水稻土Fe(Ⅱ)氧化耦合NO_3~-还原的微生物变化

利用不同驯化条件(Soil、Soil+Fe(Ⅱ)、Soil+NO_3~-和Soil+Fe(Ⅱ)+NO_3~-)对华南水稻土进行中性厌氧条件下的富集培养,探究淹水期水稻土亚铁(Fe(Ⅱ))氧化和硝酸盐(NO_3~-)还原过程,及此过程中微生物群落的变化.结果表明,在Soil+Fe(Ⅱ)处理中,亚铁不能发生自然氧化.只有在Soil+Fe(Ⅱ)+NO_3~-处理中,Fe(Ⅱ)才能被氧化成Fe(Ⅲ);同时,Fe(Ⅱ)的存在减慢了NO_3~-的还原.利用高通量测序技术表征微生物群落组成随培养时间的变化,结果表明,Soil+Fe(Ⅱ)和Soil处理的微生物群落组成没有显著差异.在Soil+NO_3~-处理中,Pseudogulbenkiania、Flavobacterium和Rhodocyclus属成为优势菌群.在Soil+Fe(Ⅱ)+NO_3~-处理中,Zoogloea、Geothrix、Sunxiuqinia和Vulcanibacillus等属成为优势菌群,主要包括硝酸盐还原菌、Fe(Ⅱ)氧化菌和Fe(Ⅲ)还原菌.     

不同Fe（Ⅲ）对活性污泥异化铁还原耦合脱氮的影响及机理初探

以投放海绵铁-AT-PVF复合填料的SBBR反应器活性污泥作为铁还原菌菌种来源,采用厌氧恒温培养试验,考察了不同Fe(Ⅲ)(氧化铁皮、青矿和红矿)对活性污泥异化铁还原能力及脱氮效果的影响,并对其作用机制进行了初步分析.结果表明:初始基质无NO-2的前提下,各体系Fe(Ⅲ)还原能力与脱氮效果表现出较好的关联性,同时发生NO-2-N和NO-3-N的积累现象.其中,氧化铁皮体系的脱氮效果最好,对NH+4-N、TN的累计去除量分别为75.04和80.99 mg·L-1,容积TN去除率为3.88 mg·L-1·d-1(以N计).更进一步的研究发现,不同培养时间内NH+4氧化量与Fe(Ⅱ)产生量之间符合幂指数关系,R2为0.9521.结合标准吉布斯自由能变化,厌氧环境下IRB参与活性污泥中N素循环的交互作用机制可分为3个子过程,即Fe(Ⅲ)的微生物还原解离耦合NH+4的氧化过程、厌氧氨氧化过程和NO-3-依赖型Fe(Ⅱ)氧化过程,其中,以IRB为主的微生物氧化还原过程对活性污泥中N循环起到了至关重要的作用.     

O_2与Fe(Ⅱ)协同作用氧化和去除As(Ⅲ)

在中性无氧水环境中,以O2为氧化剂,研究不同Fe(Ⅱ)和As(Ⅲ)比值(下文中简称Fe/As比值)条件下As(Ⅲ)的氧化去除效率及机理.实验发现,在O2与Fe(Ⅱ)共存的条件下,约3～4d时间内80%左右的As(Ⅲ)被去除,6～8d后,反应趋于稳定.当Fe/As=20时,As(Ⅲ)去除率达到95%左右,当Fe/As≥30时,去除率可达到99.5%以上.研究表明,无铁水环境中O2对砷的氧化速率是极其缓慢的,而有铁存在时氧化效率可大大提高.     

