‘擦边球’与‘擦边事’

乒坛比赛中的“擦边球”,运动员出手不凡,甲运动员打一个球到乙球台擦边而下,乙运动员招架不及,只能望球兴叹,平添几多感叹:感叹甲打了个幸运球,感叹自己无回天之力,球迷则感叹甲打出了令人叫绝的“好球”。 时下,这“擦边球”巳超越乒坛,渗入到了其他一些领域演变成“擦边事”。别的姑且不提,单说经济生活中的某些“擦边事”,诸如:有些人明知公款不能用于吃喝,却把它“擦”上点“伙食结余加菜”的边,美其名“工作餐”,或象征性地收点钱,名正言顺,美酒佳肴,照吃不误,难怪公款吃喝风愈演愈烈,屡禁不止。 厂矿企业界,有的是经济工作的主管部门,有些人也精于此道,变出花样打“擦边球”。国家三申五令,一切新、扩、改建工程,要严格按环保     

浅谈‘耗散结构’理论

耗散结构理论的创始人伊里亚·普利高津是当代世界科学界相当活跃的人物。他生于莫斯科,现任布鲁塞尔的自由大学和奥斯汀得克萨斯大学的教授。1969年,他在一次“理论物理与生物学”的国际会议上首次提出了“耗散结构”(Dissipative Sturctures)这个概念,立即引起了许多学者的关注,接着他于1971年用此理论解释了“贝纳德”(Bernard)花样,并于1973年严格地从数学和物理学方面论证了耗散结构的存在。由于这一理论解释了     

环境发出了‘SOS’信号

废弃物排放,不仅是资源的浪费,而且也对自然环境构成了严重的威胁。 我国每年排放的有害烟尘3000多万吨,严重地污染了生态环境和人的健康。目前,我国有500多个城市,大气质量真正符合国家一级标准的只有四五个。而全国每年因为酸雨造成的损失达140多亿元。 目前我国的污水排放量,每年达340亿吨,在江河沿岸的大中城市排污口形成污染带,一些支河则更为严重。长江干流岸边污染带长达     

‘赤潮’神经毒素brevetoxin B合成

‘赤潮’神经毒素ｂｒｅｖｅｔｏｘｉｎＢ合成早在圣经时代就有了关于赤潮的记载。赤潮是由于海洋局部富营养化后大量藻类繁殖形成的生态破坏现象，可使赤潮区域海水呈红色、棕色或绿色。赤潮神经毒素ＢｒｅｖｅｔｏｘｉｎＢ是一些藻类产生的，它和其他一些毒素被认为是大...     

材料作文“李嘉诚‘鸡蛋论’”导写

<正>文题阅读下面的材料,根据要求写一篇不少于800字的议论文。李嘉诚说:"鸡蛋,从外打破是食物,从内打破是生命。"人生亦如是,从外打破是压力,从内打破是成长。要求:1.必须符合文体要求;2.角度自选;3.立意自定;4.标题自拟;5.不要脱离材料内容及含义的范围作文;6.不得抄袭,不得套作。材料解读这则材料蕴含着一组对比:从外打破是食物(压力),从内打破是生命(成长)。"鸡蛋"显然比喻人(或集体、国家),那么"蛋壳"比喻的是成长需要突破的事物,     

“北京市实施‘中华人民共和国水污染防治’条例”简介

1985年9月28日北京市第八届人民代表大会常务委员会第二十三次会议审议通过了《北京市实施<中华人民共和国水污染防治法>条例》。85年10月11日起实施。这是北京市在环境保护方面由市人大常委会审议通过的第一个法规。北京地处半干旱地区,年平均降雨量只有620多毫米。我国的水资源占世界第三位,但是人均水量只有     

Do horses with poor welfare show ‘pessimistic’ cognitive biases?

This field study tested the hypothesis that domestic horses living under putatively challenging-to-welfare conditions (for example involving social, spatial, feeding constraints) would present signs of poor welfare and co-occurring pessimistic judgement biases. Our subjects were 34 horses who had been housed for over 3 years in either restricted riding school situations (e.g. kept in single boxes, with limited roughage, ridden by inexperienced riders; N = 25) or under more naturalistic conditions (e.g. access to free-range, kept in stable social groups, leisure riding; N = 9). The horses’ welfare was assessed by recording health-related, behavioural and postural indicators. Additionally, after learning a location task to discriminate a bucket containing either edible food (‘positive’ location) or unpalatable food (‘negative’ location), the horses were presented with a bucket located near the positive position, near the negative position and halfway between the positive and negative positions to assess their judgement biases. The riding school horses displayed the highest levels of behavioural and health-related problems and a pessimistic judgment bias, whereas the horses living under more naturalistic conditions displayed indications of good welfare and an optimistic bias. Moreover, pessimistic bias data strongly correlated with poor welfare data. This suggests that a lowered mood impacts a non-human species’ perception of its environment and highlights cognitive biases as an appropriate tool to assess the impact of chronic living conditions on horse welfare.     

