三效催化转化器智能故障诊断系统知识库设计

在分析三效催化转化器故障诊断知识特点的基础上,采用一些措施构建知识库,如采用神经网络方法对转化器工作状态参数进行处理,采用多层前馈神经网络模型和自组织神经网络模型获取知识,采用产生式规则形式和二元化产生式规则形式表达知识,设计量化模块和知识库模块转化知识,并采用多个神经网络来记忆知识。应用效果表明,三效催化转化器神经网络故障诊断专家系统的预报准确率较高,具有较大的实用性。     

Determination of toxic cyclic heptapeptides by liquid chromatography with detection using ultra-violet, protein phosphatase assay and tandem mass spectrometry

Microcystins, toxic cyclic heptapeptides and nodularin-R, a toxic cyclic pentapeptide, were determined using liquid chromatography (LC) with detection using photo-diode array ultra-violet (PDA-UV) and protein phosphatase (PP) assay. Positive fractions were analysed for toxins using collision-induced dissociation (CID) and tandem MS/MS experiments which were carried out simultaneously using electrospray ion-trap instrumentation. Reversed-phase liquid chromatography (LC) using an acetonitrile/water gradient was used for the LC-MS(2) determination of six microcystins standards and nodularin. The molecular related ion species, [M+H](+)([M+2H](2+) in the case of MC-RR), were used as the precursor ions for MS(2) experiments. Optimum calibration and reproducibility data were obtained for MC-LR using LC-MS(2); 0.1-5.0 microg/ml, r2 = 0.992 (n = 3); % RSD < or =7.3 at 0.25 microg MC-LR/ml (n = 3). The detection limit (S/N = 3) was better than 0.1 ng. Water samples for microcystin analysis were first screened using protein phosphatase (PP) assays and positives were concentrated using C-18 solid-phase extraction. The developed method was applied to examine a lake in Ireland contaminated by Microcystis sp. and MC-LR and MC-LA were identified.     

The Langmuir two-surface equation as a model for cadmium adsorption on peat

The Langmuir isotherm equation is often used to describe the adsorption of cadmium on peat. If the total surface onsists of two or more populations of sites with different bonding energies, it is proposed that the Langmuir two-surface equation be used. The effects of the contact time and pH on adsorption were investigated in batch experiments. Adsorption batch isotherm studies were carried out by using 12 solutions with initial concentrations of 5–110 mg/l. The samples were analysed by using axial ICP-AES. Adsorption data were compared using four different linearizations (Lineweaver-Burk, Eadie-Hofstee, Scatchard and Langmuir linearizations). Better results among linearizations were found with the Langmuir linearization, but the results obtained by using the nonlinear regression were still the best. A new, nonlinear regression method for the calculation of the equation constants was created by using the system of equations and these findings were compared to the results found using earlier methods.     

Removal and Destruction of Organic Contaminants in Water Using Adsorption,Steam Regeneration,and Photocatalytic Oxidation: A Pilot-Scale Study

ABSTRACT

The overall objective of this pilot-scale study is to investigate the technical feasibility of the removal and destruction of organic contaminants in water using adsorption and photocatalytic oxidation. The process consists of two consecutive operational steps: (1) removal of organic contaminants using fixed-bed adsorption; and (2) regeneration of spent adsorbent using photocatalysis or steam, followed by decontamination of steam condensate using photocatalysis. The pilot-scale study was conducted to evaluate these options at a water treatment plant in Wausau (Wisconsin) for treatment of groundwater contaminated with tetrachloroethene (PCE), trichloroethene (TCE), cis-dichloroethene (cis-DCE), toluene, ethylbenzene (EB), and xylenes. The adsorbents used were F-400 GAC and Ambersorb 563.

In the first treatment strategy, the adsorbents were impregnated with photocatalyst and used for the removal of aqueous organics. The spent adsorbents were then exposed to ultraviolet light to achieve photocatalytic regeneration. Regeneration of adsorbents using photocatalysis was observed to be not effective, probably because the impregnated photocatalyst was fouled by background organic matter present in the groundwater matrix.