As(Ⅲ)和As(Ⅴ)胁迫对嗜酸性氧化亚铁硫杆菌铁行为的影响

以嗜酸性氧化亚铁硫杆菌为受体材料,通过分析培养过程中培养液pH、Fe2+氧化率和总铁(TFe)沉淀率研究不同浓度As(Ⅲ)和As(Ⅴ)胁迫对嗜酸性氧化亚铁硫杆菌铁行为的影响。结果表明:As(Ⅲ)胁迫显著降低反应体系的pH降幅、Fe2+氧化速率和TFe沉淀率;低浓度As(Ⅴ)的加入对反应体系的pH降幅、Fe2+氧化速率和TFe沉淀率没有明显影响;随着初始浓度的增大,pH降幅、Fe2+氧化速率和TFe沉淀率也逐渐降低。As(Ⅲ)对嗜酸性氧化亚铁硫杆菌铁行为的影响较As(V)更明显。同一胁迫水平下,该菌对As(Ⅲ)的响应更强烈。     

水稻土中氮素对微生物固砷的扰动及效应机制

我国是世界上最大的水稻生产国,水稻生产在粮食安全方面起着重要的作用.现阶段,我国稻田土壤的砷污染问题表现突出.稻田长期处于淹水的缺氧环境下,微生物在厌氧条件下介导的砷形态转化速率和程度均强于化学过程.理解和认知微生物对稻田土壤中砷固定的关键过程及作用机制将为开展稻田砷污染的有效治理提供理论依据.在综合分析了砷在稻田土壤中的迁移及其影响因素的基础上,主要综述了涉及淹水稻田土壤中微生物参与As （Ⅲ）固定两条重要途径：Fe （Ⅱ）氧化成矿耦合As （Ⅲ）固定（间接过程）与As （Ⅲ）直接氧化固定（直接过程）.同时,就氮素在土壤的形态及分配对微生物参与砷固定的响应过程也展开系统性论述.其中,总结了参与微生物砷固定与氮素转化的关键基因表达及代谢机制;最后,归纳了砷污染稻田微生物修复技术的相关研究进展,并提出了初步展望.     

Fe(Ⅱ)/K_2S_2O_8对水体中As(Ⅲ)的氧化研究

研究了Fe(Ⅱ)/K2S2O8对水体中As(Ⅲ)的氧化作用,以及pH值、Fe(Ⅱ)初始浓度等因素对氧化As(Ⅲ)的影响,并且采用分子探针法的竞争性实验鉴定了体系中产生的活性中间体,探讨了K2S2O8在Fe(Ⅱ)存在的条件下对As(Ⅲ)的氧化机理。     

活性污泥厌氧Fe(Ⅲ)还原氨氧化现象初探

采用常规化学分析和微生物群落变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)监测技术,探究了厌氧条件下活性污泥中Fe(Ⅲ)还原氨氧化(Feammox)反应的存在及微生物群落动态响应.结果表明,当反应器运行至第24 d时NH_4~+发生转化,同时检测到NO_3~-和Fe(Ⅱ)的生成,表明活性污泥中存在着Fe(Ⅲ)还原NH_4~+氧化反应,产物主要为NO_3~-和Fe(Ⅱ),并伴随少量N_2生成.经过84d培养,氨氮最大转化量达29.85 mg·L~(-1),转化率为59.7%,出水NO_3~-最高值达24.56 mg·L~(-1).活性污泥中Feammox为产酸过程,体系中p H值下降.整个培养过程中微生物群落条带分布发生变化,参与活性污泥中Feammox反应的部分群落在培养过程获得保留,部分优势菌群获得富集.     

