自我剥削、禀赋效应与农地流转潜在市场发育——兼论经济欠发达地区小农户生产方式转型

以家庭均包制为主要经营特征的农村土地制度曾一度引致农户农业生产积极性的提高和农业生产效率的快速增长,但由此导致的细碎化小规模的农地经营特征和农业生产成本的上升却造成了农地经营的自我剥削现象普遍存在,加之传统的村庄惯习和土地占有关系诱致的农户对农地的禀赋效应,共同导致农户农地经营的自我剥削属性与土地的市场处置行为呈现出内在运行机制不一致性。为此,本文采用引入交叉项的Probit模型,并利用江西省丰城市和遂川县的706户农户调查数据经验分析了小农户的自我剥削和农地禀赋效应对农地流转潜在市场发育的影响。理论分析表明,农地经营的自我剥削特征与农地市场化具有一致性倾向,但农地的人格化财产属性引致的农户禀赋效应造成了农户农地经营自我剥削感知度的下降,并削弱了要素经营属性与市场配置行为的匹配。经验分析结果发现,小农户低效率农地经营导致的自我剥削与农地禀赋效应分别激励农地流转市场的潜在供给和需求。同时,农地禀赋效应弱化了自我剥削对农地流转潜在需求和供给的诱发作用。为此,本文认为降低农户的土地禀赋效应是欠发达地区小农户转型的总体方向,它为农地由小农户流向生产大户和培育部分小农户成为新型农业经营主体提供保障。文章主要从家庭决策的利益导向化、农地流转市场与劳动力市场发展的不一致性及农村制度供给等维度提出了经济欠发达地区小农户转变农业生产方式,跳出自我剥削陷阱的政策建议。具体措施包括:1切实保障小农户的基本权益,提高他们在家庭资源配置中的预期收益;2在初次规模经营补贴、农业基本补贴机制转变、经营者生产奖励、专业技能培训、市场信息供给等层面加大投入力度,同时完善农村社会保障体系,以降低小农户转型的难度与风险。     

农地流转与农户生计策略联合决策研究

基于中国家庭追踪调查(CFPS)2014年农村住户数据,采用多元probit模型实证检验了农户土地流转决策、农户种植经济作物决策和非农劳动力转移决策之间的相互影响。研究发现:①农户土地流转与劳动力非农转移和经济作物种植生计决策相互关联。总体而言,土地转入与种植经济作物决策正相关,与非农劳动力转移决策负相关。土地转出与非农劳动力转移决策正相关,与种植经济作物决策负相关。②土地流转与农户非农劳动力转移和经济作物种植等生计策略的关系与农地流转规模相关,小规模和中等规模的土地转入与非农劳动力转移之间未有显著关系,与经济作物种植决策具有显著正向关系,但大规模的土地转入与农户经济作物种植决策和非农就业决策显著负相关。③土地流转是否影响农户生计多样化决策还取决于地区机械化程度。机械化程度较高的平原地区土地转入决策与农户非农劳动力转移和经济作物种植决策未有显著关系,而机械化程度较低的高山、丘陵、高原等地区土地转入决策与农户种植经济作物和非农就业决策分别存在正相关和负相关关系,表明随着机械化对农业劳动力替代程度的增强,土地流转对农户劳动力配置的影响效应减弱。政策建议是:①统筹推进农村土地、劳动力市场发展,推动农户土地流转参与,促进转出户生计向非农专业化转移,促进转入户农地适度规模经营;②完善农机社会化服务市场,提高农机和农技融合使用深度和广度,提高农机对农业劳动力的替代弹性,增强转入户农业劳动力农地规模经营的能力,增加农业生产比较收益。     

