Amorphous oxides of manganese as new sorbents of strontium ions

Samples with the best adsorption properties are selected as a result of investigations conducted on synthesis of manganese-dioxide-based materials and study of their physicochemical properties. Materials were selected on the basis of their low cost and the simplicity of their production technology. In the laboratory the synthesis and analyses of materials was carried out for selected samples. The sorption of a series of elements is studied for a more detailed investigation of materials obtained. The results obtained will promote the synthesis of materials with improved adsorption properties with the aim of their application for purification of water from strontium. It is shown that the most promising way for amendment of manganese oxide is modification of this material using acid-resistant oxides. These oxides are also less expensive than existing sorbents for strontium.     

Engineered magnetic oxides nanoparticles as efficient sorbents for wastewater remediation: a review

The rapid urbanization and industrialization is causing worldwide water pollution, calling for advanced cleaning methods. For instance, pollutant adsorption on magnetic oxides is efficient and very practical due to the easy separation from solutions by an magnetic field. Here we review the synthesis and performance of magnetic oxides such as iron oxides, spinel ferrites, and perovskite oxides for water remediation. We present structural, optical, and magnetic properties. Magnetic oxides are also promising photocatalysts for the degradation of organic pollutants. Antimicrobial activities and adsorption of heavy metals and radionucleides are also discussed.

     

Nanosized magnetite in low cost materials for remediation of water polluted with toxic metals,azo- and antraquinonic dyes

Nanosized magnetite has emerged as an adsorbent of pollutants in water remediation. Nanoadsorbents include magnetic iron oxide and its modifiers/stabilizers, such as carbon, silica, clay, organic moieties (polymers, aminoacids, and fatty acids) and other inorganic oxides. This review is focused on the recent developments on the synthesis and use of magnetic nanoparticles and nanocomposites in the treatment of contaminated water. The emphasis is on the influence of the iron oxide modifiers on some properties of interest such as size, BET area, and magnetization. The characteristics of these nanomaterials are related to their ability to eliminate heavy metal ions and dyes from wastewater. Comparative analysis of the actual literature was performed aiming to present the magnetic material, its preparation methodology and performance in the elimination of the selected pollutants. Vast information has been properly summarized according to the materials, their properties and preferential affinity for selected contaminants. The mechanisms governing nanomaterial’s formation as well as the interactions with heavy metals and dyes have been carefully analyzed and associated to their efficiency.     

Cerium dioxide and composites for the removal of toxic metal ions

The presence of contaminants in potable water is a cause of worldwide concern. In particular, the presence of metals such as arsenic, lead, cadmium, mercury, chromium can affect human health. There is thus a need for advanced techniques of water decontamination. Adsorbents based on cerium dioxide (CeO₂), also named ‘ceria,’ have been used to remove contaminants such as arsenic, fluoride, lead and cadmium. Ceria and composites display high surface area, controlled porosity and morphology, and abundance of functional groups. They have already found usage in many applications including optical, semiconductor and catalysis. Exploiting their attractive features for water treatment would unravel their potential. We review the potential of ceria and its composites for the removal of toxic metal ions from aqueous medium. The article discusses toxic contaminants in water and their impact on human health; the synthesis and adsorptive behavior of ceria-based materials including the role of morphology and surface area on the adsorption capacity, best fit adsorption isotherms, kinetic models, possible mechanisms, regeneration of adsorbents; and future perspectives of using metal oxides such as ceria. The focus of the report is the generation of cost-effective oxides of rare-earth metal, cerium, in their standalone and composite forms for contaminant removal.     