In the second treatment strategy, the spent adsorbents were regenerated using steam, followed by cleanup of steam condensate using photocatalysis. Four cycles of adsorption and three cycles of steam regeneration were performed. Ambersorb 563 adsorbent was successfully regenerated using saturated steam at 160 °C within 20 hours. The steam condensate was treated using fixed-bed photo-catalysis using 1% Pt-TiO₂ photocatalyst supported on silica gel. After 35 minutes of empty bed contact time, more than 95% removal of TCE, cis-DCE, toluene, EB, and xylenes was achieved, and more than 75% removal of PCE was observed.

In the case of activated carbon adsorbent, steam regeneration was not effective, and a significant loss in adsorbent capacity was observed.     

内陆水体水质监测与评价中的遥感应用

本文综述了水质监测与评价中遥感应用研究的发展与现状。主要讨论了水质遥感监测的原理、遥感手段、常用方法和几种具体水质参数的遥感研究方法与进展。最后提出了此领域的发展方向展望     

聚合氯化铝混凝强化新生态铁锰复合氧化物吸附去除水中的磷

采用氧化-共沉淀法制备出新生态铁锰复合氧化物(FMBO),研究了单独投加FMBO和聚合氯化铝(PACl)强化FMBO吸附除磷效能及吸附磷后的颗粒物特性。结果表明,单独投加FMBO后形成的颗粒物表面带负电荷,颗粒物聚集和沉淀性能较差。PACl的投加降低了颗粒物的表面电荷,促进了颗粒物的聚集,平均粒径明显增加,改善了颗粒物的沉淀性能;通过SEM-EDAX发现,投加PACl形成的复合颗粒物表面更为粗糙,Al元素在复合颗粒物表面相对富集。PACl的投加强化了FMBO的吸附除磷效果,在实验原水条件下FMBO和PACl最佳投量分别为12和30 mg/L,此时TDP去除率高达95.6%。并且出水中Fe、Mn、Al浓度均远低于《地表水环境质量标准》中规定的限值。PACl强化新生态FMBO易于实现原位投加,在水体和水处理除磷工艺中具有较好的应用潜力。     

Discrimination and thermal degradation of toxaphene compounds in capillary gas chromatography when using split/splitless and on-column injection

Technical toxaphene and a 22-component Reference Mixture were analyzed using capillary gas chromatography with split/splitless injection (SSL) and on-column injection (OC). In both techniques, electron-capture, negative ionization mass spectrometry (ECNI-MS) was used for detection of chlorobornanes, chlorocamphenes and related compounds. Significant discrimination of highly chlorinated congeners was observed as a result of incomplete transfer of these compounds from the vaporizer to the analytical column when using SSL. This resulted in a much lower response for nona- and decachloro congeners than when using OC. In addition, several toxaphene components, especially the chlorobornanes with gem dichloro substitution on the six-member carbon ring, undergo thermal degradation when using SSL. Some of these congeners are major components of technical toxaphene, but generally are not present, except at low concentrations, in environmental and biological samples. Therefore, technical toxaphene may be discriminated and/or degraded differently than toxaphene compounds in environmental samples when using SSL. This results in significant bias of the quantitative data when using the technical material as a reference. OC suffers much less from these deficiencies and, therefore, is a preferable technique for toxaphene analysis.     

不同类型机动车尾气中芳香烃化合物含量分析

首次对北京市9种车辆、5种燃料在不同工况下排放芳香烃化合物的特征．进行了定量研究。结果表明,车型、燃料、净化器及工况等因素对排放量产生影响,电喷车比化油器车芳香烃化合物排放量低;汽油车排放量最高,柴油车其次,LPG及CNG车排放量最低;使用净化器可以降低芳香烃排放量;不同工况对排放量的影响随车型,燃料类型的不同而不同。     

The impact of using different land cover data on wind-blown desert dust modeling results in the southwestern United States

