不同电极材料对阴极硝化耦合阳极反硝化微生物燃料电池性能的影响

为解决传统MFC反硝化菌在好氧阴极难以富集且脱氮效果差的问题,通过构建石墨MFC和碳刷MFC以阴极硝化耦合阳极反硝化的方式脱氮除碳,并对比分析2种不同电极MFC的性能。结果表明:在相同条件下石墨MFC的最大功率密度为6.71 W·m~(-3)NC,开路电压为902.13 mV;碳刷MFC的最大功率密度为5.11 W·m~(-3)NC,开路电压819.04 m V。启动阶段前15 d碳刷MFC的总氮去除率更高,之后石墨MFC的总氮去除率接近100%,碳刷MFC的总氮去除率在95%左右。石墨MFC的COD去除率高达93%,碳刷MFC的COD去除率在83%左右。相比于传统MFC,阴极硝化耦合阳极反硝化MFC不需要调节pH。相比于碳刷电极,石墨电极MFC可以启动和挂膜同时进行,缩短挂膜时间,且产电性能和脱氮除碳效果更好。     

AC/PTFE微生物燃料电池阴极去除罗丹明B及同步产电性能

采用辊压成型法制备了活性炭(AC)/聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)质量比分别为6、5和3的AC/PTFE电极,并利用SEM对电极表面进行表征。结果表明,随着质量比的降低电极表面活性炭颗粒间的连接更为紧密。以制得的AC/PTFE电极,碳毡分别为微生物燃料电池(MFC)的阴极、阳极,利用AC/PTFE阴极在曝气条件下产生的过氧化氢在阴极处理模拟的罗丹明B废水。研究了不同质量比AC/PTFE阴极对罗丹明B的去除效果及同步产电情况,结果表明以AC/PTFE质量比为6的AC/PTFE阴极在96 h内对罗丹明B的去除率达到96%,MFC获得的最大功率密度为105 mW·m~(-2);同时研究了在阴极液加入0.2 g·L-1Fe~(2+)的条件下,阴极液为不同pH值时,阴极对罗丹明B的去除效果及MFC产电情况。结果表明在阴极液pH=3的情况下,罗丹明B的去除率在36 h内达到了98.9%,MFC的最大功率密度达到210 mW·m~(-2),罗丹明B的去除速率及MFC能量的输出得到了明显提高。     

反硝化生物滤池用于再生水脱氮效能及动力学研究

采用反硝化生物滤池处理城市污水厂二级出水,研究了反硝化生物滤池脱氮效能及其影响因素,构建了反硝化生物滤池脱氮动力学模型。结果表明,反硝化生物滤池启动7d后出水水质稳定,对NO-3-N的去除率达到90%以上,NO-2-N积累现象消失;当外加乙酸钠作碳源并使C/N≥4.7时,对NO-3-N的去除率达到90%以上,出水NO-3-N浓度在1.0mg/L以下;反硝化生物滤池具有较高的处理负荷,当HRT≥5 min时,对NO-3-N的去除率能达到90%以上;在实验水质条件下,滤池反硝化反应遵循一级反应动力学,且反应速率常数与流速成正比。     

微生物燃料电池处理含铜废水的研究

构建了以乙酸钠为阳极基质、Cu~(2+)为阴极电子受体的双室微生物燃料电池(MFC),考察了该MFC处理含铜废水的效果及Cu~(2+)浓度对MFC产电性能的影响。通过改变阴极液中CuSO_4的质量浓度(20~130mg/L),测试了MFC运行过程中的输出电压、输出功率密度、内阻、Cu去除率等指标。结果表明:Cu~(2+)可作为MFC的阴极电子受体;在外电路电阻为1 000Ω的条件下,Cu~(2+)质量浓度为130mg/L的MFC性能最佳,其稳定输出电压为0.33V、最大输出功率密度为114.42mW/m~2,内阻为231.62Ω,最高Cu去除率为84.59%;通过X射线衍射测试发现,阴极还原产物为Cu_2O。     

