苯噻草胺在不同水质中的光化学降解研究

对苯噻草胺在纯水、天然水以及不同pH值缓冲溶液中的光化学降解进行了试验.结果表明,在氙灯和高压汞灯下,各种天然水中苯噻草胺的光解半衰期顺序均是稻田水＞江水＞湖水＞河水＞重蒸水,氙灯下的半衰期为607 80～1016.40min,高压汞灯下的半衰期为12.31～18.53min.室温下强碱性溶液中（pH=11.92）的苯噻草胺易水解.高压汞灯下强酸性（pH=1.98）、强碱性（pH=11.92）溶液中苯噻草胺的光解较纯水中快,光解半衰期分别是6.04min（pH=1.98）、6.51 min（pH=11.92）和6.75 min（纯水）.光解产物的HPLC-MS检测表明,苯噻草胺的光解以醚键和酰胺键的断裂为主.     

我国重点城市水源及水厂出水中乙草胺的残留水平

利用固相萃取-气质联用法调查了我国36个重点城市145个水源水和209个出厂水中乙草胺的残留水平.水源水中乙草胺的检出率为66.9%,平均浓度为33.9 ng·L-1,水厂处理对乙草胺的去除效果有限.按不同区域划分,东北地区的检出浓度最高;按水源类型划分,湖库水中浓度远高于河流水和地下水;按水系划分,辽河水系和沿海地区的检出率和检出浓度最高.     

Biodegradation of acetanilide herbicides acetochlor and butachlor in soil

The biodegradation of two acetanilide herbicides, acetochlor and butachlor in soil after other environmental organic matters addition were measured during 35 days lal)oratory incubations. The herbicides were applied to soil alone, soiI-SDBS (sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate) mixtures and soil-HA (humic acid) mixtures. Herbicide biodegradation kinetics were compared in the different treatment. Biodegradation products of herbicides in soil alone samples were identified by GC/MS at the end of incubation. Addition of SDBS and HA to soil decreased acetochlor biodegradation, but increased butachlor biodegradation. The biodegradation half-life of acetochlor and butachlor in soil alone, soilSDBS mixtures and soil-HA mixtures were 4.6d, 6, ld and 5.4d and 5.3d, 4.9d and 5.3d respectively. The biodegradation products were hydroxyacetochlor and 2-melhvl-6-ethvlaniline for acetochlor, and hvdroxvbutachlor and 2,6-diethvlaniline for butachlor.     

乙草胺和丁草胺在土壤中的移动性

利用土壤薄层层析法研究乙草胺和丁草胺在土壤中的移动性以灌溉河水为展开剂,得到乙草胺和丁草胺在北京海淀壤土中的相对移动值Rf的平均值分别为0.121和0.031,在河北白洋淀砂壤土中的相对移动值R_f的平均值分别为0.147和0.032.采用不同的土壤试验,乙草胺的移动性存在一定的差异.说明乙草胺在土壤中的移动性与土壤的性质有关,特别是土壤有机质含量,土壤吸附性能越强,越不易移动.乙草胺属于移动性弱的农药品种,移动等级为Ⅱ级,丁草胺属于移动性很弱的农药品种,移动等级为I级乙草胺和丁草胺虽然同属于酰胺类除草剂,但是,由于它们的水溶解度的差异,它们在土壤中的移动性有较大的差别.以30mg·L^-1的阴离子表面活性剂十二烷基苯磺酸钠水溶液(DDBS)和阳离子表面活性剂十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(HDTMA)为展开剂,乙草胺在北京海淀壤土中的R_f的平均值分别为0.159和0.098.阴离子表面活性剂能够促进农药在土壤中的迁移,阳离子表面活性剂能够促进农药在土壤中的吸附,从而阻止农药在土壤中的迁移.     

水和正已烷中痕量四氯联苯光降解研究

多氯联苯(PC_Bs)已成为全球性污染物,在人类生存的各种环境因素中,包括空气、水体、土壤、生物体,甚至远离大陆的海洋中已都发现PC_Bs的存在.自从发现PC_Bs能吸收190—240nm和280—310nm紫外光以来,人们推断PC_Bs吸收阳光中的紫外线后的光降解可能是从环境中除去PC_Bs的一种有效途径.因此对PC_Bs的光降解.     