基于‘安全完整性等级’的FPSO安全防护设备管理浅析

简要介绍了‘安全完整性等级’的技术方法及其分析过程,结合中海油能源发展采油服务公司FPSO产业实际,分析了实施‘安全完整性等级’的必要性和可行性,并展望了其应用前景。     

‘Polishing the Kaswentha’: a Haudenosaunee view of environmental cooperation

Increasingly, Native American and non-Native governments, institutions and individuals are searching for cooperative ways to address environmental problems. While such approaches can offer substantial benefits over top-down or unilateral efforts, there are also potential pitfalls, especially when considering the needs and interests of the Native parties. Among these are threats to their status as sovereign nations, and to their political, economic and cultural autonomy. Given such concerns, many Indian Nations are seeking models for collaboration which protect their unique status based on indigenous and treaty rights, while respecting their cultural identity, values, and indigenous knowledge. In this paper we explore how one Native group in particular, a coalition of Haudenosaunee Nations in the US and Canada, has dealt with these complex issues. We show how positive relationships with outside agencies and researchers have been made possible through the use of mechanisms and processes based on traditional Haudenosaunee concepts and values. Finally, we explore how one item in particular, a 17th century treaty belt called the Kaswentha, offers a powerful symbol for forming relationships which respect Haudenosaunee autonomy while allowing collaborative partnerships to address critical environmental concerns.     

‘Emulsion locks’ for the containment of hydrocarbons during surfactant flushing

Reversible double water in oil in water (W/O/W) emulsions were developed to contain subsurface hydrocarbon spills during their remediation using surfactant flushing. Double emulsions were prepared by emulsifying CaCl₂ solutions in canola oil, and subsequently by emulsifying the W/O emulsions in aqueous sodium alginate solutions. The formation of double emulsions was confirmed with confocal and optical microscopy. The double emulsions reversed and gelled when mixed with the surfactants sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and cocamidopropyl betaine (CPB). Gels can act as ‘emulsion locks’ to prevent spreading of the hydrocarbon plume from the areas treated with surfactant flushing, as shown in sand column tests. Shear rheology was used to quantify the viscoelastic moduli increase (gelation) upon mixing the double emulsion with SDS and CPB. SDS was more effective than CPB in gelling the double emulsions. CPB and SDS could adsorb at the interface between water and model hydrocarbons (toluene and motor oil), lowering the interfacial tension and rigidifying the interface (as shown with a Langmuir trough). Bottle tests and optical microscopy showed that SDS and CPB produced W/O and O/W emulsions, with either toluene or motor oil and water. The emulsification of motor oil and toluene in water with SDS and CPB facilitated their flow through sand columns and their recovery. Toluene recovery from sand columns was quantitated using Gas-Chromatography Mass-Spectroscopy (GC-MS). The data show that SDS and CPB can be used both for surfactant flushing and to trigger the gelation of ‘emulsion locks’. Ethanol also gelled the emulsions at 100 mL/L.     

Advertent/inadvertent effect on ‘rainfall center’ displacement in Northern Israel

This study of cloud seeding and urbanization effects on the spatial rainfall distribution was carried out in two stages. In the first stage the location of a ‘rainfall center’ (the area with the rainfall maximum) for annual amounts of rainfall was established by applying the Distance Correlation Matrix (DISTCORMAT) technique. Besides ‘natural’ climatic fluctuations there are two other factors which could also cause a shift in the ‘rainfall center’, namely, cloud seeding operations and the inadvertent urban influences. Rainfall centers were computed for the two experimental cloud seeding periods and for a subsequent period of operational seeding.Comparison of the DISTCORMAT outputs revealed that the ‘rainfall centers’ are located, as expected, in the Upper Galilee for the first experimental period and later were displaced westward by 2–4 km. Since in the second random experiment the seeding flight route and target area were shifted eastward, it seems that there is no evidence supporting the cloud seeding rainfall excess determined by various statistical methods. However, it is possible to attribute the center's displacement to the massive urbanization process along the Mediterranean coastal plane.In the second stage only 40 rain stations in the extreme northern part of the country were used and the DISTCORMAT was computed separately for ‘seeded days’ and ‘non-seeded days’. The results indicate that, although the center moved eastward on ‘seeded days’ during the second experiment, it moved westward for the ‘non-seeded days’ sample. Thus the finding offers evidence of both effects: advertent cloud seeding and the inadvertent urbanization factor.     