生物炭-锰氧化物复合材料对红壤吸附铜特性的影响

锰氧化物作为改性材料应用于制造复合材料一直是环境领域的研究热点,锰氧化物改性的复合材料在水处理、空气清新剂等领域应用广泛。但目前,将生物炭-锰氧化物复合材料作为吸附材料改变土壤对铜吸持能力的研究还不多见。采用等温平衡吸附法,测定生物炭-锰氧化物复合材料对红壤吸附铜的能力影响,并应用Freundlich方程Cs=KfCen分析红壤对铜的吸附特征。结果表明：不同用量的生物炭-锰氧化物复合材料加入后,均会明显提高红壤对铜的吸附量。添加0.5%、1.0%、2.0%和4.0%生物炭-锰氧化物复合材料的红壤处理,其铜的吸附量较未添加处理分别增加了63.1%、130%,310%和509%。Freundlich吸附方程能较好的描述不同用量生物炭-锰氧化物复合材料影响红壤对铜的吸附特征。添加0.5%、1.0%、2.0%和4.0%炭-锰材料处理的分配系数（Kf值）分别为0.176、0.286、0.653和0.800。生物炭-锰氧化物复合材料用量为4.0%时,分配系数（Kf值）较对照红壤提高了5倍,生物炭-锰氧化物复合材料加入红壤后对红壤pH值影响不大,对CEC（阳离子交换量）有较大的影响;生物炭-锰氧化物复合材料用量为4.0%时,CEC为5.59 cmol·kg-1,较对照增加了14.1%,温度升高,有利于提高红壤对铜的吸附能力。生物炭-锰氧化物复合材料加入红壤后,红壤在1034.63、537.22、471.45 cm-1处有吸收峰出现,红壤表面-OH、Mg-O、Si-O等活性官能团数量明显增加。生物炭-锰氧化物复合材料增加红壤对铜的吸附机制可能是红壤表面Mg-O、Si-O等官能团与铜形成了Mg-O-Cu-、Si-O-Cu-络合物,提高了红壤对铜的吸持能力。从土壤化学与土壤修复的角度出发,生物炭-锰氧化物复合材料可用于铜污染红壤修复。     

Nanoscale materials as sorbents for nitrate and phosphate removal from water

Excessive nitrogen (N) and phosphorous (P) release into run-off waters from human activities is a major cause of eutrophication. Several techniques are available to remove N and P-containing pollutants, such as chemical precipitation, biological treatment, membrane processes, electrolytic treatment, ion-exchange and adsorption. In order to remove low concentration levels of nitrate and phosphate, adsorption is a cost-effective solution. In this review, we present a list of nanoscale adsorbents such as zero-valent metal, metal oxides/metal hydroxides, and carbon-based materials. We discuss their adsorption capacities, isotherms, kinetics and mechanisms.     

Graphene and its derivatives: synthesis,modifications, and applications in wastewater treatment

Graphene was discovered in 2004 and has attracted intensive interests because of its unique mechanical, electric, thermal, optical, and structural properties, which makes graphene a potential candidate for various applications. Graphene is being used as a composite or filler material with metals, metal oxides, and polymers for potential advanced applications in solar cells, lithium-ion batteries, photocatalysis and sensing. These applications depend upon the distinctive properties of graphene, which in turn depend on the adopted synthetic approach. This article reviews the recent developments in synthesis of graphene and related composite materials. The synthesis of graphene through exfoliation, epitaxial growth and direct growth via carbon source, and modification approaches by covalent and noncovalent methodologies are discussed. Graphene-based metal and metal oxide composites for the purification of wastewater using photolytic process are also presented.     

土壤中锰氧化物的形态及其化学提取方法综述

土壤中锰元素主要来自于成土母质,风化后的锰主要以锰氧化物形式存在于土壤中.锰氧化物因具有比表面积大、表面电荷低、对金属的亲合力强、氧化还原电位高等特性,对土壤中痕量金属的环境行为存在重要影响.化学提取方法是研究土壤中不同固相组分的重要手段.本文首先从土壤中锰的来源及主要存在形态出发,介绍了不同价态锰(+2、+3、+4)...     

