堆肥调理剂研究进展

调理剂是堆肥过程中的重要辅料。通过添加调理剂，可以改善堆肥物料的理化条件，达到好氧微生物对生长环境的要求。文章综述了堆肥调理剂的分类，讨论了它在堆肥工程中的作用，并对研究方向进行了探讨。大量研究表明，调理剂在堆肥过程中起到调节物料w（C）／w（N）比、含水率、堆体自由空域、减少堆体臭气、改善堆肥养分和调控重金属等作用。目前，调理剂的研究重点在于其在堆肥过程的作用，而对复合型调理剂的开发、调理剂的作用机理及其在工程中的应用等问题关注较少。     

堆肥修复土壤金属污染研究进展

堆肥是有机废弃物资源化的产物,利用堆肥修复土壤的金属污染有着重大意义.堆肥可通过直接与金属产生氧化还原作用、沉淀作用、吸附作用或间接改变土壤理化性质如酸碱度,氧化还原电位等降低土壤金属的生物有效性和移动性,但具体修复效果因土壤、金属、堆肥三者性质的不同而差异甚大.本文对国内外利用堆肥修复土壤金属污染的研究进展进行了综述,指出了理论研究和实际修复中存在的一些问题,并对其发展前景进行了展望.     

四环素对人粪便好氧堆肥过程中酶活性及腐熟的影响

为了探讨抗生素对好氧堆肥过程中酶活性及堆肥腐熟的影响,添加四环素(TC)的人粪便与锯末进行好氧堆肥试验.试验共设4个处理:CK(不添加TC)、TC100(100 mg·kg~(-1)DW(干重)TC)、TC500(500 mg·kg~(-1)DW TC)和TC1000(1000 mg·kg~(-1)DW TC).研究了堆肥温度、p H、水溶性碳、种子发芽率、脱氢酶和脲酶在21 d的不同堆肥处理中的变化特性.结果表明,堆肥中四环素浓度的增加显著抑制了堆料中温度的升高,降低了p H值,增加了水溶性碳的残留,减少了种子发芽率并阻碍了脱氢酶和脲酶的活性.堆肥的参数如堆肥温度、p H、水溶性碳和种子发芽率等指标都可以用来表征堆肥的腐熟度,以上研究结果表明堆肥中四环素浓度高达1000 mg·kg~(-1)时,四环素阻碍了粪便处理的好氧堆肥过程并影响堆肥产物的腐熟.     

香蕉茎秆、桉树皮和猪粪不同配比堆肥研究

通过固定猪粪添加量,依次增加桉树皮添加量,减少香蕉茎秆添加量,研究了桉树皮、香蕉茎秆和猪粪不同配比,不同C/N比值等对堆肥温度、pH值、微生物数量以及种子发芽率等堆肥发酵指标的影响,并用腐熟的有机肥进行香蕉幼苗盆栽试验。结果表明,堆肥材料C/N比值为25.24和27.01的处理堆肥温度较高,均达到56℃以上,持续高温时间分别为10和11 d,堆肥中各养分含量相对较高,达到NY 525—2012《有机肥料》标准。盆栽试验也表明,利用堆肥材料C/N比值为25.24和27.01的堆肥配制的有机肥对盆栽香蕉幼苗有一定的促生效果。     

好氧堆肥过程中的氧气变化及其监测

氧气和通气性是影响好氧堆肥过程和堆肥产品质量的重要因素。堆肥过程中，氧气供应充足可以加速有机质分解、缩短堆肥时间，加速堆肥初期温度的上升速率，减少恶臭气体的产生。氧气的消耗速率可以作为判断堆肥稳定性的依据。过去由于缺乏有效的氧气监测手段，限制了堆肥中有关氧气的研究工作，因此对堆肥过程中氧气的变化过程目前了解得很少，研究工作亟待加强。近期，我国已开发出堆肥氧气实时、在线监测系统，并成功地应用于堆肥实践，这对堆肥研究和产业化发展将具有重要意义。     