规模经营主体综合技术效率差异及影响因素——以江苏省水稻生产为例

推动以新型经营主体为依托的粮食规模经营是实现中国乡村振兴的重要路径。基于江苏省水稻规模经营主体调查数据,运用计量分析及DEA-Tobit模型,从主体差异、要素配置、管理营销等方面,实证检验规模经营综合技术效率的差异特征及影响因素。研究表明:现阶段水稻规模经营的综合技术效率处于中等水平,分解后的纯技术效率及规模效率有待提升。规模经营带来了水稻投入成本、总收益及劳动生产率的同步上升,区域差异明显。规模差异比属性差异对综合技术效率及其分解效率的影响更为显著。家庭农场、合作社与企业对综合生产效率的影响依次上升。开展与自身能力相匹配的适度规模经营较为适宜。提高产品价格更能促进各类主体综合技术效率的提升。要素配置及管理经营能力对综合技术效率及其分解效率产生了较为显著的正效应。提高劳动力生产经验及稳定土地流转更有利于综合技术效率的改善。完善价格市场、政府引导技术推广和加大土地连片整治对各种效率的提高也起到积极作用。大力培育各类规模经营主体有助于现代农业经营体系的建立。     

关天经济区农户农地流转行为研究

农地流转是现阶段实现农地规模经营的必经之路。本文基于关天经济区622份调查问卷,建立了农地流转的农户模型,利用Heckman两阶段模型研究了交易成本认知和农户禀赋对农户参与农地流转(转出)、农地流转率的影响。研究结果表明:(1)关天经济区农户参与农地流转的积极性不高,样本农户参与农地流转的仅为23%,农地流转率均值为11%;(2)流转价格了解程度、农地流转组织形式、农地流转合约期限和对外交通便利情况影响农户是否参与农地流转决策,而农地流转率仅受流转价格了解程度和农地流转契约形式影响;(3)劳动力和土地禀赋正向影响农户转出土地,农地流转率随农业生产能力增强而降低;(4)文化程度与农户是否参与农地流转、农地流转率呈现显著的负相关关系,与天水的农户相比,关中地区的农户更倾向于参与农地流转。因此,要促进农户参与农地流转、提升农地流转率,首先要加强农地流转政策的宣传力度,提高农户整体认知水平,增强农户农地流转政策的理解程度和接受能力;其次,深化农村土地产权改革,加快农地确权颁证,提升农户产权的稳定性和可预期性;再次,建立健全农地流转市场,完善市场在农地流转过程中的信号生成机制和传递功能,降低农地流转过程中的交易成本;第四,采取相应的激励政策提高农户土地、劳动力的利用程度,提升农户农业生产能力,避免农户在农地流转市场中的逆向选择行为;最后,建立有效的农地"经营权退出机制",将束缚在农业生产上的低效劳动力和土地释放出来,实现资源的最优化配置。     

基于TPB框架的农户认知对农地转出意愿的影响

农地流转作为在农村广泛推行的一项重要政策模式,在优化农地资源配置、推动农业适度规模经营、促进现代农业发展等方面发挥着重要作用。行为意愿是行为响应的前提,研究农户农地转出意愿的影响因素对促进农户的农地转出行为具有十分重要的意义。本文基于计划行为理论分析框架,从行为态度、主观规范和知觉行为控制三个认知维度分析农户的农地转出认知对其农地转出意愿的影响,并采用结构方程模型对武汉、鄂州两市农地转出典型地区的287个调查样本进行定量分析。研究证实:(1)农户的农地转出意愿形成过程遵循"认知→意愿"这一路径形式,其中,行为态度是农户农地转出意愿的主要影响因素,主观规范是重要影响因素,知觉行为控制是有效影响因素;(2)农地转出所能带来的好处中农户最看重流转的租金收益;(3)农户农地转出意愿的最大外在压力来自亲朋邻里的农地转出行动,当亲朋邻里转出农地时,农户会产生"跟风效仿"心理;(4)相比于家人与亲朋邻里,农户对村委会的农地转出主张缺乏信任;农地转出所需支付的时间成本与可能存在的流转纠纷是农户关注的重点问题;(5)由于农地转出普遍存在村集体统一代理,降低了农户对流转政策和渠道的掌握程度以及自主决策能力的要求。在此基础上,结合调研实际,得出要制定体现农地价值的流转租金标准,加强对村委会和政府相关部门土地流转代理过程监管,建立并完善流转纠纷处理机制,促进土地流转市场化运作等政策启示。     