Cd(Ⅱ)与As(Ⅴ)在土壤铁氧化物和细菌表面上的共吸附研究

中国南方土壤常常受到镉砷复合污染,镉砷的化学特性截然不同,因此在土壤不同组分表面的化学行为存在显著区别。在南方偏酸性土壤中铁氧化物占固相比例很大,基于此,选取两种典型土壤组分,即铁氧化物(针铁矿)和微生物(蜡状芽孢杆菌Bacillus cereus),通过批吸附实验结合X-射线光电子能谱探究Cd(Ⅱ)与As(Ⅴ)的共吸附特点和潜在机制,得到如下结果:在单一体系中,针铁矿对As(V)的亲和力较强,Langmuir模型拟合得到最大吸附量为1259.82 mmol·kg^-1,而蜡状芽孢杆菌对Cd(Ⅱ)的亲和力较强,最大吸附量可达1291.64 mmol·kg^-1。XPS结果表明,针铁矿表面铁羟基和细菌表面羧基和酰胺/胺基在Cd(Ⅱ)、As(Ⅴ)吸附过程中发挥主导作用;在Cd(Ⅱ)-As(Ⅴ)复合体系中,可能形成吸附剂-Cd-As或吸附剂-As-Cd三元络合物。该研究证实,镉砷在典型土壤铁氧矿物体系中的吸附存在普遍的促进效应,在微生物体系中存在不同程度的抑制,Cd(Ⅱ)与As(Ⅴ)的共吸附规律在土壤矿物和微生物上存在区别,这也意味着在土壤根际土壤与非根际土壤中有较大差异。因此在预测土壤Cd(Ⅱ)、As(Ⅴ)共存规律时也要考虑土壤组成,特别是有机物的含量等因素。该研究结果可为预测镉、砷在土壤组分上的迁移转化行为提供参考,为调控镉砷形态,对预测镉、砷在土壤中的生物地球化学循环有一定的参考价值。     

Uranium and other trace elements’ distribution in Korean granite: implications for the influence of iron oxides on uranium migration

To understand trace radionuclide (uranium) migration occurring in rocks, a granitic batholith located at the Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI) site was selected and investigated. The rock samples obtained from this site were examined using mineralogical methods, including scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electron probe microanalysis (EPMA). The changes in the distribution pattern of uranium (U) and small amounts of trace elements, and the mineralogical textures affected by weathering, were examined. Based on the element distribution analyses, it was found that Fe²⁺ released from fresh biotite is oxidized in short geological time, forming amorphous iron oxides, such as ferrihydrite, around silicate minerals. In that case, the amorphous ferrihydrite does not show distinct adsorption for U. However, as it gradually crystallizes to goethite or hematite, the most U-rich phases were found to be associated with the secondary iron oxides having granular forms. This evidence suggests that the geological subsurface environment is favorable for the crystallized iron oxides to keep their structures more stable for a long time as compared with the amorphous phases. There is a possibility that the long residence of U which is in contact with the stable crystalline phases of iron may finally lead to the partial sequestration of U in their structure. Consequently, it seems that Fe-oxide crystallization can be a dominating mechanism for U uptake and controls long-term U transport in granites with low U contents.     

Natural and synthesised iron-rich amendments for As and Pb immobilisation in agricultural soil

The immobilisation of heavy metals in contaminated soils is a promising alternative to conventional remediation techniques. Very few studies have focused on the use of iron-rich nanomaterials and natural materials for the adsorption of toxic metals in soils. Synthesised iron-rich nanomaterials (Fe and Zr–Fe oxides) and natural iron-rich materials (natural red earth; NRE) were used to immobilise As and Pb in contaminated agricultural soil. Total concentrations of As and Pb in the initial soil (as control) were 170.76 and 1945.11 mg kg^?1, respectively. Amendments were applied into the soil at 1, 2.5 and 5% (w/w) in triplicate and incubated for 150 days. Except for the NRE-amended soil, soil pH decreased from 5.6 to 4.9 with increasing application rates of Fe and Zr–Fe oxides. With addition of Fe and Zr–Fe oxides at 5%, the ammonium acetate (NHO₄Ac)-extractable Pb was greatly decreased by 83 and 65% compared with NRE addition (43%). All subjected amendments also led to a decrease in NHO₄Ac-extractable As in the soils, indicating the high capacity of As immobilisation. Soil amended with NRE showed a lower ratio of cy19:0 to 18:1ω7c, indicating decreased microbial stress. The toxicity characteristic leaching procedure produced results similar to the NHO₄Ac extraction for As and Pb. The NRE addition is recommended for immobilising heavy metals and maintaining biological soil properties.     