不同阴极对微生物燃料电池产电性能的影响比较

阴极催化性能及材料对微生物燃料电池(microbial fuel cells,MFCs)的产电特性及制造成本有很大影响。本研究选用金属铂(Pt)、活性炭作为催化剂、聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)和道康宁1-2577作为阴极的扩散层、碳布和不锈钢网作为阴极的基体材料制备得4种阴极,分别考察了相应MFC的产电性能和阴极特性。结果表明,采用传统Pt催化剂+PTFE扩散层+碳布制备成的阴极(Pt-PTC),MFC的最大输出电压为560 mV,最大功率密度为808 mW/m2,而采用活性炭+道康宁1-2577+不锈钢网制备成的阴极(AC-DCS),MFC的最大输出电压为510 mV,最大功率密度为726 mW/m2,两者的MFC产电性能极为接近。SEM结果表明,活性炭催化层表面和道康宁1-2577扩散层分别比Pt催化层及PTFE扩散层的更均匀光滑。阴极线性伏安测定结果表明,AC-DCS与Pt-PTC的电化学氧化性能较为接近。AC-DCS阴极成本仅为Pt-PTC的1/300左右,是一种低成本扩大化生产MFC阴极的新方法。     

回流式无膜生物阴极微生物燃料电池脱氮

为有效提高脱氮效率、降低MFC运行成本,设计了一种新构型回流式无PEM膜的生物阴极微生物燃料电池,处理生活污水,回收电能。研究了该系统的启动情况及稳定运行时的污水脱氮效果和产电性能。结果表明,系统稳定运行后,输出电压0.53 V,反应器内阻406.8Ω,最大功率密度201.9 mW/m3。连续进水、停留时间12 h、回流比为1及阴极连续曝气条件下,COD去除率85%以上,氨氮去除率93.94%,总氮去除率44.96%,总氮去除较作参比的A2/O系统提高8.17%。     

双室微生物燃料电池处理硝酸盐废水

基于双室微生物燃料电池(microbial fuel cell,MFC),针对阴极分别接种活性污泥(A-MFC)和反硝化细菌(D-MFC),研究其产电情况和硝酸盐废水去除效果。结果表明,在产电的同时都可有效去除废水中的硝酸盐污染物。在外接电阻100Ω的情况下,2种MFC均具有良好的产电性能,A-MFC和D-MFC达到的最大输出电压分别为119.6 mV和117.2mV,最大功率密度分别为23.40 mW/m2和26.63 mW/m2;同时两者在阴极室的平均反硝化速率分别为1.86 mg/(L.d)和2.19 mg/(L.d),阳极室的平均COD去除率分别为81.9%和82.4%。另外,通过扫描电镜观察可知,A-MFC和D-MFC阴极碳布表面形貌存在差异,并且阳极与阴极碳布表面形貌差异显著。     

微生物燃料电池阴阳两级分步降解对氯酚效果

构建一种微生物燃料电池(MFC),首先将对氯酚在阴极室降解为苯酚,随后将阴极处理液在阳极室降解。研究了对氯酚废水经过阴阳双室分步处理后的去除效果和该MFC的产电性能,结果表明,在外电阻1 000Ω时,阴极脱氯阶段最大输出电压为216 m V,产电周期为132 h;阳极降解阶段最大输出电压为277 m V,产电周期为48 h,对氯酚的总去除率为96.2%。实验结果表明该MFC能较好处理对氯酚废水,且与传统的生化处理技术相比,有较大的优势。     

MFC强化同步短程硝化反硝化工艺的启动

微生物燃料电池(MFC)可在阴极实现反硝化、短程反硝化和同步硝化反硝化并产生电能,但在MFC阴极实现同步短程硝化反硝化的研究尚未见到报道。为了探讨MFC阴极同步短程硝化反硝化工艺的性能,将双室曝气阴极MFC与A/O脱氮工艺结合处理人工模拟低碳氮比废水。通过静置运行15 d使得MFC阴极室亚硝态氮得以积累,氨氧化菌得以富集。随即改为连续运行后第21天成功启动同步短程硝化反硝化MFC;阴极出水氨氮浓度为0.3 mg/L,亚硝态氮浓度为15.9 mg/L,硝态氮浓度为0.6 mg/L,亚硝化率达到95%以上,阴极电极自养反硝化去除率达到50%以上,COD去除率达到85%以上。结果表明,将MFC与同步短程硝化反硝化工艺结合,通过阴极室中氧气得电子获得高p H,可以强化同步短程硝化反硝化工艺,完成生物脱氮的同时回收电能,并具有减少外加碱度的优势。     

