生态监测指标选择的探讨

为了维持自然生态环境与人类社会协调、可持续发展,需要对生态系统的状态、演化趋势等进行生态监测。该文以水生态系统为例,从生态系统的组成、结构和功能角度出发,分析比较了不同类型的生态监测指标,提出从生态完整性角度对来描述和评估生态系统状况,开展生态监测和生态评价工作。以水源地水库生态监测为例,阐述了生物完整性指数的应用效果,表明基于生态完整性的生态监测工作是可行有效的。国内外的相关应用与研究均表明,我国推广开展基于生态完整性的生态监测评价工作是完全可行的,具有广阔的应用前景,将极大地推动我国监测工作的发展。     

农业生态监测目标与监测指标体系选择探讨

本文扼要地阐述了农业生态监测的最终目标一农业生态可持续性的重要性,并对其定义、内涵（环境质量和生态完善性、动植物生产的高质性以及社会经济的可行性）、可持续农业的一般过程等三个方面进行了介绍;初步探讨了农业生态可持续性监测指标体系的选择原则和方法．     

区域生态质量评价指标选择基础框架及其实现

论述了区域生态质量评价的理论基础、基本单元、指标选择原则及方法、基本评价指标及其实现 ,旨在为区域生态质量评价指标框架的建立打下基础     

南水北调东线水源区的生态监测

分析了南水北调东线水源区近期的生态监测工作重点、生态类型划分、监测指标确定及监测报告的编制,提出水源区近期生态监测应以监测区域生态质量状况和地面监测各生态系统信息指标为主,水源区的湿地生态系统、农村生态系统、农田生态系统、森林生态系统4种生态类型应按照综合性、独立性、可测性、数据可获得性和长期性的原则,分别确定其监测指标和监测频次。对生态监测报告的形式、内容提出了具体要求。     

土壤监测几种质量控制指标及评价方法探讨

对土壤监测几种质量控制的指标进行了归纳和总结,并结合应用情况对分析方法确认、监测数据精密度以及准确度评价方法作了详细介绍。     

基于遥感技术的生态保护红线区域监测与评价

从生态保护红线区域监管需求出发,利用遥感技术建立生态保护红线区域监测方法,并采用生态保护红线区域自然生态系统构成及变化、生态景观平均斑块面积变化和NDVI植被指数变化3个评价指标,对江苏省盐城沿海地区2012-2013年各类型生态保护红线区域生态环境变化进行了评价.结果表明,水源水质保护和生物多样性保护红线区域生态环境质量综合指数相对较高;桑蚕品种多样性保护红线区域自然生态系统类型占比较低,生态景观较为破碎,生态环境质量综合指数相对较低;大部分生态红线区域生态环境质量保持稳定.     

湖泊蓝藻水华监测与评价探讨

以长期的湖泊蓝藻监测实践工作为基础,提出了湖泊蓝藻水华监测的点位布设、采样（频次、层次、采集量等）、分析鉴定等技术方法,以太湖为例,在对近几年蓝藻水华暴发情况进行统计分析基础上,制定了蓝藻水华状况的定性描述、蓝藻水华暴发的等级划分标准。     

环境监控(监测)建设与发展过程的思考

论述环境监控系统的发展过程、具体应用和建设的意义。叙述环境监控系统的建设为解决环境质量监测、污染源在线自动监测和生态监测与具体部门相关联而造成信息孤岛的问题,提倡环保多业务综合共享信息的标准化;环境监控系统的建设是基础,应用是关键,运行维护管理是保障,三者不可偏废。让环境管理者产生形象思维,拓宽思路和视野,发现和解决新问题。     

水污染源氨氮自动监测设备比对试验考核指标探讨

对15家氨氮自动监测设备比对试验考核不合格的污水厂及印染厂的考核情况进行了分析,发现目前水污染源氨氮自动监测设备比对试验考核指标存在一些问题。结合水污染源在线监测系统运行与考核技术规范以及地表水自动监测技术规范,提出了水污染源氨氮自动监测系统按照不同排放浓度实施不同比对试验考核指标的建议。     

废水中有机污染指标监测方法的选择

综合考察了废水中各种有机污染物综合指标的测试对象、干扰、准确度、精确度及其分析测试技术等各种因素 ,对实现其自动化连续测量的影响。针对某些监测技术产生的严重二次污染问题 ,提出了绿色 (清洁 )监测技术的概念。文章认为在重点废水污染源安装在线监测系统实行总量控制的过程中 ,应避免使用造成严重二次污染的 CODCr在线监测仪 ,而应当采用臭氧氧化法在线监测仪 ,或其他综合指标 ,如 TOC     

Ecological Monitoring and Assessment Network's Proposed Core Monitoring Variables: An Early Warning of Environmental Change

This article reports on the evaluation of existing ecologicalmonitoring variables from a variety of sources to select a suiteof core variables suitable for monitoring at the Ecological Monitoring and Assessment Network (EMAN) sites located acrossCanada. The purpose of EMAN is to promote the acquisition of relevant and consistent data that can be used to report on national trends and provide an early warning of ecosystem change. Existing monitoring variables were evaluated in twosteps. In the first step, three primary criteria were used to pre-screen preliminary variables. In the second step, a moredetailed evaluation considered twenty criteria based on dataquality, applicability, data collection methods, data analysisand interpretation, existing data and programs, and cost effectiveness to select a draft set of core monitoring variables(CMV). An ecological framework was developed to organize the CMVin a manner that permitted a gap analysis to confirm the CMV assessed a wide range of relevant environment components. Thesuite of CMV were then tested to determine their effectiveness in detecting ecosystem change caused by stressors with ecosystemresponses that have been well documented in the literature. Thisproject is part of a process lead by Environment Canada to select CMV to detect and track ecosystem change at EMAN sites. It is anticipated that the proposed CMV will undergo future discussion and development leading to the final selection of asuite of CMV for use at EMAN sites.     