微生物作用引起的铁铝氢氧化物吸附砷的还原与释放机制研究

地下水砷污染的形成机制目前尚不清楚,普遍认为,微生物对吸附于铁氧化物表面的As(Ⅴ)以及基质Fe(Ⅲ)的还原是砷释放的主要原因.本研究中以富集的混合菌群为接种微生物,以不同比例（Al∶Fe为1∶0、 1∶1、 0∶1）的铁铝氢氧化物为吸附剂,考察了微生物对吸附于这些载体上的As(Ⅴ)的还原和迁移作用.结果表明,接种微生物后,3种体系表现出不同程度的As释放,溶液中释放的As基本上是As(Ⅲ).在氢氧化铁体系中,溶解态As(Ⅲ)浓度仅为60 μg/L左右,微生物还原产生的As(Ⅲ)几乎全部存在于固相中;在Al∶Fe为1∶1的铁铝氢氧化物中,溶解态As(Ⅲ)大约为1.3 mg/L;氢氧化铝体系中,该值为7.8 mg/L,约占微生物还原总As(Ⅲ)的82%.而未接种的对照组均未检测到As(Ⅲ)以及明显的As释放.本研究还考察了吸附基质铁氧化物的还原对砷迁移的影响,结果表明,砷的还原发生在铁还原之前,铁的还原并没有引起砷的明显释放.因此,根据本实验结果推断,氢氧化铁吸附的As(Ⅴ)的还原及Fe(Ⅲ)的还原很可能不是造成地下水系统中砷释放的主要原因,而吸附于铝氧化物或其它矿物表面的As(Ⅴ)的还原可能引起了砷向水相迁移.     

Fe(Ⅱ)与O2共存体系中地下水As(Ⅲ)的固化行为

砷在地下含水层中的迁移转化、释放等地球化学行为与地下水的氧化还原环境及铁氧化物的存在形态密切相关。本文主要通过室内静态、动态实验及野外现场试验研究了Fe(Ⅱ)和O_2共存体系对模拟地下水中As(Ⅲ)固化效率与机理,研究表明:单纯的曝气行为对水体中铁和砷的价态改变均不明显,只有当Fe(Ⅱ)和O_2共存时才能有效改变砷的存在形态并通过发生吸附共沉淀作用使水体中As浓度降低下来。以质量比为Fe/As=20为例,有氧无氧两种条件下砷的去除率分别为81.3%和23.4%。模拟无氧条件下向流动相的含砷地下含水层中连续输入Fe(Ⅱ)时,溶液中的砷含量相比进水溶液浓度略有降低,出水溶液中以Fe(Ⅱ)和As(Ⅲ)为主。在有氧条件下持续30天向含砷试验砂柱内输入Fe(Ⅱ),其总量累积可达到283.65 mg,被固定于砂柱内的总砷含量达到25 075μg,固化能力达到88.40μg/mg。Fe(Ⅱ)与O_2共存体系对地下水中As(Ⅲ)的固化行为主要包括O_2对As(Ⅲ)及Fe(Ⅱ)氧化和Fe(Ⅲ)与As(V)的吸附共沉淀作用,其中溶解氧的存在是所有反应发生的必要前提条件。     

O2与Fe(Ò )协同作用氧化和去除As(ó )

在中性无氧水环境中,以O2为氧化剂,研究不同Fe（Ⅱ）和As（Ⅲ）比值（下文中简称Fe/As比值）条件下As（Ⅲ）的氧化去除效率及机理.实验发现,在O2与Fe（Ⅱ）共存的条件下,约3~4d时间内80%左右的As（Ⅲ）被去除,6~8d后,反应趋于稳定.当Fe/As=20时,As（Ⅲ）去除率达到95%左右,当Fe/As≥30时,去除率可达到99.5%以上.研究表明,无铁水环境中O2对砷的氧化速率是极其缓慢的,而有铁存在时氧化效率可大大提高.     