水和正已烷中痕量四氯联苯光降解研究

多氯联苯(PCBs)已成为全球性污染物,在人类生存的各种环境因素中,包括空气、水体、土壤、生物体,甚至远离大陆的海洋中已都发现PCBs的存在.自从发现PCBs能吸收190—240nm和280—310nm紫外光以来,人们推断PCBs吸收阳光中的紫外线后的光降解可能是从环境中除去PCBs的一种有效途径.因此对PCBs的光降解     

重庆市湿地生态系统服务约束关系

以重庆市湿地资源为研究对象,利用InVEST模型分别计算了2000,2005,2010和2015年的水资源供给服务和水土保持服务,并利用分位数分割法,分别从景观水平和生态区水平这2个研究尺度上研究了水资源供给服务和水土保持服务间的约束关系.结果表明：（1）2000~2015年重庆市湿地的水资源供给服务呈现先下降后上升的趋势,2000年水资源供给为395.41×10⁴mm,2010年下降到238.89×10⁴mm,之后又上升到2015年的286.36×10⁴mm;水土保持服务呈逐年上升的趋势,从2000年的85.74×10⁶t上升到2015年的364.73×10⁶t.（2）2000~2015年期间湖泊湿地和水田湿地的水源供给总量呈先下降后上升的趋势;河流湿地与水库湿地的水源供给量呈先上升后下降再上升的趋势;沼泽湿地的水资源供给一直处于下降趋势.（3）2000~2015年期间湖泊湿地、水库湿地及水田湿地的水土保持服务呈先上升后下降再上升的趋势;河流湿地的水土保持量呈一直上升趋势;沼泽湿地的水土保持服务呈先上升后下降的趋势.（4）在景观水平上,2000~2015年湿地水资源供给服务和水土保持服务间全部呈驼峰型约束关系.生态区水平上,2000~2015年水库湿地的水资源供给服务和水土保持服务间呈双驼峰约束、指数约束和驼峰型约束关系;河流湿地呈双驼峰约束和驼峰约束关系;水田湿地呈驼峰型约束关系.     

Occurrence and bioaccumulation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in sediments and paddy ecosystems of Liaohe River Basin, northeast China

Concentrations of 16 polybrominated diphenyl ether(PBDE) congeners were measured in river sediments, paddy soils and three species of paddy-field organisms(crab, loach and carp) collected from the Liaohe River Basin, northeastern China. The total contents of PBDEs(∑_(16)PBDEs) in sediments and paddy soils were in the ranges of 273.4–3246.3 pg/g dry weight(dw), and 192.1–1783.8 pg/g dw, respectively. BDE 209 was the dominant congener both in sediments and paddy soils. The concentrations of ∑_(16)PBDEs in sediments were significantly higher than those in the adjacent paddy soils, indicating a potential transport of PBDEs from river to paddy ecosystems via river water irrigation. The biota–soil accumulation factor(BSAF) was calculated as the ratio between the lipid-normalized concentration in paddyfield organisms and the total organic carbon-normalized concentration in paddy soil. The average BSAF values of ∑15PBDEs followed the sequence of crab(3.6) loach(3.3) carp(2.1). BDE 154 had the highest BSAF value, and a parabolic trend between BSAF values of individual PBDE congeners and their log KOWvalues was observed. In view of the fact that crab had the larger BSAF value and higher lipid content, the ecological risk and health risk for crab cultivation in paddy fields should be of particular concern.     

丁虫腈稻田使用后对水生生物安全性初探

通过建立稻田-鱼塘模拟生态系统,研究丁虫腈在稻田-鱼塘模拟生态系统中的迁移、转化规律,及其对鱼、虾、蟹水生生物的影响。结果表明,农药丁虫腈乳油施入稻田初期,74.8%被水稻植株沾附,17.3%进入稻田水,稻田水中丁虫腈最高浓度达0.034 mg/L。施药24 h后,将稻田水排入邻近鱼塘,鱼塘水体中丁虫腈最高浓度达0.001 8 mg/L。丁虫腈在稻田水和鱼塘水中降解半衰期分别为5.0 d、8.9 d,丁虫腈在水稻土中很难降解。试验同时表明水生生物虾对丁虫腈较为敏感,对鲫鱼和蟹影响较小。因此丁虫腈稻田施用时,应注意其对虾的安全性影响。     

Scenario analysis for reduction of pollutant load discharged from a watershed by recycling of treated water for irrigation

A model in which a river model was layered on a distributed model (double-layered model) was developed to analyse the transport of water and pollutants (nitrogen,phosphorus,and BOD as organic matter) in watersheds and rivers.The model was applied to the watershed of Abragafuchi Lake,Japan,where serious water pollution has occurred over three decades,and the applicability of the model was demonstrated.Scenarios of recycling of sewage treated-water into agriculture to reduce pollutant load discharged into the lake were analysed.The results showed that irrigating paddy fields with the sewage-treated water could contribute to conserving water and reducing pollutant load,with reduction rate in BOD,nitrogen,and phosphorus ranging from 6%–36%,16%–46%,and 18%–51%,respectively.Particularly,the results indicated that,irrigating paddy fields with the treated water during non-cropping periods and the accompanying reduction in withdrawn water from the river were more effective in reducing pollutant loads discharged into the lake.Further study is required on the effect of recycled water on crop cultivation and soil conditions for safe implementation.     