添加生物炭对猪粪好氧堆肥过程氮素转化与氨挥发的影响

为了减少好氧堆肥过程中氮素的损失,研究添加生物炭对猪粪好氧堆肥过程中氮素转化和损失的影响。设置不加生物炭对照(S1)以及猪粪秸秆中添加5%(S2)、10%(S3)、15%(S4)生物炭4个处理,监测堆肥过程中堆肥温度、氮素形态及氨挥发速率等的变化。结果表明,与对照相比,添加生物炭能够提高堆肥温度,提前2—3d进入高温期,缩短堆肥周期,提高堆肥品质。生物炭显著增加猪粪堆肥NO_3~--N的含量,降低了NH_4~+-N的含量,有利于NH_4~+-N向NO_3~--N转化;堆肥结束时,处理S2、S3和S4的NO_3~--N含量分别比对照提高了39.64%、46.68%和28.84%;添加生物炭明显降低了堆肥在高温期的氨挥发速率,且氨挥发累积排放量分别比对照降低了18.77%、25.35%和26.39%。与堆肥前相比,S1—S4总氮的增加率分别为9.7%、27.5%、28.6%和26.2%,添加10%生物炭的处理固氮效果最好。以上结果说明,猪粪堆肥过程添加生物炭更易促进堆肥腐熟、抑制氨气挥发和减少氮素损失,通过合理物料配比的好氧堆肥可以更有效地实现农业秸秆及猪粪的优质资源化利用。     

城市污泥好氧堆肥过程中重金属的形态转化

城市污泥是一种富含作物生长需要的多种养分的生物固体废弃物,但重金属问题又成为影响污泥农用的关键因素,而重金属的生物活性、迁移性及毒性不仅取决于总量,很大程度上取决于其存在的形态.该实验通过调节城市污泥的水分和C/N比,利用笔者所在课题组自行开发的好氧堆肥反应器进行城市污泥堆肥处理,经过为期20 d的好氧堆肥处理,研究堆肥前后污泥中的重金属总量和化学形态的变化.实验结果表明:堆肥处理由于添加能源调理剂等,使堆肥产品中的重金属含量低于原污泥,符合了农用污泥污染物控制标准;同时堆肥也改变了重金属的化学形态,降低了剧毒性的Cd的生物有效性.对污泥及堆肥的重金属形态研究发现:大部分重金属主要以残渣态形式存在,生物毒性很小,农用时的重金属污染度也很低.     

污泥堆肥过程中主要性质及氮素转变

目前堆肥过程中氮素损失比较严重,通常达到50%左右.针对这一问题,文章以污泥和秸秆为原料,进行了不同配比条件下高温好氧堆肥试验,研究了堆肥过程中各主要性质及各种形态氮素的转化规律.结果表明,堆肥有效实现了污泥无害化、减量化和资源化.在pH值和温度较高条件下的氨气大量挥发是堆肥过程氮素损失的重要途径,且不同的物料配比会对氮素损失造成影响,C/N比低的配比氮素损失较大.适当降低堆料温度、添加酸性物质以降低pH值等措施均可减少氮素损失.     

微生物菌剂堆肥中草药渣中试研究北大核心CSCD

木质纤维素降解是中草药渣堆肥的主要难点.在前期小试的基础上,接种纤维素降解菌剂,将1 t新鲜药渣直接进行好氧堆肥.腐熟度指标T值和种子发芽指数(GI)显示,堆肥19 d左右就已经腐熟.堆肥过程中接种组(JZ)和对照组(CK)的纤维素平均降解速率分别为0.73 kg/d和0.64 kg/d,JZ比CK纤维素降解总量提高了13.39%,木质素降解量提高118.18%.第30天时,堆肥的含水率、p H、总养分、重金属等指标都达到有机肥料标准(NY 525-2012).接种菌剂提高了堆肥温度,加速了水分散失,促进了纤维素和木质的转化,有利于堆肥腐熟和提高肥料品质.因此,在中试规模上堆肥中草药渣生产有机肥是可行的.     

浅谈堆肥设备

随着堆肥技术在不同固体废弃物处理中的广泛应用,与之相关的堆肥设备得到了极大的发展,堆肥设备包括物料处理、翻堆、反应器和除臭设备。家庭堆肥器和小容量反应器堆肥系统是堆肥设备新的发展趋势。     

Characterization and variation of dissolved organic matter in composting: a critical review

● Effect of composting approaches on dissolved organic matter (DOM). ● Effect of composting conditions on the properties of DOM. ● Character indexes of DOM varied in composting. ● The size, hydrophobicity, humification, and electron transfer capacity increased. ● The hydrophilicity, protein-like materials, and aliphatic components reduced. As the most motive organic fraction in composting, dissolved organic matter (DOM) can contribute to the transfer and dispersal of pollutants and facilitate the global carbon cycle in aquatic ecosystems. However, it is still unclear how composting approaches and conditions influence the properties of compost-derived DOM. Further details on the shift of DOM character indexes are required. In this study, the change in properties of compost-derived DOM at different composting approaches and the effect of composting conditions on the DOM characteristics are summarized. Thereafter, the change in DOM character indexes’ in composting was comprehensively reviewed. Along with composting, the elements and spectral properties (chromophoric DOM (CDOM) and fluorescent DOM (FDOM)) were altered, size and hydrophobicity increased, and aromatic-C and electron transfer capacity were promoted. Finally, some prospects to improve this study were put forward. This paper should facilitate the people who have an interest in tracing the fate of DOM in composting.     