Chromium transformation driven by iron redox cycling in basalt-derived paddy soil with high geological background values

The flooding and drainage of paddy fields has great effects on the transformation of heavy metals, however, the transformation of Cr in basalt-derived paddy soil with high geological background values was less recognized. The typical basalt-derived paddy soil was incubated under alternating redox conditions. The Cr fractions and the dynamics of Fe/N/S/C were examined. The HCl-extractable Cr increased under anaerobic condition and then decreased during aerobic stage. The UV-vis spectra of the supernatant showed that amounts of colloids were released under anaerobic condition, and then re-aggregated during aerobic phase. The scanning transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) revealed that Fe oxides were reduced and became dispersed during anaerobic stage, whereas Fe(II) was oxidized and recrystallized under aerobic condition. Based on these results, a kinetic model was established to further distinguish the relationship between the transformation of Cr and Fe. During anaerobic phase, the reduction of Fe(III) oxides not only directly released the structurally bound Cr, but also enhanced the breakdown of soil aggregation and dissolution of organic matter causing indirect mobilization of Cr. During aerobic phase, the oxidation of Fe(II) and further recrystallization of newly formed Fe(III) oxides might induce the re-aggregation of soil colloids and further incorporation of Cr. In addition, the kinetic model of Cr and Fe transformation was further verified in the pot experiment. The model-based findings demonstrated that the Cr transformation in the basalt-derived paddy soil with high geological background values was highly driven by redox sensitive iron cycling.     

Dissimilatory Fe(III) reduction characteristics of paddy soil extract cultures treated with glucose or fatty acids

Dissimilatory Fe(Ⅲ) reduction is a universal process with irreplaceable biological and environmental importance in anoxic environments. Our knowledge about Fe(Ⅲ) reduction predominantly comes from pure cultures of dissimilatory Fe(Ⅲ) reducing bacteria (DFRB). The objective of this study was to compare the effects of glucose and a selection of short organic acids (citrate, succinate, pyruvate, propionate, acetate, and formate) on Fe(Ⅲ) reduction via the anaerobic culture of three paddy soil solutions with Fe(OH)3 as the sole electron acceptor. The results showed significant differences in Fe(Ⅲ) reduction among the three paddy soil solutions and suhstrate types. Bacteria from the Sichuan paddy soil responded quickly to substrate supply and showed higher Fe(Ⅲ) reducing activity than the other two soil types. Bacteria in the Jiangxi paddy soil culture solution could not use propionate as a source of electrons for Fe(Ⅲ) reduction. Similarly, bacteria in the Jilin paddy soil culture could not use succinate effectively. Pyruvate was readily used by cultures from all three paddy soil solutions, thus indicating that there were some similarities in substrate utilization by bacteria for Fe(Ⅲ) reduction. The use of glucose and citrate as substrate for dissimilatory Fe(Ⅲ) reduction indicates important ecological implications for this type of anoxic respiration.     

稻田NO3-还原耦合As(III)氧化过程及微生物群落特征

以华南稻田土壤为研究对象通过构建微宇宙体系,研究了淹水稻田自养硝酸盐还原耦合As（III）氧化过程及其微生物群落结构组成.结果表明,NO₃^-的添加促进了稻田土壤中As（III）的氧化,在未添加NO₃^-的处理（Soil+As（III））以及灭菌处理（Sterilized soil+As（III）+NO₃^-）中As（III）未发生明显的氧化;在Soil+As（III）+NO₃^-处理中,NO₃^-有少量被还原,而在Soil+NO₃^-处理中,NO₃^-没有被还原.通过16S rRNA高通量分析在NO₃^-还原耦合As（III）氧化体系中微生物群落结构特征,在Soil+As（III）+NO₃^-处理中shannon指数相对较低为8.19,土壤微生物群落多样性降低,其中在门水平上主要优势菌群为变形菌门Proteobacteria（33%）、绿弯菌门Chloroflexi（11%）、浮霉菌门Planctomycetes（12%）;在属水平上主要的优势菌属为Gemmatimonas（7.4%）以及少量的Singulisphaera、Thermomonas、Bacillus.NO₃^-的添加能够促进稻田土壤中自养As（III）氧化,并且影响着稻田土壤中微生物群落组成.     

