清洁河流的内涵与定义初探

结合国家河流治理、管理近中期的实际需求及国家水污染防治行动计划,对清洁河流概念提出的必要性进行阐述,分析了清洁河流的特征,初步提出清洁河流的内涵和定义。研究结果表明:清洁河流内涵是河流所涵盖的流域工业、生活、面源等污染源得到有效控制,做到有效达标排放,水质目标管理基本实现,水体清澈,河流水质基本满足人类对其功能包括景观功能、生境维持功能、自净功能等要求,河道保持通畅并具有一定的流速、河道生态流量尤其是枯水期生态需水量可以满足,河岸景观美感度较高,本土典型水生生物生存良好。清洁河流定义指流域污染源有效控制、水体清澈、水质基本满足人类对其功能要求、河道通畅、本土典型水生生物生存良好的河流。清洁河流内涵和定义的提出为下步围绕清洁河流开展的相关理论和应用研究提供了必要的基础。     

流域污染物通量测算方法研究

流域水系内污染物通量不仅能够用于评价各类污染源的水污染物入河负荷,也是对流域污染特征,水污染物在河流水体中复杂迁移、转化过程的最直观反应。准确测算流域水系内污染物跨界通量及其时空分布是进行流域水环境风险预警和风险管理的重要前提之一。针对目前多种污染物通量测算方法在进行污染物年通量估算时,结果不确定性大这一突出问题,以流域水质监测站年内逐日流量、悬浮颗粒物监测数据作为悬浮颗粒物年通量参考值,基于以月、半月、周为周期的监测策略,将逐日流量、悬浮颗粒物监测数据重新筛选抽样构造,由此,系统分析了不同流域集水面积、污染通量监测频次和目前常用通量估算方法对污染物年通量估算不确定性的影响。所得方法和结论可为进一步制定流域污染物通量的测算规范提供方法指引和技术支持。     

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<正>@昆明发布:#滇池清#【滇池流域三条河道生态补偿考核10天"成绩单"公布被考核单位要交40余万生态补偿金】近日,市滇池流域河长制办公室通报了4月滇池流域河道生态补偿金核算结果,从4月20日开展试点工作至4月30日,新运粮河、新宝象河、西边小河3条试点河道涉及     

察汗乌苏河水体中铅本底偏高探讨

本文在对不同时段察汗乌苏河水质监测结果的分析中,确认该河流存在水质中Pb含量偏高问题。通过对该流域自然影响因素的分析,提出了Pb含量偏高主要受自然因素影响,但流域内矿产资源的开发、污染物排放加重了影响程度。为保证察汗乌苏河水质按功能达标,提出了对察汗乌苏河流域都兰段Pb含量偏高现象进行进一步调查,并加强县城饮用水源地水质监测的建议。     

微生物活化技术治理辽河流域劣质水体的应用探究

辽河流域产业众多,污染物排放量大,域内水体受污严重,易形成劣质水体.借助微生物催化降解功能,能够在治理劣质水体过程中达到有效的生态修复效果,恢复水体自净功能,但辽河流域地处我国北方地区,四季分明,寒冷季节微生物受低温影响,处理水中污染物能力下降.由平水期到枯水期河水温度明显变化期间,通过对辽河流域某劣质水体断面使用微生...     

基于MIKE21的城市入河排污口水质影响预测研究——以南方某城市污水处理厂为例

排污口的设置往往会导致附近水域出现水质超标现象,尤其对于城市内河道,涉及群众用水健康及对周边敏感区域的影响,需要对排污口排放污染物的影响情况进行研究。以南方某城市污水处理厂排污口为例,采用MIKE21二维水质模型模拟了6种工况下COD、NH₃-N两种入河污染物对下游水体的影响情况。结果表明,正常排放时COD、NH₃-N对下游水体影响较小,水质基本满足排污口所在河段水功能区水质要求,事故排放时,对下游造成10km以上的影响。模拟结果基本可以反映排污口排放污水对河道下游水质的影响情况,可为入河排污口排放污染物影响预测提供参考依据。     

太平湖流域(黄山区)存在的问题与对策研究

正自改革开放以来,由于经济的快速发展,传统的经济发展模式大大加快了有限资源的消耗,排放的污染物也增多了,自然水体中的污染也日渐加剧,而且污染状况很复杂,总的来说,水环境质量在不断恶化。太平湖流域(黄山区)现状太平湖位于黄山和九华山之间,是华东地区海拔最高的湖泊,也是安徽省湖面最大、湖水最深、跨度最长、生     