Clomazone dissipation, adsorption and translocation in four paddy topsoils

IntroductionClomazone,(2 [(2 chlorophenyl)methyl ] 4 ,4 dimethyl 3 isoxazolidinone) ,isasoil appliedisoxazolidinoneherbicideproducedbyFMCCorp .Itisintroducedforannualgrassandbroad spectrumweedsinsoybeans(Rani,1998;Vyas,2 0 0 0 ) .Itisalsocurrentlyregis…     

Predicting herbicides concentrations in paddy water and runoff to the river basin

This study was conducted to investigate the dissipation pattern and runoff of herbicides to the river basin from the paddy fields. Pesticide paddy field model(PADDY) was applied to predict herbicide concentration in paddy fields. A field study was conducted in a paddy farm of Higashi Hiroshima City, Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan in the year of 2003 paddy season. The herbicides were mefenacet, thiobencarb, and bensulfuron methyl. The sample water was analyzed by using gas chromatography and HPLC after solid phase extraction. Predicted dissipation rate of thiobencarb in paddy water was higher( DT50=4.36) than that measured, with a lower k value(-0.069). Two weeks after application no thiobencarb was detected in the drainage channel and down stream. In the down stream, thiobencarb was detected until 3d after application, with a range of 0.02% to 0.08% of applied herbicide. The predicted dissipation rate(k) and half-life (DT50) of mefenacet was not significantly different from that of measured. In the drainage channel, upstream and downstream mefenacet was found during the whole study period. In downstream, the maximum concentration of mefenacet was present 0.6l % of applied in the paddy field on 3DAH. The dissipation rate(k) of BSM varied from -0.0860 to -0.1059 to with half-life(DT50) 3.5 and 2.84 d. In upstream water, no BSM was detected except trace amounts(0.01μg/L) at 3d after application. However, in the drainag echannel 8%, 6% and 1.58% of applied BSM was present at 0, 1 and 3 d after application respectively. In the down stream, the highest concentration was 1.06%, shortly after application.     

吹脱捕集GC/MS法测定水中挥发性有机物

采用吹脱捕集GC/MS法对日本环境厅和厚生省规定的水中23项有机污染物进行同时分析测定,该方法在0.1～100μg/L范围内的线性相关系数为0.998以上,相对标准偏差在8%以下,废水加标回收率在92%～102%之间。在实际水样(河水和自来水)分析中,有8种化合物几乎在17个实际水样中都有检出。实验结果表明,吹脱捕集GC/MS法是实现水中挥发性有机物同时分析的最有效的手段之一。      

电子鼻检测污染土壤中挥发性氯代烃的适用性研究

开发了一套以光离子化传感器（PID）为核心的电子鼻系统,用于污染土壤中挥发性氯代烃的快速检测.用气相色谱（GC）分析评价了预处理管对苯系物等干扰物质的去除效果;用标准气体发生装置发生不同浓度的四氯乙烯和三氯乙烯气体,比较评价了电子鼻与GC检测结果的吻合程度及测试重现性.在此基础上,选取我国长三角地区三类典型水稻土进行模拟污染土壤的通风净化实验,评价了电子鼻系统用于实时监测挥发性氯代烯烃污染土壤修复进程的可行性.结果表明：①采用RAE-SEP卤代烃分离管进行预处理,甲苯、乙苯等苯系干扰物的去除率可达80%～97%,而四氯乙烯和三氯乙烯等挥发性氯代烃的选择性透过率高于90%;②电子鼻对不同浓度四氯乙烯和三氯乙烯气体的定量检测结果与GC结果相近,线性拟合斜率为1.012,相关系数R2〉0.99;③电子鼻对三类典型土壤通气脱附过程中污染物浓度的变化趋势的实时监测结果与GC检测结果基本一致,判定系数R2〉0.99（n=47）.因此,该电子鼻系统有望用于挥发性氯代烯烃污染土壤的快速检测,提高污染场地的风险评估和修复效率.     