政府干预农地流转:农户收入及资源配置效率

本文基于江苏省苏北地区灌云县和金湖县的农户调研,采用内生性处理回归模型考察政府干预下土地流转对不同类型农户收入的影响,并从农户土地和劳动力资源配置效率的角度解释农户收入变化的根源。研究结果表明,政府干预下土地流转对不同类型农户收入的影响效应有很大差异,农户土地转入后收入增加了161.2%,转出户收入并未显著增加;从农户资源配置角度考察,发现农户转入土地后农业生产效率显著提高,转出土地后农业生产率降低;农户土地转出后非农工作时间和工作报酬并未显著增加,表明转出户并未提高非农劳动力资源配置效率。同时,本文比较政府主导和农户自发两种类型农地流转对农户收入和资源配置效率的影响差异。结果发现,相对于自发土地流转的农户,政府主导下农户转入更大面积土地,并显著提高了单位面积土地生产效率和家庭收入水平;而政府干预土地转出不利于农户土地和劳动力资源配置效率及收入水平的提高。基于以上分析,本文认为政府干预降低了土地流转交易费用,有利于转入户扩大土地面积,实现规模经济效益,进而增加转入户收入;然而,政府干预下转出户资源配置面临较大约束,配置效率和收入都未能实现最大化。因此,政府在完善农地流转服务政策的同时,应当尊重农户土地流转意愿,使得农户土地流转符合家庭资源配置收入最大化目标。同时,要通过非农就业培训、发展非农经济,吸纳更多劳动力转移到非农业领域,进一步促进农村土地流转和规模经营,优化农村土地和劳动力资源配置效率,持续增加农民收入。     

地方政府干预农地流转对生产效率的影响——基于水稻种植户的分析

农业生产效率变化是地方政府干预流转政策效果的重要表现。本文依据江苏省六个市的调研数据,在运用数据包络分析法(DEA)分析农户生产效率的基础上,进一步采用Tobit回归模型对比地方政府是否干预以及不同干预角色对农户生产效率的影响差异,为完善地方政府农地流转服务决策提供参考。研究发现:(1)样本农户的综合效率在0.406和1之间,平均综合效率为0.737,具有较大的提升空间。(2)地方政府干预农地流转对农户生产效率有显著的负向作用,可能由于地方政府流转补贴以及大规模流转偏好,导致政府干预下农户经营规模过大,经营能力与规模不匹配导致了效率损失。(3)地方政府不同干预角色对农户生产效率均有显著的负效应,表明地方政府干预行为出现"政府失灵",同时,地方政府主导型对生产效率的负向影响小于中介型,说明政府主导型一定程度上纠正了中介型干预的"政策失灵",主要原因是地方政府较好地减少了农地流转违约风险,约束了经营主体生产行为。(4)其他变量中,土地投入、地块数量、技术指导对农业生产效率具有显著正向影响,增加劳动与资本投入、以及自然灾害会导致农业生产效率下降。基于以上分析,建议对政府的农地流转角色和行为进行限定,将政府权力限定在健全农地流转市场,强化监管服务功能,培育新型经营主体,防范风险等方面,逐渐退出"双重"角色,依靠市场主体发挥作用;同时,地方政府切忌盲目推动农地流转,应根据地区经济发展水平,以适度规模为前提,确立效率优先和家庭经营模式为基础的农地流转政策。     

