬季大气污染综合治理攻坚行动方案》《京津冀及周边地区2018—2019年秋冬季大气污染综合治理攻坚行动方案》的落实和执行才是“2+26”城市治霾方案显著见效的保障。该研究在严格遵守双重差分法前提条件的同时,还通过了一系列稳健性检验确保评估结果的可靠性。     

Influence of alumina coating on characteristics and effects of SiO2 nanoparticles in algal growth inhibition assays at various pH and organic matter contents

Silica nanoparticles (NPs) belong to the industrially most important NP types. In a previous study it was shown that amorphous SiO(2) NPs of 12.5 and 27.0 nm are stable in algal growth inhibition assays and that their ecotoxic effects are related to NP surface area. Here, it was hypothesized and demonstrated that an alumina coating completely alters the particle-particle, particle-test medium and particle-algae interactions of SiO(2) NPs. Therefore, stability and surface characteristics, dissolution, nutrient adsorption and effects on algal growth rate of both alumina coated SiO(2) NPs and bare SiO(2) NPs in OECD algal test medium as a function of pH (6.0-8.6) and natural organic matter (NOM) contents (0-12 mg C/l) were investigated. Alumina coated SiO(2) NPs aggregated in all media and adsorbed phosphate depending on pH and NOM concentration. On the other hand, no aggregation or nutrient adsorption was observed for the bare SiO(2) NPs. Due to their positive surface charge, alumina coated SiO(2) NPs agglomerated with Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata. Consequently, algal cell density measurements based on cell counts were unreliable and hence fluorescent detection of extracted chlorophyll was the preferred method. Alumina coated SiO(2) NPs showed lower toxicity than bare SiO(2) NPs at concentrations ≥46 mg/l, except at pH 6.0. At low concentrations, no clear pH effect was observed for alumina coated SiO(2) NPs, while at higher concentrations phosphate deficiency could have contributed to the higher toxicity of those particles at pH 6.0-6.8 compared to higher pH values. Bare SiO(2) NPs were not toxic at pH 6.0 up to 220 mg/l. Addition of NOM decreased toxicity of both particles. For SiO(2) NPs the 48 h 20% effect concentration of 21.8 mg/l increased 2.6-21 fold and a linear relationship was observed between NOM concentration and effective concentrations. No effect was observed for alumina coated SiO(2) NPs in presence of NOM up to 1000 mg/l. All experiments point out that the alumina coating completely altered NP interactions. Due to the difference in surface composition the SiO(2) NPs, which had the smallest surface area, were more toxic to the alga than the alumina coated SiO(2) NPs. Hence, surface modification can dominate the effect of surface area on toxicity.     

Logic of Citizen Participation in Sustainable Development

Sustainable development, a concept which has been built with the sustainability of economic progression as a main thrust, has been a widely preferred model to traditional developmental models. However, the real meaning of what sustainable development is and should include has been an object of debate. On the one hand, differing from traditional economic developmental models, economic progress does not necessitate the practice of ‘sustainable development＇. On the other hand, current levels of science and technology are still unable to solve several problems that arise with economic development. Sustainable development has transferred the responsibility of environmental destruction to that of developing countries. Lastly, instead of utilizing the best technology and leadership into formulating excellent environmental-protection policies, it is more important to create widespread awareness to the public on the need to protect the environment and thereby engage their participation in decision-making to actually realize what is truly ‘sustainable development＇.     