Cross-cultural and cross-ecotype production of a killer whale ‘excitement’ call suggests universality

Facial and vocal expressions of emotion have been found in a number of social mammal species and are thought to have evolved to aid social communication. There has been much debate about whether such signals are culturally inherited or are truly biologically innate. Evidence for the innateness of such signals can come from cross-cultural studies. Previous studies have identified a vocalisation (the V4 or ‘excitement’ call) associated with high arousal behaviours in a population of killer whales in British Columbia, Canada. In this study, we compared recordings from three different socially and reproductively isolated ecotypes of killer whales, including five vocal clans of one ecotype, each clan having discrete culturally transmitted vocal traditions. The V4 call was found in recordings of each ecotype and each vocal clan. Nine independent observers reproduced our classification of the V4 call from each population with high inter-observer agreement. Our results suggest the V4 call may be universal in Pacific killer whale populations and that transmission of this call is independent of cultural tradition or ecotype. We argue that such universality is more consistent with an innate vocalisation than one acquired through social learning and may be linked to its apparent function of motivational expression.     

‘Carbon stocks in a Scots pine afforestation under different thinning intensities management’

Thinning, as a forest management strategy, may contribute towards mitigating climate change, depending on its net effect on forest carbon (C) stocks. Although thinning provides off-site C storage (in the form of wood products) it is still not clear whether it results in an increase, a reduction or no change in on-site C storage. In this study we analyze the effect of thinning on C stocks in a long-term experiment. Different thinning intensities (moderate, heavy and unthinned) have been applied over the last 30 years in a Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) stand, with a thinning rotation period of 10 years. The main C compartments were analyzed: above and belowground tree biomass, deadwood, forest floor and upper 30-cm of the mineral soil and tree biomass removed in thinning treatments. The results revealed that unthinned stands had the highest C stocks with 315 Mg C ha^?1, moderate thinning presented 304 Mg C ha^?1 and heavy thinning 296 Mg C ha^?1, with significant differences between unthinned and heavily thinned stands. These differences were mainly due to C stock in live biomass, which decreased with thinning intensity. However, soil C stocks, forest floor and mineral soil, were not influenced by thinning, all of the stands displaying very similar values 102–107 Mg C ha^?1 for total soil; 15–19 Mg C ha^?1 for forest floor; 87–88 Mg C ha^?1 for mineral soil). These results highlight the sustainability of thinning treatments in terms of C stocks in this pinewood afforestation, and provide valuable information for forest management aimed at mitigating climate change.     

What is ‘normative’ at cooling water intakes? Defining normalcy before judging adverse

Judgments of adverse environmental impact from cooling water intake structures need to be preceded by an appreciation of what is normal. In its report, Return to the River, the Independent Scientific Group (now called the Independent Scientific Advisory Board) — the scientific peer review arm of the Northwest Power Planning Council — advanced the notion of a ‘normative river ecosystem’ as a new conceptual foundation for salmonid recovery in the Columbia River basin. With this perspective, the sum of the best scientific understanding of how organisms and aquatic ecosystems function should be the norm or standard of measure for how we judge the effects of human activities on aquatic systems. For the best likelihood of recovery, key aspects of altered systems should be brought back toward normative (although not necessarily fully back to the historical or pristine state); new alterations should be judged for adversity by how much they move key attributes away from normative or what might be considered normal. In this paper, I ask what ‘normative’ is for the setting of cooling water intake structures and how this concept could help resolve long-standing disputes between groups interested in avoiding damage to all organisms that might be entrained or impinged and those who take a more population or community perspective for judging adverse environmental impact. In essence, I suggest that if a water intake does not move the aquatic ecosystem outside the ‘normative’ range, based on expressions of normalcy such as those discussed, then no adverse impact has occurred. Having an explicit baseline in normal or normative would place 316(b) analyses on the same conceptual foundation as 316(a) analyses, which strive to demonstrate the continuation of a balanced, indigenous community of aquatic organisms at the power station location.     