博斯腾湖流域生态管理与监督措施初探

近40a来,随着人类社会经济活动强度的不断加大,大量的工农业废水排入博斯腾湖,导致博斯腾湖水体咸化、水质变坏,湖区水生生物以及湿地受到严重影响。为了减轻或避免博斯腾湖流域的生态环境继续遭受破坏,充分地实现博斯腾湖生态、经济及社会功能,必须加强博斯腾湖流域生态环境的监督与管理,采取有效的生态管理与监督措施,协调人与自然的关系。     

入河（海）排污口排查及其在水环境治理中的应用

随着我国在水生态环境治理方面的大力投入,全国水环境质量得到整体性改善;但水生态环境保护不平衡、不协调、不充分的问题依然突出,部分流域依然存在水资源短缺、水环境污染、水生态退化问题。排污口是陆源污染物进入水环境的主要通道,通过对排污口及其污染特征的全面排查,可识别影响流域水污染现状的关键因素;经过监测和溯源,打通污染物从污染水体—涉污路径—排污单位监管链条,实现水污染物产排的闭环监管,推进流域治理能力的现代化建设。本研究依据已开展的工作,梳理了排污口排查的主要流程、技术要点,并论述了排查结果的潜在应用,为深入推进水生态环境治理提供支撑。     

四川省出川断面主要污染物通量及来源研究

以2001～2007年实测水文、水质数据为基础,计算了四川省主要出川断面高锰酸盐指数(CODMn)和氨氮(NH3-N)污染负荷通量;利用断面水质目标约束,通过污染负荷历时曲线,分析了区域水环境承载力;在基流分割的基础上,利用水文分割法,识别了区域污染物的主要来源,为从源头上开展三峡水库水环境保护提供数据支撑。分析结果表明,各出川断面干流主要污染物(CODMn、NH3-N)大致在可接受的范围内,2001年以来,出川断面CODMn通量呈降低的趋势,有效的减缓了输入三峡库区的污染物总量,氨氮通量整体稳定。嘉陵江、涪江、渠江流域污染物来源主要为非点源,应重点加强面源的污染防控;长江干流为点面源混合型,简单的削减点源已不能保证高功能水体要求,应加强点源和面源污染的综合防控。     

A STATISTICAL METHODOLOGY FOR PREDICTING THE POLLUTANTS IN A RIVER1

Urban and industrial areas continue to expand and consequently, to create serious water pollution problems to natural streams. The need for the development of accurate, reliable, and sensitive water quality prediction models is most desirable. The first objective of this research is to set guidelines for dividing a natural stream into more or less independent reaches based on some criteria. The second objective is to obtain the predicting equations of the water pollutants in a selected stream. The preliminary phase of this research evaluated water quality data sampled from the Pearl River which flows southwest and then turns south through the states of Mississippi and Louisiana. This evaluation served as guidelines to divide the total river basin into reaches (subsystems) appropriate to the objective of this research. Subsequent to this subsystem assignment, a stepwise multiple regression FORTRAN program was used to regress the pollutants (dependent variables) for both time and space on their water characteristics (independent variables). Based on the results obtained, the proposed statistical approach provides a practical tool for developing regression equations for the purpose of water pollutants' prediction.     

尼洋河流域水环境质量现状评价研究——基于模糊综合评价法

尼洋河流域水资源十分丰富,水能蕴藏量巨大,生态环境良好。随着西藏经济的发展,必将出现大规模开发利用水资源的趋势,探讨流域水资源和环境的现状及可持续发展具有十分重要的现实意义。本文对尼洋河流域基础资料的收集与整理,分析尼洋河流域的特点与现存的问题,根据收集的水质监测资料,分析了流域污染源概况和构成,以未进行水环境功能区划为前提,选择模糊综合评价法对尼洋河流域水环境质量进行现状评价,并对超标断面进行了原因分析,通过对2012年尼洋河流域14个监测断面监测成果的评价,得出尼洋河流域水质现状良好的结论,为以后的水功能区划分、水质目标的确定以及水环境功能区划分提供依据。     

大沽河麻湾桥饮用水源区现状及保护对策

在对大沽河麻湾桥饮用水源区进行调查研究的基础上,分析了饮用水源区的现状及饮用水主要超标污染物。研究表明污染主要来自农村生活、农业生产及工业生产,另外饮用水源保护地存在管理能力薄弱等问题。结合实际,提出了采取发展生态农业、河道综合整治、改进管理模式等对策和建议,确保水源地得到有效保护。     

MISSOURI RIVER - THE NEW COMPACTING GAME1

ABSTRACT: This paper addresses the recent interest in management of the Missouri River. Interstate issues in the river basin include interbasin water diversions, riverbed and shoreline degradation, loss of recreational and natural areas, reduction in navigation capacity, the status of the Pick-Sloan Missouri Basin Program in terms of general river development, and the elimination of river basin commissions, An attempt to develop a comprehensive interstate water compact failed in the 1950s. The new efforts towards establishing a compact are discussed, as well as other available mechanisms for resolution of the current political and legal differences among the ten river basin states.     