堆肥制作中微生物侵染秸秆的环境扫描电镜(ESEM)观察

为了探索堆肥制作中木质纤维素类物质的生物降解过程,在堆肥进程中取不同分解阶段的秸秆样品,利用环境扫描电镜(ESEM)观察微生物的分布情况,并从机械作用的角度探讨了微生物在秸秆分解过程中的作用。结果表明,堆肥制作前新鲜秸秆表面未发现微生物分布,堆肥制作前期微生物开始附着在秸秆表面,随着堆肥进程,秸秆表面微生物密度有所增加,秸秆分解时产生的裂缝中发现也有微生物分布。堆肥制作中,参与秸秆分解的微生物以群落形式分布,从个体形态来看,这些微生物主要由球菌和丝状菌组成,但不同形态微生物个体大小差异较大。分析认为大型丝状菌通过秸秆分解产生的裂缝侵入秸秆内部时所产生的机械作用可促进秸秆的崩解。     

奶牛粪便翻堆式与槽式堆肥过程气体排放规律及养分损失原位监测

为探究奶牛粪便翻堆式与槽式堆肥过程中温室气体和氨气(NH₃)排放规律及养分损失情况,采用原位监测的方法,通过静态采气箱和气体在线监测设备,分别对奶牛粪便翻堆式和槽式堆体开展为期36 d的气体监测。结果表明,翻堆式堆肥过程中甲烷(CH₄)、氧化亚氮(N2_O)和NH₃排放主要集中于翻堆阶段;槽式堆肥过程中CH₄和NH₃排放主要集中于堆肥前期,N2_O排放则主要集中于堆肥中后期。堆体管理措施及物料特性显著影响堆肥气体的排放。翻堆式堆肥过程中翻堆对气体排放的影响大于堆肥理化因子如温度、含水率以及pH值;而槽式堆肥过程中,降低堆体的平均温度可同时减缓堆肥过程中CH₄、二氧化碳(CO₂)和NH₃的释放。从养分损失来看,翻堆式和槽式堆肥过程中碳素总损失量分别占堆肥物料初始总碳含量(TC)的27.16%和21.53%,其中约80%以上的碳素损失来自CO₂-C。而堆肥过程中氮素总损失量分别占堆肥物料初始总氮含量(TN)的18.67%和13.44%,其中约80%以上的氮素损失来源于NH₃N。该研究表明,在保证堆体物料腐熟的前提下,降低翻堆频率可显著减缓翻堆式堆肥过程中温室气体和NH₃的排放;降低槽式堆肥堆体的温度可显著减少堆肥过程中CH₄、CO₂和NH₃的排放。该研究结果对于减少堆肥过程气态污染物排放和养分损失,提高堆肥效率具有重要的指导意义。     

Effect of lime on speciation of heavy metals during composting of water hyacinth

Composting is attractive and inexpensive method for treatment and biomass disposal of water hyacinth. However, the major disadvantage of water hyacinth composting is the high content of heavy metals in the final compost. Addition of lime sludge significantly reduced most bioavailable fractions (exchangeable and carbonate) of heavy metals. Studies were carried on composting of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) with cattle manure and sawdust (6:3:1 ratio) and effects of addition of lime (1%, 2% and 3%) on heavy metal speciation were evaluated during 30 days of composting period. The Tessier sequential extraction method was employed to investigate the changes in speciation of heavy metals such as Zinc (Zn), Copper (Cu), Manganese (Mn), Iron (Fe), Lead (Pb), Nickel (Ni), Cadmium (Cd) and Chromium (Cr) during water hyacinth composting. Effects of physicochemical parameters such as temperature, pH and organic matter on speciation of heavy metals were also studied during the process. Results showed that, the total metal content was increased during the composting process. The higher reduction in bioavailability factor (BF) of Cu, Fe, Ni, Cd and Cr was observed in lime 2 treatment about 62.1%, 64.4%, 71.9%, 62.1% and 58.9% respectively; however higher reduction in BF of Zn and Pb was observed in lime 1 treatment during the composting process. Reducible and oxidizable fractions of Ni, Pb and Cd were not observed during the process. Addition of lime was very effective for reduction of bioavailability of heavy metals during composting of water hyacinth with cattle manure and sawdust.     