微生物燃料电池化学阴极与生物阴极处理含铬废水

采用双室微生物燃料电池(MFC)反应器,考察了不同初始Cr(VI)浓度下化学阴极与生物阴极MFC的产电及Cr(VI)去除情况。结果表明,在各Cr(VI)浓度梯度(20、28、32、36、40和44mg/L)下生物阴极MFC的产电及Cr(VI)去除性能均较化学阴极MFC更优,生物阴极最大输出电压为180.1mV,是化学阴极的1.3倍。随着初始Cr(VI)浓度的递增,两者对Cr(VI)去除的差异越明显,最终在Cr(VI)浓度为44mg/L时,生物阴极MFC的Cr(VI)去除率为66.4%,较化学阴极提高了55.1%。进一步由循环伏安扫描、电镜扫描及X-射线能谱分析证实生物阴极MFC较化学阴极MFC产电及去铬性能优越的主要原因除了生物阴极电极上电化学活性微生物的催化作用外,Cr(VI)还原产生的不导电Cr(III)沉积物在其电极上附着较少也是一个关键因素,该Cr(III)沉积物中含有Cr2O3。     

Chloroaromatic pollutants in mussels incubated in two finnish watercourses polluted by industry

Concentrations of different chlorinated compounds were measured in mussels incubated in two polluted watercourses, a river (the River Kymijoki) and a lake (Lake Vanaja) for four weeks in summer 1995. The sum concentrations of polychlorinated phenols (PCP) and biphenyls (PCB) were both about 1 μg/g lipid weight (lw) in Lake Vanaja mussels, while in the River Kymijoki mussels PCPs were non-detectable and PCBs were measured 120 ng/g lIw. The concentrations of toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners ranged between <17 and 370 pg/g Iw in Lake Vanaja mussels and between <38 and 11,000 pg/g lw in the River Kymijoki mussels. Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) were detected in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki (0.4–1.1 ng/g Iw), but not in those incubated in Lake Vanaja. Polychlorinated phenoxyanisoles (PCPA) were measured 33 ng/g lw and polychlorinated phenoxyphenols (PCPP) 300 ng/g lw in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki. PCPAs were also detected in reference samples, which were sediment and pike from the River Kymijoki and Baltic salmon, seal and white-tailed sea eagle.     

Radionuclides and trace elements in fish collected upstream and downstream of Los Alamos national laboratory and the doses to humans from the consumption of muscle and bone

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine radionuclide and trace element concentrations in bottom‐feeding fish (catfish, carp, and suckers) collected from the confluences of some of the major canyons that cross Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) lands with the Rio Grande (RG) and the potential radiological doses from the ingestion of these fish. Samples of muscle and bone (and viscera in some cases) were analyzed for ³H, ⁹⁰Sr, ¹³⁷Cs, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^239,240Pu, and ²⁴¹Am and Ag, As, Ba, Be, Cr, Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, and Tl. Most radionuclides, with the exception of ⁹⁰Sr, in the muscle plus bone portions of fish collected from LANL canyons/RG were not significantly (p<0.05) higher from fish collected upstream (San Ildefonso/background) of LANL. Strontium‐90 in fish muscle plus bone tissue significantly (p<0.05) increases in concentration starting from Los Alamos Canyon, the most upstream confluence (fish contained 3.4E‐02 pCi g^‐1 [126E‐02 Bq kg^‐1]), to Frijoles Canyon, the most downstream confluence (fish contained 14E‐02 pCi g^‐1 [518E‐02 Bq kg^‐1]). The differences in ⁹⁰Sr concentrations in fish collected downstream and upstream (background) of LANL, however, were very small. Based on the average concentrations (±2SD) of radionuclides in fish tissue from the four LANL confluences, the committed effective dose equivalent from the ingestion of 46 lb (21 kg) (maximum ingestion rate per person per year) of fish muscle plus bone, after the subtraction of background, was 0.1 ± 0.1 mrem y^‐1 (1.0 ± 1.0 μSv y^‐1), and was far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem y^‐1 (1000 μSv y^‐1). Of the trace elements that were found above the limits of detection (Ba, Cu, and Hg) in fish muscle collected from the confluences of canyons that cross LANL and the RG, none were in significantly higher (p<0.05) concentrations than in muscle of fish collected from background locations.     

Book review

The Pesticide Manual ‐ A World Compendium, 8th Edition, C.R. Worthing, Editor and S.B. Walker, Assistant Editor, British Crop Protection Council, BCPC Publications Sales, Bear Farm, Binfield, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 5QE, England. 1987, 1100 pp., UK £50; Overseas £56. ISBN 0–948404–01–9.     