Effect of microbial mediated iron plaque reduction on arsenic mobility in paddy soil

The potential of microbial mediated iron plaque reduction, and associated arsenic (As) mobility were examined by iron reducing bacteria enriched from As contaminated paddy soil. To our knowledge, this is the first time to report the impact of microbial iron plaque reduction on As mobility. Iron reduction occurred during the inoculation of iron reducing enrichment culture in the treatments with iron plaque and ferrihydrite as the electron acceptors, respectively. The Fe(II) concentration with the treatment of anthraquinone-2, 6-disulfonic acid (AQDS) and iron reducing bacteria increased much faster than the control. Arsenic released from iron plaque with the iron reduction, and a significant correlation between Fe(II) and total As in culture was observed. However, compared with control, the increasing rate of As was inhibited by iron reducing bacteria especially in the presence of AQDS. In addition, the concentrations of As(III) and As(V) in abiotic treatments were higher than those in the biotic treatments at day 30. These results indicated that both microbial and chemical reductions of iron plaque caused As release from iron plaque to aqueous phase, however, microbial iron reduction induced the formation of more crystalline iron minerals, leading to As sequestration. In addition, the presence of AQDS in solution can accelerate the iron reduction, the As release from iron plaque and subsequently the As retention in the crystalline iron mineral. Thus, our results suggested that it is possible to remediate As contaminated soils by utilizing iron reducing bacteria and AQDS.     

改性纳米零价铁对稻田土壤As污染的修复效能

为实现对稻田土壤As污染的高效修复,通过制备C-NZVI(壳聚糖基稳定化纳米零价铁),分析其对还原态亚砷酸〔As(Ⅲ)〕的吸附动力学和等温吸附特征,阐明典型竞争性阴离子/分子对C-NZVI吸附As(Ⅲ)效率的影响;在此基础上,重点研究淹水和拮抗性肥料对稻土As的强化溶出效应,揭示C-NZVI对稻土液相As的异位吸附去除与原位补充钝化作用.结果表明:准一级动力学和Langmuir等温吸附模型能很好地描述C-NZVI对As(Ⅲ)的吸附过程特征,该材料对As(Ⅲ)的最大吸附量为145.09 mg/g;当竞争性K₂HPO₄、H₃BO₃、Na₂SiO₃和CH₃COOH的摩尔浓度为0.05~0.50 mmol/L时,C-NZVI对As(Ⅲ)的去除率依然高达99%.在对稻田土壤进行淹水和依次施用NH₄H₂PO₄、(NH₄)₂C₂O₄、Na₂SiO₃三种拮抗性肥料条件下,稻土中累积溶出w(水溶态As)(18.1 mg/kg)达到土壤w(As)的30.0%;对强化溶出反应后的淹水稻土进行排水并利用C-NZVI对各步分离获得的含As液相进行异位吸附,As去除率为91.3%~99.8%,该过程使稻土中w(As)减少43.4%~52.6%;进一步利用1%和5%的C-NZVI对强化溶出后的稻土进行补充钝化,可使稻土中w(非专性吸附态As)降低94.7%~100%.研究显示,淹水强化条件下,利用C-NZVI对稻田土壤As污染进行异位去除与原位钝化的联合修复可为有效减控稻田土壤As生物有效性提供有益途径.      

三价铁促进生物氧化锰稳定土壤砷的效果和机制

通过室内模拟实验,研究了三价铁对生物氧化锰（BMO）稳定化砷污染土壤的促进效果与作用机制.实验结果表明：三价铁的添加提高了BMO对土壤中砷的稳定化效率,当三价铁以质量分数百分比（以Fe计）为0.5%、1%、2%和4%添加时,砷的稳定化效率由单独BMO处理的63.02%增加至86.04%、93.86%、96.56%和97.98%;由连续提取实验结果可知,添加三价铁能够促进土壤中砷的结合形态由可交换态、专属吸附态向无定型铁锰结合态和结晶型铁锰结合态转变,增强土壤中砷的稳定化作用;风险分析进一步表明添加三价铁后砷的环境风险由中风险转变为低风险;矿物晶体结构分析表明,添加三价铁后土壤中出现水铁矿、纤铁矿等次生铁氧化物,这些铁氧化物对土壤中砷有良好的吸附固定能力.总体而言,三价铁的存在能够提高BMO对砷污染土壤的稳定化效率,但三价铁的添加量不宜过高,否则会引起土壤酸化问题.     