农户生计资本、家庭要素流动与农地流转参与

农地流转是实现农业现代化的必然选择,从农户农地流转的内源与外源式约束出发,分析农户生计资本与要素流动决策对农地流转参与的影响,利用CFPS调查数据采用MVP模型实证检验了农户生计资本对农地流转的影响以及其他生计要素配置行为对农地流转决策的影响.研究发现:(1)自然资本、物质资本与金融资本能够促进农地转入,抑制农地转出;人力资本会促进农户转出土地,抑制农地转入;社会资本对农地转入与转出均有正向影响.(2)自然与物质资本会抑制劳动力转移,而人力、金融与社会资本均促进农户劳动力转移;自然与社会资本抑制农户购买机械服务,而人力、物质与金融资本会促进农户购买机械服务.(3)农户农地流转行为除了受到自身生计资本的约束外,还受到家庭其他生计要素配置行为的影响,农户劳动力转移会促进农户转出农地,抑制农地转入;农户购买机械化服务会抑制农地转出,促进农户转入.最后,从健全农地流转管理服务体系,提高农户生计资本,完善相关要素市场等方面提出政策启示,以提高农地流转市场发育程度.     

农户参与农地流转行为影响因素及经济效应分析

在大力推进农业现代化的背景下,探讨农地流转对农户家庭经济效应的影响,为农户权益保障提供参考。采用二值选择Bivariate Probit模型分析农户参与农地流转行为的影响因素,并根据农户家庭经济收支状况,利用Match模型评估农地流转行为给农户家庭带来的经济效应。研究结果表明:(1)农户家庭劳动力比重、受教育程度、人均耕地、农田生态环境等资源禀赋是影响农地流转的关键因素;(2)地区经济发展水平与农地规模经营相辅相成、互相促进,能够有力推动农业现代化建设;(3)农地转入或转出对农户家庭经济效益并未产生决定性影响,农户根据家庭实际选择恰当的农地流转方式才能有效提升家庭经济福利水平。建议着力完善农地流转市场机制和农村社会保障制度,借助市场力量实现土地经营权有序流转,切实尊重农户意愿及保障农户权益。     

农地流转对农户农地投入影响的区域比较——基于江汉平原和太湖平原的实证分析

本文采用湖北省江汉平原6个县(市、区)和太湖平原5个县(市、区)的893份农户调查问卷,分析了农地流转对农户农地投入行为影响的区域差异。研究表明,在要素市场活跃的情况下,农户生产决策和消费决策是分离的,且生产决策优先于消费决策;在市场不活跃的情况下,农户生产决策和消费决策是相互作用的。农地流转规模和稳定性存在区域差异,因此农户农地流转的目标不同,进而使得农地流转对不同区域农户农地投入行为的影响不同。相对于经济较不发达的地区,经济发达地区的农户流转农地的规模相对较大,稳定性较高,其农业生产目标更多地表现为利润最大化,更有条件从事农业规模化经营,更有增加投入的动机。农地流转市场发育程度、农地流转的稳定性和规范性,对农户农地投入行为产生较显著的影响。因此,完善农地流转市场,规范农户农地流转行为,对引导农户对农地进行合理投入、促进农地可持续利用极其重要。     

WSSD 2002, Latin America and Brazil: Biodiversity and Indigenous People

Latin America comprehends notable variations in terms of natural environment, availability of natural resources, living standards, and demographic patterns. Latin America is a mosaic of cultures, post- and pre-Columbian. The rich variety of life forms discovered and described by chroniclers and traveling naturalists in the Neotropics contributed to the proposal, in mid-XVIIIth century, of a new system of classification and a scientific code of nomenclature for all organisms. Biodiversity was, for many centuries, a source of resources to be exploited in natura. In scientific circles, its inventory became the domain of taxonomists. But modern technology showed how important the miriad of life forms really are as sources of chemical molecules to be engineered as drugs and reassembled as novel manufactured products. We are on the brink of a new agricultural and medical revolution, thanks to the techniques of genetic engineering, which will lead eventually to the elimination of hunger and malnutrition.In this essay, the Brazilian environmental and social heterogeneity will serve as an example to illustrate some key points, which have influenced sustainability policies. The Amazon deforestation and indigenous knowledge (IK), subjects often associated with areas of high biodiversity, are usually the focus of environmental debates. The importance of IK in integrating development, reducing poverty and sustainability are considered together with the intellectual property rights of native populations.In the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) Implementation Plan, a few paragraphs were dedicated to Latin America, because of the pre-existing Action Platform on the Road to Johannesburg 2002, approved in Rio de Janeiro in October 2001. This paper calls attention to the need to draw up specific environmental policies for a region which shows an extremely high cultural and biological diversity, associated with a high availability of forests and water, among other resources.     