自然水体生物膜各组分吸附铅和镉时共存铅、镉的相互影响

研究了自然水体生物膜及其主要组分吸附铅和镉时共存铅、镉间的相互影响,结果发现共存的镉对生物膜各组分吸附铅的能力影响很小,而共存的铅使各组分吸附镉的能力明显下降,且不同组分受影响的程度比较接近.     

Review on research and application of mesoporous transitional metal oxides in water treatment

This paper reviews the application of meso- porous transitional metal oxides in water treatment on basis of the catalysis and adsorption. Mesoporous transitional metal oxides are characterized by their intrinsic features, such as a high surface area, a highly ordered array of unidimensional pores with a very narrow pore size distribution, and highly dispersed active sites. Finally, the suggestions of further study on application are proposed.     

环境中植酸的分布、形态及界面反应行为

肌-肌醇六磷酸(myo-inositol-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexakisphosphate,IHP,myo-IP6)简称植酸(Phytic acid或phytate),是大多数土壤中最为丰富的有机磷,它在环境中的界面反应影响着磷素的迁移、循环、转化、生物有效性以及环境效应.本文简要总结了环境中植酸的分布与形态,并综述了其界面反应,包括铁铝氧化物、粘土矿物、碳酸钙等对植酸的吸附解吸,多价阳离子与植酸的络合反应以及沉淀作用.土壤矿物对植酸的吸附影响其转化和生物有效性,矿物对植酸磷的吸附量一般远高于正磷酸盐.其中,弱晶质铁铝(氢)氧化物对植酸的吸附能力一般较晶形铁铝(氢)氧化物大很多.同时,分析了矿物类型、介质pH、温度、共存离子等环境条件对植酸界面反应的影响,植酸吸附对矿物表面电荷性质、颗粒大小和分散稳定性等的作用,以及植酸在金属污染土壤修复中的应用前景.最后讨论了环境中植酸的主要研究热点和方向.     

Simultaneous removal of arsenate and fluoride from water by AI-Fe （hydr）oxides

A1-Fe （hydr）oxides with different A1/Fe molar ratios （4：1, 1：1, 1：4, 0：1） were prepared using a co- precipitation method and were then employed for simultaneous removal of arsenate and fluoride. The 4A1 ： Fe was superior to other adsorbents for removal of arsenate and fluoride in the pH range of 5.0-9.0. The adsorption capacity of the A1-Fe （hydr）oxides for arsenate and fluoride at pH 6.50.3 increased with increasing A1 content in the adsorbents. The linear relationship between the amount of OH released from the adsorbent and the amount of arsenate or fluoride adsorbent by 4A1 ： Fe indicated that the adsorption of arsenate and fluoride by A1- Fe （hydr）oxides was realized primarily through quantita- tive ligand exchange. Moreover, there was a very good correlation between the surface hydroxyl group densities of A1-Fe （hydr）oxides and their adsorption capacities for arsenate or fluoride. The highest adsorption capacity for arsenate and fluoride by 4A1 ： Fe is mainly ascribed to its highest surface hydroxyl group density besides its largest pHpzc. The dosage of adsorbent necessary to remove arsenate and fluoride to meet the drinking water standard was mainly determined by the presence of fluoride since fluoride was generally present in groundwater at much higher concentration than arsenate.     

Copper (II) adsorption studies using models of synthetic humic acids

A polymer with characteristics similar to those of humic acids was obtained by synthesis reactions from oxidative polymerization in an alkaline medium using para-benzoquinone, hydroquinone and 4-aminobenzoic acid as precursors. Samples of natural and synthetic humic acid were used to examine the adsorption behavior of Cu²⁺ ions on these substrates. The mathematical models described by Langmuir and Freundlich equations were applied, yielding the maximum adsorption intensity values K′ (Langmuir), maximum adsorption capacity, b (Langmuir) and the adsorbent adsorption capacity, m (Freundlich). Based on solubility studies, pH 3 was selected for the development of the adsorption experiment. The Cu²⁺ ion presented a favorable adsorption, with RL (equilibrium parameter) responses in Langmuir isotherms falling within the desirable ranges.     