沿海油田污染物入海通量及优化管理

胜利油田所在的黄河三角洲诸条河流按入海类型分为三种形式：设有防潮闸的感潮河；设有排涝站的入海河；直流入海的感潮河。按照各河流入海段面、流速、流量和水体污染物浓度，建立起各种感潮河污染物入海通量模式，计算结果说明沿海油田排放的石油类污染物入海通量为1456t／a，COD入海量为5720t／a。根据各条入海河流不同功能和污染物入海量，按照国家地表水质标准，制定出入海河流环境组合目标，用总量控制方法提出污染源削减要求，以保证黄河三角洲沿海滩涂环境质量。并以污染物入海通量、河流径流量、污染物自净系数和污染物削减量等因子建立各条河流优化管理模型，为保护环境提供对策。     

The application of information entropy in basin level water waste permits allocation in China

The water waste discharge permits allocation among great river basins in national level is the firs step of national wide water waste management strategy and a key point of total mass control as well. The challenge is coming from the conflict between equality and efficiency. In this research, a new allocation method based on the conception of information entropy and maximum entropy method is introduced into the basin level wastewater permits allocation. Four indexes are chosen to compose a multi-criterion system in information entropy method (IEM) including, GDP, population, water environmental capacity and water resource quantity. The allocation of chemical oxygen demand (COD) in national basin level among the seven great river basins in China is illustrated as a case study.     

How integrated is river basin management?

Land and water management is increasingly focused upon the drainage basin. Thirty-six terms recently used for schemes of “integrated basin management” include reference to the subject or area and to the aims of integrated river basin management, often without allusion to the multiobjective nature. Diversity in usage of terms has occurred because of the involvement of different disciplines, of the increasing coherence of the drainage basin approach, and the problems posed in particular parts of the world. The components included in 21 different approaches are analyzed, and, in addition to showing that components related broadly to water supply, river channel, land, and leisure aspects, it is concluded that there are essentially five interrelated facets of integrated basin management that involved water, channel, land, ecology, and human activity. Two aspects not fully included in many previous schemes concern river channel changes and the dynamic integrity of the fluvial system. To clarify the terminology used, it is suggested that the termcomprehensive river basin management should be used where a wide range of components is involved, whereasintegrated basin management can signify the interactions of components and the dominance of certain components in the particular area.Holistic river basin management is advocated as a term representing an approach that is both fully comprehensive and integrated but also embraces the energetics of the river system and consideration of changes of river channels and of human impacts throughout the river system. The paradigm of working with the river can be extended to one of working with the river in the holistic basin context.     

湄公河污染防治法律机制研究

湄公河作为亚洲重要的国际河流,也是关系到我国发展的重要河流.由于人为和自然原因,湄公河水质不断恶化,对水资源的安全造成威胁.通过对湄公河沿岸各国关于水污染防治进行探讨分析,流域各国在湄公河水资源开发利用方面有着共同遵守的行为准则.基于此,立足湄公河流域水污染防治法律机制的基础上,通过分析该流域水污染的原因,以及湄公河污...     

WATER QUALITY AND SOURCE OF FRESHWATER DISCHARGE TO THE CALOOSAHATCHEE ESTUARY,FLORIDA1

ABSTRACT: The Caloosahatchee River has two major sources of freshwater one from its watershed and the other via an artificial connection to Lake Okeechobee. The contribution of each source to the freshwater discharge reaching the downstream estuary varies and either may dominate. Routine monitoring data were analyzed to determine the effects of total river discharge and source of discharge (river basin, lake) on water quality in the downstream estuary. Parameters examined were: color, total suspended solids, light attenuation, chlorophyll a, and total and dissolved inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus. In general, the concentrations of color, and total and dissolved inorganic nitrogen increased, and total suspended solids decreased, as total discharge increased. When the river basin was the major source, the concentrations of nutrients (excepting ammonia) and color in the estuary were relatively higher than when the lake was the major source. Light attenuation was greater when the river basin dominated freshwater discharge to the estuary. The analysis indicates that water quality in the downstream estuary changes as a function of both total discharge and source of discharge. Relative to discharge from the river basin, releases from Lake Okeechobee do not detectably increase concentrations of nutrients, color, or TSS in the estuary.