Olson World Ecosystem (OWE) land cover data based on data sources of the 1970s and 1980s with a 10-min spatial resolution, and up-to-date Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) land cover data with a 30-s resolution, were used, respectively, in modeling wind-blown desert dust in the southwest United States. The model using different land cover data sets preformed similarly in modeling meteorological field patterns, vertical profiles and surface wind and temperature, in comparisons against observations. The differences of wind and temperature at a specific time and location can be big. Compared against satellite and ground measurements, modeled dust spatial distributions using MODIS land cover data were considerably better than those using OWE land cover. Site against site comparisons of modeled and observed surface PM2.5 concentration time series showed that model performance improved significantly using MODIS land cover data. Modeled surface PM2.5 contour distributions using MODIS land cover data compared more favorably against observations. The performance statistics for modeled PM2.5 concentrations at 40 surface sites increased from 0.15 using OWE data, to 0.58 using MODIS data. This demonstrates that the survey updates and spatial resolution of land cover data are critical in correctly predicting dust events and dust concentrations. Using land cover data such as MODIS data from satellite remote sensing is promising in improving wind-blown dust modeling and forecasting.     

Antecedents of satisfaction and engagement of low-carbon bicycle-sharing using in China

Transport sector contributed numerous carbon emissions in China. It is important to promote low-carbon bicycle-sharing using in China. This paper aims to analyze the influencing factors of the satisfaction and engagement of bicycle-sharing in China. An extended model of customer satisfaction is established, which considers both customer satisfaction theory and customer engagement theory. We explore the different effect of convenience, health, safety, and facility on satisfaction of bicycle-sharing using. We also explore the role of satisfaction on three different dimensions of engagement: enthusiasm, participation, and social interaction. Multi-group structure equation model is employed to explore the different roles of gender on the determinants of satisfaction and engagement of bicycle-sharing using. The findings reveal that facilities had the larger effect on satisfaction of bicycle-sharing using than safety and health for male. Safety had the largest influence on satisfaction of bicycle-sharing using for female, followed by facility, convenience, and health.

     

Digested sewage sludge solidification by converter slag for landfill cover

A new technology for solidification of digested sewage sludge referred to as converter slag solidification (CSS) has been developed using converter slag as the solidifying agent and quick lime as the solidifying aid. The CSS technology was investigated by analyzing the physicochemical properties of solidified sludge and determining its microstructural characteristics. The feasibility of using solidified sludge as a landfill cover material was considered in the context of the economical recycling of waste. Sludge solidified using the CSS technology exhibited geotechnical properties that are appropriate for replacing currently used cover soil. Microscopic analyses using XRD, SEM and EDS revealed that the main hydrated product of solidification was CSH (CaO . SiO2 . nH2O), which may play an important role in the effective setting process. Negligible leaching of heavy metals from the solidified sludge was observed. The solidification process of the hydrated sludge, slag and quicklime eliminated the coliform bacteria. Recycled sewage sludge solidified using CCS technology could be used as an effective landfill cover.     

Preliminary estimates of performance and cost of mercury control technology applications on electric utility boilers.

Under the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) determined that regulation of mercury emissions from coal-fired power plants is appropriate and necessary. To aid in this determination, preliminary estimates of the performance and cost of powdered activated carbon (PAC) injection-based mercury control technologies were developed. This paper presents these estimates and develops projections of costs for future applications. Cost estimates were developed using PAC to achieve a minimum of 80% mercury removal at plants using electrostatic precipitators and a minimum of 90% removal at plants using fabric filters. These estimates ranged from 0.305 to 3.783 mills/kWh. However, the higher costs were associated with a minority of plants using hot-side electrostatic precipitators (HESPs). If these costs are excluded, the estimates range from 0.305 to 1.915 mills/kWh. Cost projections developed using a composite lime-PAC sorbent for mercury removal ranged from 0.183 to 2.270 mills/kWh, with the higher costs being associated with a minority of plants that used HESPs.     