湘鄂赣农业资源与专业化区域化方向

湘鄂赣地理位置优越,农业资源丰富,稻谷、茶叶、麻类、棉花、油料、柑桔和淡水产品、禽蛋、肉类等在我国居有重要的地位,因此,大力发展三省农业生产,对我国人民实现小康生活具有战略意义。今后,要加速专业化区域化进程。我们找出生产潜力所在:改造低产田、低产园、低产水面;开发“三高”技术;开垦荒地、荒山、荒水;适当提高复种指数。通过建设,三省主要农产品将自给有余,还可满足国内外市场的需要。努力方向:高效农业开发——综合农业开发,吨粮田开发,玉米带开发,饲料稻开发,山区开发;合理布局农业生产;深化农业商品基地建设,发展综合利用,搞活商品流通;全面提高农业现代化水平,加强农业社会服务体系。     

Ethnosciences––A step towards the integration of scientific and indigenous forms of knowledge in the management of natural resources for the future

Integration of indigenous knowledge and ethnoscientific approaches into contemporary frameworks for conservation and sustainable management of natural resources will become increasingly important in policies on an international and national level, both in countries that are industrialised and those that have a developing status. We set the scene on how this can be done by exploring the key conditions and dimensions of a dialogue between ȁ8ontologiesȁ9 and the roles, which ethnosciences could play in this process. First, the roles of ethnosciences in the context of sustainable development were analysed, placing emphasis on the implications arising when western sciences aspire to relate to indigenous forms of␣knowledge. Secondly, the contributions of ethnosciences to such an ȁ8inter- ontological dialogueȁ9 were explored, based on an ethnoecological study of the encounter of sciences and indigenous knowledge in the Andes of Bolivia, and reviewed experiences from mangrove systems in Kenya, India and Sri Lanka, and from case-studies in other ecosystems world-wide, incl. Australia, Burkina Faso, Ecuador, Ethiopia, Guatemala, Indonesia, Nepal, Niger, Philippines, Senegal, South-Africa and Tanzania.     

Paradoxical ozone associations could be due to methyl nitrite from combustion of methyl ethers or esters in engine fuels

We review studies of the effects of low ambient ozone concentrations on morbidity that found a negative coefficient for ozone concentration. We call this a Paradoxical Ozone Association (POA). All studies were in regions with methyl ether in gasoline. All but one study carefully controlled for the effects of other criterion pollutants, so the phenomenon cannot be attributed to them. One was in southern California in mid-summer when ozone levels are highest. Because ozone is created by sunlight, the most plausible explanation for a POA would be an ambient pollutant that is rapidly destroyed by sunlight, such as methyl nitrite (MN). A previously published model of engine exhaust chemistry suggested methyl ether in the fuel will create MN in the exhaust. MN is known to be highly toxic, and closely related alkyl nitrites are known to induce respiratory sensitivity in humans. Support for the interpretation comes from many studies, including three linking asthma symptoms to methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) and the observation that a POA has not been seen in regions without ether in gasoline. We also note that studies in southern California show a historical trend from more significant to less significant ozone-health associations. The timing of those changes is consistent with the known timing of the introduction of gasoline oxygenated with MTBE in that region.     