Patterns of volatile metabolites and nonvolatile trichothecenes produced by isolates of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Stachybotrys,Fusarium, Trichoderma,Trichothecium</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Memnoniella</Emphasis>

We reported previously that trichodiene, a volatile trichothecene derivative, was produced by a Stachybotrys isolate, also known to produce highly cytotoxic, non-volatile, macrocyclic trichothecenes (satrotoxins). We investigated the relationship between the production of trichodiene and various non-volatile trichothecenes for several molds. Volatile metabolites were concentrated by adsorption on Tenax TA and analyzed by GC/MS, while non-volatile metabolites were separated by HPLC, derivatized and analyzed by GC/MS. Stachybotrys chartarum isolates producing macrocyclic trichothecenes secreted significantly larger amounts of trichodiene and other sesquiterpenes than isolates which only produced simple trichothecenes. The amounts of secreted trichodiene were relatively small in all cases. With the exception of Memnoniella, which excreted small amounts of sesquiterpenes, the other isolates produced varying amounts of sesquiterpenes, including trichodiene, as well as simple tricothecenes, no detectable trichodiene, but large amounts of griseofulvin derivatives. In Stachybotrys there is apparently a correlation between trichodiene and macrocyclic trichothecene production. In the remaining isolates, there was no simple relationship between trichodiene and non-volatile trichothecene synthesis. Trichodiene is produced in larger amounts by Stachybotrys isolates, which also produce satratoxins, but it will be difficult to utilize this metabolite to detect toxic isolates in buildings due to the relatively small amounts excreted.     

The chemical stability of formulations of some hydrolyzable insecticides in aqueous mixtures with hydrolysis catalysts

Abstract

The active ingredients in commercial formulations of malathion, oxamyl, carbaryl, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos diluted to “spray tank”; concentrations with buffered distilled or natural water of pH 4–9 were stable for at least 24 hr. Formulations of trichlorfon were not stable at pH 7 or above but disappearance rates were slower than for the pure chemical in homogeneous solution. Cupric ion was observed to be an effective catalyst for the hydrolysis of a variety of pure organophosphorus insecticides but did not catalyze hydrolysis of the active ingredients of the formulations examined. Increasing the dilution of the formulation increased the susceptibility of malathion, oxamyl, and carbaryl to hydrolysis.     

Organochlorine compounds in a three-step terrestrial food chain

The concentrations of 15 organochlorine chemicals (PCBs and pesticides) were studied in a Central European oak wood food chain system: Great tit (Parus major), caterpillars (Tortrix viridana, Operophtera brumata, Erannis defoliaria), and oak-leaves (Quercus robur). Juvenile tits receive organochlorines from the mother via egg transfer and, eventually to a greater extent, from the caterpillar food source during nestling period. The concentrations of PCB 153 (2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl, the most abundant in this study) was found in leaf material at ca. 1 ng/g, in caterpillars 10 ng/g, and in bird eggs 170 ng/g on an average and on a dry mass basis.     

Radionuclides in deer and elk from Los Alamos national laboratory and the doses to humans from the ingestion of muscle and bone

Abstract

This paper summarizes radionuclide concentrations (³H, ⁹⁰Sr, ¹³⁷Cs, ²³⁸Pu, ^239,240Pu, ²⁴¹Am, and ^totU) in muscle and bone tissue of mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) and Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus) collected from Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, New Mexico, lands from 1991 through 1998. Also, the committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE) and the risk of excess cancer fatalities (RECF) to people who ingest muscle and bone from deer and elk collected from LANL lands were estimated. Most radionuclide concentrations in muscle and bone from individual deer (n = 11) and elk (n = 22) collected from LANL lands were either at less than detectable quantities (where the analytical result was smaller than two counting uncertainties) and/or within upper (95%) level background (BG) concentrations. As a group, most radionuclides in muscle and bone of deer and elk from LANL lands were not significantly higher (p<0.10) than in similar tissues from deer (n = 3) and elk (n = 7) collected from BG locations. Also, elk that had been radio collared and tracked for two years and spent an average time of 50% on LANL lands were not significantly different in most radionuclides from road kill elk that have been collected as part of the environmental surveillance program. Overall, the upper (95%) level net CEDEs (the CEDE plus two sigma for each radioisotope minus background) at the most conservative ingestion rate (50 lbs of muscle and 13 lbs of bone) were as follows: deer muscle = 0.22 mrem y^‐1 (2.2 μSv y^‐1), deer bone = 3.8 mrem y^‐1 (38 μSv y^‐1), elk muscle = 0.12 mrem y^‐1 (1.2 μSv y^‐1), and elk bone = 1.7 mrem y^‐1 (17 μSv y^‐1). All CEDEs were far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection guideline of 100 mrem y^‐1 (1000 μSv y^‐1), and the highest muscle plus bone net CEDE corresponded to a RECF of 2E‐06, which is far below the Environmental Protection Agency upper level guideline of 1E‐04.     