The ‘I see you’ prey–predator signal of Apis cerana is innate

An ‘I see you’ (ISY) prey–predator signal can co-evolve when such a signal benefits both prey and predator. The prey benefits if, by producing the signal, the predator is likely to break off an attack. The predator benefits if it is informed by the signal that the prey is aware of its presence and can break off what is likely to be an unsuccessful and potentially costly hunt. Because the signal and response co-evolve in two species, the behaviour underlying an ISY signal is expected to have a strong genetic component and cannot be entirely learned. An example of an ISY signal is the ‘shimmering’ behaviour performed by Asian hive bee workers in the presence of their predator Vespa velutina. To test the prediction that bee–hornet signalling is heritable, we let honey bee workers of two species emerge in an incubator so that they had never been exposed to V. velutina. In Apis cerana, the shimmering response developed 48 h post-emergence, was strong after 72 h and increased further over 2 weeks. In contrast, A. mellifera, which has evolved in the absence of Asian hornets, did not produce the shimmering signal. In control tests, A. cerana workers exposed to a non-threatening butterfly did not respond with the shimmering signal.     

‘Formiguers’, a historical system of soil fertilization (and biochar production?)

‘Formiguers’ are structures similar to charcoal-kilns that were used to burn piles of biomass with a soil cover in order to produce fertilizers for agricultural plots. Their use was widespread in Spain up to the 1960s and similar structures are still in use in India and Bhutan. Our objective was to study the effects of the ‘formiguer’ on its soil cover in terms of changes in nutrient availability. We built an experimental 0.5-m³ ‘formiguer’ with 68 kg of plant material with a 12% moisture content and 550 kg of soil with a 16% moisture content. The content of organic carbon and mineral nitrogen decreased in the soil cover as a result of burning. After aerobic incubation all samples had a similar content of mineral nitrogen. Exchangeable potassium and total and labile phosphorus increased after burning as a result of the soil cover mixing with the ashes of the biomass as the ‘formiguer’ collapsed during burning in the first two cases, while mineralization of organic compounds produced the increase in labile phosphorus. This input of nutrients for the agricultural plots occurs at a net loss of 0.4–2.5 Mg organic C ha^?1. Very small amounts of charcoal were produced and this may be the reason for their low occurrence in soils today. Burning of ‘formiguers’ required the harvest of vegetation from a considerable forest area (10–25 ha per hectare of agricultural land) and represented a significant disturbance of these systems.     

Characterization of human exposure to ambient levels of benzene using pulmonary ‘wash-out’ data

The authors use β-phase pulmonary clearance data in conjunction with a pharmacokinetic model to estimate average background ambient level benzene exposure and resultant body burden. The pharmacokinetic model is also used to estimate the absorbed dose of benzene for cigarette smoking.     

班组安全生产“五法”和“四个‘三’”

班组安全生产操作前的五法是:一、预测法在生产操作或一个项目开始前,要统览全局,熟悉其方法和步骤,在熟悉的过程中,初步掌握其要领和程序,并记下疑难和不懂的问题。二、设情法在预测的过程中,根据工作的内容可设置一种情景,一般可采取细致的观察、模拟表演等,把职工的注意力带到作业、生产过程中去,使职工有身临其境之感。三、设疑法召集全体职工开一个诸葛亮会,根据操作和作业情节设计一系列不安全的因素。四、讨论法根据操作和作业提出一些关键性的问题,组织参与操作的职工进行讨论,各献妙计,各出良策,逐一解决,达到预期的效果。五、任务…     

Geochemical and microbial reactions affecting the long-term performance of in situ ‘iron barriers’

The in situ application of granular iron (Fe⁰) has become popular for the destruction of halogenated organic compounds and for the immobilization of specific metals in groundwater. However, a knowledge gap exists concerning the long-term performance of the Fe⁰-barriers. The corrosion of Fe⁰ may produce mineral precipitates that alter the system’s hydraulic integrity. For example, data from existing barriers show varying trends in pH, alkalinity, mineral precipitation, and microbial activity. Although the chemical behaviors are site-specific, this paper discusses the concepts involved in developing a generic approach for predicting the trend of aqueous and surface speciation, and the resulting effects on Fe⁰ treatment systems. Observations from existing Fe barriers are summarized, and the chemical and microbial processes that influence chemical speciation, both in water and on surfaces, are reviewed. A conceptual geochemical model is presented, which illustrates the factors that must be considered in developing a quantitative model that can be used to design monitoring plans for timely detection of clogging in Fe⁰ reactive barriers. In order to develop quantitative predictive models, field and laboratory research should: (1) assess the extent and rates of media deterioration by analyzing coupled chemical and microbial reactions; and (2) identify the controlling mechanisms for hydraulic alteration within and around Fe⁰ barriers.     

昔日‘救星”或成海洋‘杀手”

他,曾经广泛的活跃在战场上、农田里、森林中;他,曾经在医疗卫生等行业中大显神威;他,曾经被誉为是"人类的救星".然而如今,他却成为了亿万海洋生灵的克星,人类健康潜在的杀手.他就是DDT.