Prognosis of the spatiotemporal dynamics of ecosystems by means of universal kriging

The use of quantitative data for constructing prognostic maps of the dynamics of ecosystem degradation and restoration by nonlinear simulation methods is a topical field of landscape ecology. This method of dynamic cartography is based on fiberwise comparison of data on the state of Chernye Zemli (the Kalmyk Republic, Russia) in different years and the detailed analysis of the period on which the prognosis was based. For this purpose, materials of repeated aerial and satellite photography obtained during a long period (1954–1993) were used. Comparison of maps characterizing the dynamics of Chernye Zemli between 1958 and 1993 allows prognostic electronic maps for the next 10–15 years (with a five-year interval) to be drawn and land prognosis for the next 20–30 years (1998–2023) to be obtained. Deceased     

Distributions of personal VOC exposures: a population-based analysis

Information regarding the distribution of volatile organic compound (VOC) concentrations and exposures is scarce, and there have been few, if any, studies using population-based samples from which representative estimates can be derived. This study characterizes distributions of personal exposures to ten different VOCs in the U.S. measured in the 1999-2000 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Personal VOC exposures were collected for 669 individuals over 2-3 days, and measurements were weighted to derive national-level statistics. Four common exposure sources were identified using factor analyses: gasoline vapor and vehicle exhaust, methyl tert-butyl ether (MBTE) as a gasoline additive, tap water disinfection products, and household cleaning products. Benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, xylenes chloroform, and tetrachloroethene were fit to log-normal distributions with reasonably good agreement to observations. 1,4-Dichlorobenzene and trichloroethene were fit to Pareto distributions, and MTBE to Weibull distribution, but agreement was poor. However, distributions that attempt to match all of the VOC exposure data can lead to incorrect conclusions regarding the level and frequency of the higher exposures. Maximum Gumbel distributions gave generally good fits to extrema, however, they could not fully represent the highest exposures of the NHANES measurements. The analysis suggests that complete models for the distribution of VOC exposures require an approach that combines standard and extreme value distributions, and that carefully identifies outliers. This is the first study to provide national-level and representative statistics regarding the VOC exposures, and its results have important implications for risk assessment and probabilistic analyses.     

Household water in rural asia: a case study of the construction of a piped water system in Bangui,Ilocos Norte,Philippines

In early 1980 an extension agent was assigned to the rural municipality of Bangui, Ilocos Norte, Philippines to work on development projects – in particular the improvement of the supply of safe water for drinking and sanitation. After many months of visiting spring sites and meeting with community leaders, a small part of the municipality was selected to build a gravity fed piped water system. Although the system took many months to plan, identify funding and construct, the 600 community members were ultimately rewarded with house to house connections that enabled them to achieve per capita water consumption levels above the minimum levels recommended by the World Health Organization. Of course, money was critical to ensure the project’s success, but many other factors played an equally critical role. For instance, without the active participation of the community and the unwavering support of the community leadership the project would not have survived the initial planning stage. Also, the extension agent played a critical role by acting as a conduit between funding agencies, the Bureau of Public Works and the community. The primary lesson to be learned from this experience is that the success of rural development projects is largely driven by the synergy between the community, technical support, financial support, and agents of change such as extension agents. If any of these ingredients had been lacking, the project result would likely have been far different.     

Geographic Variation in the Seasonal Reproductive Strategy of the Mite Varroa jacobsoni in the Honeybee Nest

Variation in the reproduction of Varroa jacobsoni mite was studied in relation to the expansion of the range of its parasitism on the honeybee. Geographic differences in the seasonal dynamics of mite reproduction in the nests of bee families were revealed. Variation in the sex ratio of mites and the factors inhibiting their reproduction at the northern boundary of the honeybee range are considered. The forms of parthenogenetic reproduction in V. jacobsoni are discussed.     

Long-term increase in climatic dryness in the East-Mediterranean as evidenced for the island of Samos

The Eastern Mediterranean region is among the regions which were predicted to become drier under IPCC climate scenarios. Here, we document a gradual reduction of rainfall and tree growth and the loss of rural springs during the last decades of the twentieth century. Years with severe drought are associated with very low tree growth (dendrochronology) and dry falling of springs as evidenced by interviews with local stakeholders. The paper discusses the consequences of accelerating drought on natural vegetation and agriculture and points at the interaction with fire dynamics and economy, both likely to enhance the drought effect.