Radionuclides in pinon pine (Pinus edulis) nuts from los alamos national laboratory lands and the dose from consumption

Abstract

One of the dominant tree species growing within and around the eastern portion of Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM, lands is the pinon pine (Pinus edulis). Pinon pine is used for firewood, fence posts, and building materials and is a source of nuts for food—the seeds are consumed by a wide variety of animals and are also gathered by people in the area and eaten raw or roasted. This study investigated the (1) concentration of ³H, ¹³⁷Cs, ⁹⁰Sr, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^{239, 240}Pu, and²⁴¹ Am in soils (0‐ to 12‐in. [31 cm] depth underneath the tree), pinon pine shoots (PPS), and pinon pine nuts (PPN) collected from LANL lands and regional background (BG) locations, (2) committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE) from the ingestion of nuts, and (3) soil to PPS to PPN concentration ratios (CRs). Most radionuclides, with the exception of ³H in soils, were not significantly higher (p < 0.10) in soils, PPS, and PPN collected from LANL as compared to BG locations, and concentrations of most radionuclides in PPN from LANL have decreased over time. The maximum net CEDE (the CEDE plus two sigma minus BG) at the most conservative ingestion rate (10 lb [4.5 kg]) was 0.0018 mrem (0.018 μSv); this is far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem (1000 μSv). Soil‐to‐nut CRs for most radionuclides were within the range of default values in the literature for common fruits and vegetables.     

Degradation and sorption of imidacloprid in dissimilar surface and subsurface soils

Degradation and sorption/desorption are important processes affecting the leaching of pesticides through soil. This research characterized the degradation and sorption of imidacloprid (1-[(6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)-methyl]-N-nitro-2-imidazolidinimine) in Drummer (silty clay loam) and Exeter (sandy loam) surface soils and their corresponding subsurface soils using sequential extraction methods over 400 days. By the end of the incubation, approximately 55% of imidacloprid applied at a rate of 1.0 mg kg^?1 degraded in the Exeter sandy loam surface and subsurface soils, compared to 40% of applied imidacloprid within 300 days in Drummer surface and subsurface soils. At the 0.1 mg kg^?1 application rate, dissipation was slower for all four soils. Water-extractable imidacloprid in Exeter surface soil decreased from 98% of applied at day 1 to > 70% of the imidacloprid remaining after 400 d, as compared to 55% in the Drummer surface soil at day 1 and 12% at day 400. These data suggest that imidacloprid was bioavailable to degrading soil microorganisms and sorption/desorption was not the limiting factor for biodegradation. In subsurface soils > 40% of ¹⁴C-benzoic acid was mineralized over 21 days, demonstrating an active microbial community. In contrast, cumulative ¹⁴CO₂ was less than 1.5% of applied ¹⁴C-imidacloprid in all soils over 400 d. Qualitative differences in the microbial communities appear to limit the degradation of imidacloprid in the subsurface soils.     

Biochemical interaction of six op delayed neurotoxicants with several neurotargets

Abstract

Five organophosphorous insecticides: Leptophos, EPN, Cyano‐fenphos, trichloronate and salithion proved to cause irreversible ataxia not only to chicken but also to mice and sheep. TOCP was included as a reference. Cyanofenphos blocked the catecholamine B‐receptor binding activity with ³H‐norepinephrine at a level similar to that of the specific inhibitor propranolol in the mouse heart preparation. In the lamb heart preparation, the B‐receptor was more sensitive to Leptophos, salithion and TOCP than to propranolol. The six compounds and their oxons were screened for their in‐vitro inhibition to monamine oxidase (MAO), acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) and neurotoxic esterase (NTE) in the brain of either mouse, lamb or chicken. It is believed that their AChE inhibition stands for their acute toxicity, while NTE inhibition is responsible for their paralytic ataxia.