我国生态环境监测网络建设成效与展望

2015年中央全面深化改革领导小组审议通过《生态环境监测网络建设方案》,推动全国生态环境监测网络建设取得重大成就.对照《生态环境监测网络建设方案》提出的\"全面设点,完善生态环境监测网络\"方面的任务与要求,对生态环境监测网络建设成效进行客观评估,并对生态环境监测面临的形势与不足进行了深入剖析.针对加强生态环境监测网络建设...     

生态环境动态监测与评价指标体系探讨

分析了生态环境和生态环境质量的内涵,明确了生态环境监测与评价指标体系所涵盖的内容。认为生态环境的显著地域性特点决定了不同类型地区需建立相应的指标体系,并详细探讨了如何建立特定区域生态环境动态监测与质量评价指标体系。     

Environmental Monotoring and Assessment Program: Current Status of Virginian Province (U.S.) Estuaries

Monitoring of indicators of the ecological condition of bays, tidal rivers, and estuaries within the Virginian Biogeographic Province (Cape Cod, Massachusetts to Cape Henry, Virginia) was conducted annually by the U.S. EPA's Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP) during the summer months of 1990 to 1993. Data were collected at 425 probability-based stations within the Province. Indicators monitored included water quality (temperature, salinity, water clarity, and dissolved oxygen concentration), sediment contamination, sediment toxicity, benthic community structure, fish community structure, and fish gross external pathology. Data were used to estimate the current status of the ecological condition of Virginian Province estuarine resources, and provide a baseline for identifying possible future changes. Estimates, with 95% confidence limits, of the areal extent of impacted resources within the Province are provided. Data are also presented by estuarine class (large estuaries, small estuarine systems, and large tidal rivers). Results show that, overall, approximately half of the estuarine waters of the Virginian Province can be classified as impacted based on multiple indicators, with hypoxia being the major stressor.     

Environmental benchmarks vs. ecological benchmarks for assessment and monitoring in Canada: Is there a difference?

Environmental benchmarks are widely used in Canadian environmental assessment as a standard against which to monitor air or water quality in response to human activities in the environment. Recent work in Canada has developed the concept of ecological benchmarks as a complement to environmental benchmarks. However, implementation of ecological benchmarks may be challenging. This paper presents an analogy between ecological benchmarks and the more commonly used environmental benchmarks, as an attempt to increase understanding and use of ecological benchmarks in resource management, assessment, and monitoring. Ecological benchmarks, and their corresponding indicators, will be challenging to identify and use. However, through the use of the principles of adaptive management, effective ecological indicators and benchmarks can be established. Although it is essential that ecological benchmarks are site-specific, the analogy and general principles outlined here are applicable to assessment and monitoring in any part of the world.     

JSEM: A Framework for Identifying and Evaluating Indicators

There are two issues in indicator development that have not been adequately addressed: (1) how to select an optimal combination of potentially redundant indicators that together best represent an endpoint, given cost constraints; (2) how to identify and evaluate indicators when the endpoint is unmeasured. This paper presents an approach to identifying and evaluating combinations of indicators when the mathematical relationships between the indicators and an endpoint may not be quantified, a limitation common to many ecological assessments. The approach uses the framework of Structural Equation Modeling (SEM), which combines path analysis withmeasurement models, to formalize available informationabout potential indicators and to evaluate their potential adequacy for representing an endpoint. Unlike traditional applications of SEM which require data on all variables, our approach – judgement-based SEM (JSEM) – can utilize expert judgement regarding the strengths and shapes of indicator-endpoint relationships. JSEM is applied in two stages. First, a conceptual model that relates variables in a network of direct and indirect linkages is developed, and is used to identify indicators relevant to an endpoint. Second, an index of indicator strength – i.e., the strength of the relationship between the endpoint and a set of indicators – is calculated from estimates of correlation between the modeled variables, and is used to compare alternative sets of indicators. The second stage is most appropriate for large, long-term assessments. Although JSEM is not a statistical technique, basing JSEM on SEM provides a structure for validating the conceptual model and for refining the index of indicator strength as data become available. Our main objective is to contribute to a rigorous and consistent selection of indicators even when knowledgeabout the ability of indicators to represent an endpoint is limited to expert judgement.     

通过建设项目环保验收监测对环评工作的建议

环评报告是建设项目开展环保验收工作的重要依据。环保验收工作中必须对照环评报告的内容及要求进行调查和监测。由于环评报告中工程内容、环保措施、评价因子等内容不够完善,使得工程建设中措施无法完全落实,造成环保验收工作不能顺利进行。本文通过对环保验收监测中遇到的实例进行分析,为更好的开展环评及验收监测工作提供建议。     

建设项目环境影响评价现状监测应注意的若干问题

建设项目环境影响评价现状监测是环境影响评价的基础,环评结论是否可信,在很大程度上取决于环境现状监测的代表性、公正性和准确性。结合工作经验,本文提出当前环评现状监测时应注意的几个问题。     

关于生态监测之思考

对生态监测的目的、含义、监测内容及与环境监测的关系进行了探讨。