铁、铝氧化物和土壤对苄嘧磺隆的吸附

用平衡吸附法研究了苄嘧磺隆在两种土壤(广州赤红壤、湖南红壤)和两种人工合成氧化物(针铁矿、铝氧化物)中的吸附,以及pH对吸附的影响.结果表明:(1)用Langmuir,Freundlich和Temkin等温方程描述供试样品对苄嘧磺隆的吸附,其中Freundlich吸附等温方程拟合的结果较佳.在苄嘧磺隆的实验浓度范围内和一定的pH条件下,吸附苄嘧磺隆的量随其浓度的升高而增加,其顺序为:铝氧化物＞湖南红壤＞针铁矿＞广州赤红壤.(2)苄嘧磺隆在供试样品中的吸附量随溶液pH值的升高而减小.     

Nanoconfinement engineering for enchanced adsorption of carbon materials,metal–organic frameworks,mesoporous silica,MXenes and porous organic polymers: a review

In material synthesis, nanoconfinement acts both as a physical reactor to tune the shape and size of nanomaterials, and as a chemical microenvironment for the nucleation and growth of nanoconfined substances, resulting in unique material properties. This nanoconfinement effect has been extensively applied to synthesize materials for hydrogen storage, catalysis and separation for environmental protection. Here, we review methods to construct nanoconfined space in carbon materials, metal–organic frameworks, mesoporous silica, porous organic polymers and MXenes, a class of two-dimensional inorganic compounds. We discuss nanoconfinement for enhanced adsorption with focus on covering size and dispersion, crystallization and stability, confined water and coordination.

     

几种粘土矿物和粘粒土壤吸附净化磷素的性能和机理

通过磷素等温吸附实验和磷素饱和吸附后磷素的形态变化,研究了高岭土、蒙脱土、凹凸棒土、蛭石和沸石5种粘土矿物,以及黄褐土和下蜀黄土2种粘粒土壤中磷素的吸附净化性能和机理,结果表明：除高岭土和沸石以外,其它类型的粘土矿物和粘粒土壤均有较好的磷素吸附净化能力,蛭石的磷素吸附净化能力最强,其次为黄褐土、凹凸棒土、蒙脱土和下蜀黄土．粘土矿物和粘粒土壤磷素的吸附能力与其化学组成关系密切,表现为全钙及水溶性钙、胶体氧化铁和胶体氧化铝含量愈多,其磷素的吸附量愈大,磷素的净化能力愈强．此外,粘土矿物和粘粒土壤磷素饱和吸附后的形态转化也受其化学组成的影响,表现为全钙及水溶性钙、胶体氧化铁和胶体氧化铝含量较高,其对应形成的磷酸钙盐、磷酸铁盐和磷酸铝盐含量较高,粘土矿物和粘粒土壤吸附磷素的机制主要为化学吸附,包括专性化学吸附和非专性化学吸附．     

Strategies to design modified activated carbon fibers for the decontamination of water and air

The rapid industrialization has induced the entry of organic and inorganic contaminants into the environment at a rate greater than environmental cleaning. As a consequence, pollutants have accumulated in environmental media, thus posing health risk for living organisms. Here, we present surface treatment strategies that modify physicochemical properties of activated carbon fibers for environmental remediation. In particular, we review metals, metal oxides and various advanced materials used for modifying activated carbon fibers. We discuss the utilization of modified activated carbon fibers for adsorption of organic pollutants and inorganic pollutants, and for the degradation of organic pollutants by photocatalysis, electrocatalysis, Fenton process and dielectric barrier discharge. We also discuss air pollutant removal, capacitive deionization, removal of inorganic ions and microbial decontamination by modified activated carbon fibers.