Anaerobic oxidation of arsenite by bioreduced nontronite

The redox state of arsenic controls its toxicity and mobility in the subsurface environment. Understanding the redox reactions of arsenic is particularly important for addressing its environmental behavior. Clay minerals are commonly found in soils and sediments, which are an important host for arsenic. However, limited information is known about the redox reactions between arsenic and structural Fe in clay minerals. In this study, the redox reactions between As(III)/As(V) and structural Fe in nontronite NAu-2 were investigated in anaerobic batch experiments. No oxidation of As(III) was observed by the native Fe(III)-NAu-2. Interestingly, anaerobic oxidation of As(III) to As(V) occurred after Fe(III)-NAu-2 was bioreduced. Furthermore, anaerobic oxidization of As(III) by bioreduced NAu-2 was significantly promoted by increasing Fe(III)-NAu-2 reduction extent and initial As(III) concentrations. Bioreduction of Fe(III)-NAu-2 generated reactive Fe(III)-O-Fe(II) moieties at clay mineral edge sites. Anaerobic oxidation of As(III) was attributed to the strong oxidation activity of the structural Fe(III) within the Fe(III)-O-Fe(II) moieties. Our results provide a potential explanation for the presence of As(V) in the anaerobic subsurface environment. Our findings also highlight that clay minerals can play an important role in controlling the redox state of arsenic in the natural environment.     

Dssimilatory Fe(Ⅲ) reduction characteristics of paddy soil extract cultures treated with glucose or fatty acids

Dissimilatory Fe(Ⅲ) reduction is a universal process with irreplaceable biological and environmental importance in anoxic environments. Our knowledge about Fe(Ⅲ) reduction predominantly comes from pure cultures of dissimilatory Fe(Ⅲ) reducing bacteria (DFRB). The objective of this study was to compare the effects of glucose and a selection of short organic acids (citrate, succinate, pyruvate, propionate, acetate, and formate) on Fe(Ⅲ) reduction via the anaerobic culture of three paddy soil solutions with Fe(OH)3 as the sole electron acceptor. The results showed significant differences in Fe(Ⅲ) reduction among the three paddy soil solutions and suhstrate types. Bacteria from the Sichuan paddy soil responded quickly to substrate supply and showed higher Fe(Ⅲ) reducing activity than the other two soil types. Bacteria in the Jiangxi paddy soil culture solution could not use propionate as a source of electrons for Fe(Ⅲ) reduction. Similarly, bacteria in the Jilin paddy soil culture could not use succinate effectively. Pyruvate was readily used by cultures from all three paddy soil solutions, thus indicating that there were some similarities in substrate utilization by bacteria for Fe(Ⅲ) reduction. The use of glucose and citrate as substrate for dissimilatory Fe(Ⅲ) reduction indicates important ecological implications for this type of anoxic respiration.     

Simultaneous adsorption of As(Ⅲ) and Pb(Ⅱ) by the iron-sulfur codoped biochar composite:Competitive and synergistic effects

Simultaneous elimination of As(Ⅲ) and Pb(Ⅱ) from wastewater is still a great challenge.In this work,an iron-sulfur codoped biochar (Fe/S-BC) was successfully fabricated in a simplified way and was applied to the remediate the co-pollution of As(Ⅲ) and Pb(Ⅱ).The positive enthalpy indicated that the adsorption in As-Pb co-pollution was an endothermic reaction.The mechanism of As(Ⅲ) removal could be illustrated by surface complexation,oxidation and precipitation.In addition to precipitation and com...