环境样品中乙草胺和丁草胺的残留分析

用丙酮水(V/V,80/20)以超声波提取后,经水-石油醚液液分配定容后,用液相色谱紫外 检测器(LC-UV)测定水、土壤和作物中乙草胺和丁草胺的残留量.测得环境样品中乙草胺和丁 草胺的添加回收率分别为87.7%～90.1%和87.5%～90.7%,相对标准偏差(R.S.D.)分别为2.4%～6. 3%和4.3%～7.1%.在作物和土壤中乙草胺和丁草胺的最低检测浓度分别为0.015和0.037mg/kg, 在水中分别为0.004和0.009mg/L.利用该方法检测了北京市京密引水渠流域的环境样品,河水 中没有检出乙草胺和丁草胺;在乙草胺和丁草胺施用1个月后,土壤中乙草胺和丁草胺的残留 低于或接近最低检测限.     

儿茶素、表儿茶素没食子酸酯对百菌清的光敏化降解

为研究百菌清的光化学降解,研究了两种外源物质（天然提取物儿茶素和表儿茶素没食子酸酯）在不同条件下对百菌清的光化学降解作用效应和降解途径.结果表明：百菌清（1.88 μmol）水溶液中分别加入10物质的量比的儿茶素和表儿茶素没食子酸酯,在太阳光、紫外灯、高压汞灯照射下百菌清的光降解半衰期分别为12.4、15.4 min,10.7、12.8 min和6.2、2.3 min,儿茶素和表儿茶素没食子酸酯作用下的百菌清降解速率分别提高10.8~37.6和10.0~18.6倍.在稻田水、池塘水和田沟水3种自然水中,百菌清在3种光源下的降解半衰期分别为22.4~86.6、21.7~99.0和14.8~86.6 min;当添加10当量儿茶素时,百菌清的光降解速率分别提高3.0~5.9、1.5~3.0和1.8~2.9倍;当添加10当量表儿茶素没食子酸酯时,百菌清的光降解速率分别提高1.4~4.8、1.6~5.0和2.0~4.3倍.百菌清在儿茶素、表儿茶素没食子酸酯作用下主要降解产物为5-氯-1,3-二氰苯,避免了高毒降解产物4-羟基百菌清的产生;作用机理表现为发生光还原脱氯反应.研究结果可为百菌清使用过程中产生的水体污染修复提供技术参考.     

Modeling the fate of paddy field pesticide in surface water and environmental risk assessment

The risk of drinking water is greatly concerned because of the large amount of pesticide applied to paddy field and the contamination of drinking water sources due to the runoff. A mathematical model is developed, based on the mass balance, to predict the fate of paddy field pesticides from application, runoff and mixing in a river, taking account of the physical-chemical properties and processes of volatilization, degradation, adsorption and desorption. The model is applied to a river basin in Japan to estimate the contaminant level of several popularly used pesticides at the water intakes. The health risk in drinking water induced by each pesticide concerned is estimated and evaluated by comparing with the acceptable daily intake values (ADI) and with that induced by trihalomethanes. An index to evaluate the total risk of all pesticides appearing in water is proposed. The methods for risk management are also discussed.     

Modeling the fate of paddy field pesticide in surface water and environmental risk assessment

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Quantitative Detection and Characterization of Human Adenoviruses in the Buffalo River in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa

Buffalo River is an important water resource in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. Over a 1-year period (August 2010?CJuly 2011), we assessed the prevalence of human adenoviruses (HAdVs) at a total of 6 sites on the river and three dams along its course. HAdVs were detected by real-time quantitative PCR in about 35?% of the samples with concentrations ranging from 1.2?×?10¹ genome copies (GC)/l to 4.71?×?10³ GC/l. HAdVs were detected at 5 of the 6 sampling sites with the detection rate ranging from 8.3?% at Rooikrantz Dam to 92?% at Parkside. The HAdV concentrations across the sampling sites were as follows: Parkside (3.25?×?10²?C4.71?×?10³?GC/); King William??s Town (1.02?×?10²?C4.56?×?10³?GC/l); and Eluxolzweni (1.17?×?10²?C3.97?×?10² GC/l). Significantly (P?<?0.05) higher concentrations were detected at the non-dam sites compared to the dam sites. A very low mean concentration of 1.86?×?10¹ HAdV GC/l was observed at Bridle Drift Dam. While HAdVs were detected only once at Rooikrantz Dam (1.74?×?10¹?GC/l), no HAdV was detected at Maden Dam. Epidemiologically important serotypes, Ad40/41, constituted 83.3?%, while Ad21 made up 16.7?% of the all HAdVs detected and were characterized by qualitative PCR. The Buffalo River presents a public health risk heightened by the presence of Ad 40/41 and Ad21. Our results make imperative the need for assessing water sources for viral contamination in the interest of public health. This work is a significant contribution to the molecular epidemiology of adenoviruses and to the best of our knowledge this is the first report on detection of enteric virus from surface waters in the Eastern Cape.     

Adsorption-desorption behavior of acetochlor to soils in the presence of some environmental substances

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