基于OMI数据的京津冀地区对流层NO2浓度遥感监测

为了解京津冀地区对流层NO2垂直柱浓度的时空变化，利用Aura卫星上OMI传感器反演获取2005~2016年对流层NO2垂直柱浓度数据进行分析。结果表明：京津冀地区的NO2垂直柱浓度空间分布呈现出从中部和东南平原地区向西北坝上高原地区逐渐降低的趋势,并且发现，京津冀地区的12 a的年均季节空间分布与NO2柱浓度年均空间分布趋势相似；京津冀地区NO2柱浓度月均值呈现出以每年为一个周期的波浪形变化，年均增长率为2.66%。2005~2010年京津冀地区的NO2年柱浓度值处于上升趋势，2014~2015年NO2浓度急剧下降，2016年又开始上升。京津冀地区NO2柱浓度值有季节差异，大体上呈现秋季、冬季高于春夏两季，冬季最高，夏季最低。利用线性拟合发现，京津冀的地面监测NO2柱浓度值和OMI传感器获取的NO2柱浓度值整体上显著相关且相关性很高。 关键词： 对流层NO2浓度；OMI数据；时空变化；京津冀地区     

The additivity of multiple doses of a liver carcinogen in rats

The temporal pattern and dose-rate dependence of liver cancer in rats fed 2-fluorenylacetamide (2-FAA) was compared to analytical formulas derived from a specific model. The model was based on the idea that carcinogens have two distinct actions on cells: (1) transformation and (2) acceleration of progression. Transformed cells are by definition progressing toward cancer, but their rate of progression may depend on several factors, specifically, the amount of carcinogen. In the experiments the carcinogen was removed from the diet after various times and the rate of tumor progression was estimated from the time of tumor occurrence. The results were consistent with the idea that 2-FAA accelerated the progression of the cancers. The model provides a simple explanation of Druckrey's law in that the temporal occurrence of tumors induced by a carcinogen represents the acceleration of a naturally occurring disease progression.     

桂林毛村地下河水-气界面CO_2通量的变化特征及其影响因素

为揭示不同时间尺度下岩溶区地下河出口CO_2通量的变化特征及其影响因素,本研究采用静态浮游箱-气相色谱法对毛村地下河出口水-气界面CO_2交换通量开展季节性和连续48小时昼夜监测。结果显示:水-气界面CO_2交换通量具有明显的季节性和昼夜变化特征,并且均表现为由水体向大气释放CO_2,呈现出大气CO_2源的特征。在季节性尺度上,CO_2交换通量的变化范围为90.27～406.32 mg·(m~2·h)~(-1),平均值为253.50 mg·(m~2·h)~(-1)。CO_2交换通量的季节性特征表现为雨季大于旱季。在昼夜尺度上,CO_2交换通量的变化范围为46.8～244.45 mg·(m~2·h)~(-1),平均值为137.81 mg·(m~2·h)~(-1)。CO_2交换通量的昼夜性特征表现夜晚大于白天,最高值出现在凌晨0∶00和1∶00,最低值出现在下午14∶00和15∶00。由于毛村地下河出口水-气界面CO_2交换通量受到诸多因素的影响。通过相关分析表明,毛村地下河出口水-气界面CO_2交换通量在季节性尺度下的主控因素为岩溶水体中碳酸的平衡系统,但是在昼夜尺度下的主控因素为局地区域环境参数。     

CO2地质储存泄露安全风险评价方法初探

CO2地质储存作为一项有效、直接的碳减排技术,本质上属于环保型工程项目。在总结国内外已有的风险评价方法的基础上,结合CO2地质储存机理及工作属性,借鉴国际风险评价经验,以及我国核废料、一般工业固体废弃物填埋等类似工程项目风险评价工作方法,对适用于我国的CO2地质储存安全风险评价的定义进行了探讨,并将CO2地质储存泄露风险评价分为风险评价、风险评估与风险控制三部分内容。通过CO2地质储存泄露通道及泄露后可能产生的环境危害分析,建立了由地质因素、工程单元因素、施工因素及其它因素四个风险因子指标层及其亚层组成的CO2地质储存泄露的安全风险层次指标体系,初步提出了风险评估方法以及CO2泄露可接受的安全风险标准;最后根据CO2地质储存泄露风险提出了不同风险的控制方法及建议,对CO2地质储存场地选址中的安全风险评价、工程实施及监测具有一定意义。