Environmental effects and risk control of antibiotic resistance genes in the organic solid waste aerobic composting system: A review

• ARGs were detected in livestock manure, sludge, food waste and fermentation dregs. • The succession of microbial community is an important factor affecting ARGs. • Horizontal transfer mechanism of ARGs during composting should be further studied. Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) have been diffusely detected in several kinds of organic solid waste, such as livestock manure, sludge, antibiotic fermentation residues, and food waste, thus attracting great attention. Aerobic composting, which is an effective, harmless treatment method for organic solid waste to promote recycling, has been identified to also aid in ARG reduction. However, the effect of composting in removing ARGs from organic solid waste has recently become controversial. Thus, this article summarizes and reviews the research on ARGs in relation to composting in the past 5 years. ARGs in organic solid waste could spread in different environmental media, including soil and the atmosphere, which could widen environmental risks. However, the conventional composting technology had limited effect on ARGs removal from organic solid waste. Improved composting processes, such as hyperthermophilic temperature composting, could effectively remove ARGs, and the HGT of ARGs and the microbial communities are identified as vital influencing factors. Currently, during the composting process, ARGs were mainly affected by three response pathways, (I) “Microenvironment-ARGs”; (II) “Microenvironment-microorganisms-ARGs”; (III) “Microorganisms-horizontal gene transfer-ARGs”, respectively. Response pathway II had been studied the most which was believed that microbial community was an important factor affecting ARGs. In response pathway III, mainly believed that MGEs played an important role and paid less attention to eARGs. Further research on the role and impact of eARGs in ARGs may be considered in the future. It aims to provide support for further research on environmental risk control of ARGs in organic solid waste.     

木薯皮堆肥过程中酶活性的变化

以木薯皮为原料进行高温堆肥发酵,研究了堆肥化过程中理化性质和酶活性的变化情况.结果表明:在堆肥发酵过程中.温度变化呈先上升后下降趋势,到后期已趋近于初始温度;而含水率在堆肥处理过程中变化不大.各处理的pH值在发酵结束时为7.3～7.5.过氧化氢酶活性初期较高,随后迅速降低,并维持在较低水平.纤维素酶和脲酶活性在堆肥初期增加,之后逐渐降低.由于堆肥原料不同,不同处理的酶活性变化趋势表现出一定的差异.考虑到堆肥腐熟度受多方面因素的影响,判断堆肥腐熟度时应根据多种指标(包括生物学、化学、物理学指标)综合判断.     

Life cycle assessment of food waste home composting in Greece

Home composting is a waste prevention measure related to the management of the household's food waste, garden trimmings, and other smaller organic household waste streams. Thus, home composting is an alternative way of exploitation of the “biomass” generated from the households. It is an alternative to centralized composting. Biomass utilization is explicitly stated as a principle of green chemistry. The aim of this paper is presentation of the results of a case study dealing with the life cycle environmental assessment of home composting of food waste in households in Greece. The results of the study indicate that home composting is environmentally preferable over the current organic waste management situation in Greece.     

Preliminary techno-economic analysis of three typical decentralized composting technologies treating rural kitchen waste: a case study in China

● Decentralized composting (DC) is a profitable KW treating technology. ● SAC and BEC were economically attractive in rural area, while HDC was unprofitable. ● KW handling subsidy plays a vital role in making DC profitable. ● SAC and BEC have great potential in promoting rural KW treatment. This study was designed to evaluate whether the decentralized rural kitchen waste (KW) composting technologies used in China can be widely applied. To this end, we completed a techno-economic analysis of three typical types of KW compositing, namely solar-assisted (SAC), bio-enhanced (BEC), and heat-dewatering composting (HDC). These evaluations revealed that all three technologies produce composting products that meet China’s organic fertilizer standard and that both SAC and BEC are economically self-sustaining and generate net profits (18824.94 and 17791.52 US$/a) and positive net present values (32133.11 and 25035.93 US$). Subsequent sensitivity analysis demonstrated that the KW-handling subsidy plays a critical role in making decentralized composting economically attractive. Based on these analyses, we believe that reducing the coverage area of SAC, reducing the operating cost of BEC and HDC, upgrading composting products, and strengthening secondary pollution control would aid in supporting the technological improvement of these processes. Moreover, providing appropriate subsidies and promulgating specific standards and policies for KW fertilizer are key strategies for decentralized rural KW composting management.