直接红染料的臭氧脱色与中间产物研究

以直接红B模拟染料废水为研究对象,考察了臭氧化过程中染料溶液的吸光度和TOC的变化,同时利用离子色谱仪和GC/MS对染料的降解过程进行了分析,最后用发光细菌法检测了染料溶液急性毒性的变化。结果表明,臭氧对染料的降解符合一级反应动力学,20 min时对染料的脱色率达到99.2%;反应40 min后TOC减少32.55%,染料分子有97.8%的S被氧化为SO^2-₄,偶氮键被臭氧化为N₂,分子中的仲胺基小部分转化成游离NH⁺₄和NO^-₃;在臭氧化过程前期新生成的醛类和酰胺类物质使溶液急性毒性迅速上升,25 min后溶液毒性开始逐渐下降。     

Formaldehyde,Melhanol and Hydrocarbon Emissions from Methanol-fueled Cars

Exhaust and evaporative emissions tests were conducted on several methanol- and gasoline-fueled vehicles. Separate samples for chromatographlc analysis of formaldehyde, methanol, and Individual hydrocarbons were collected in each of the three phases of the driving cycle and in each of the two portions of the evaporative emissions test. One vehicle, equipped with an experimental variable-fuel engine, was tested using methanol/gasoline fuel mixtures of 100, 85, 50,15, and 0 percent methanol. Combustion-generated hydrocarbons were lowest using methanol fuel, and increased several-fold as the gasoline fraction was increased. Gasoline components In the exhaust Increased from zero as the gasoline fraction of the fuel was Increased. On the other hand, formaldehyde emissions were several times higher using methanol fuel than they were using gasoline. A dedicated methanol car and the variable-fuel car gave similar emissions patterns when they both were tested using methanol fuel. The organic-carbon composition of the exhaust was 85-90 percent methanol, 5-7 percent formaldehyde, and 3-9 percent hydrocarbons. Several cars that were tested using gasoline emitted similar distributions of hydrocarbons, even through the vehicles represented a broad range of current and developmental engine families and emissions control systems. These vehicles continue the trend of the past twenty years toward less photochemically reactive exhaust, with higher percentages of methane and total alkanes, and correspondingly lower percentages of oleflns and aromatlcs.     

Preliminary Estimates of Performance and Cost of Mercury Control Technology Applications on Electric Utility Boilers

ABSTRACT

Under the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) determined that regulation of mercury emissions from coal-fired power plants is appropriate and necessary. To aid in this determination, preliminary estimates of the performance and cost of powdered activated carbon (PAC) injection-based mercury control technologies were developed. This paper presents these estimates and develops projections of costs for future applications.

Cost estimates were developed using PAC to achieve a minimum of 80% mercury removal at plants using electrostatic precipitators and a minimum of 90% removal at plants using fabric filters. These estimates ranged from 0.305 to 3.783 mills/kWh. However, the higher costs were associated with a minority of plants using hot-side electrostatic precipitators (HESPs). If these costs are excluded, the estimates range from 0.305 to 1.915 mills/kWh. Cost projections developed using a composite lime-PAC sorbent for mercury removal ranged from 0.183 to 2.270 mills/kWh, with the higher costs being associated with a minority of plants that used HESPs.     

生物强化技术在废水处理中的应用

本文主要从三个方面总结了近几年国内外有关生物强化技术的应用情况 ,即直接投加特效降解微生物或共代谢基质、固定化技术和生物强化制剂来处理各种类型的废水。     

Measurements and modelling of cloudwater deposition to moorland and forests

The objective of the study was to measure the size dependence of cloudwater deposition and associated average ionic fluxes to vegetated surfaces. Measurements were made over a forest canopy at Dunslair heights in south Scotland and a moorland site, Great Dun Fell, in northern England. Measurements were made using the gradient and eddy correlation techniques. Eddy correlation measurements were made using an ultrasonic anemometer, a Knollenberg forward scattering spectrometer probe (to measure liquid water fluxes and fluxes of droplets in 1 microm size intervals) and a GSI particulate volume monitor (to measure liquid-water fluxes). Measurements were made at Great Dun Fell of the size dependence of droplet deposition velocity, using the gradient technique with two Knollenberg probes. Simultaneous gradient and eddy correlation measurements were also made at Great Dun Fell of average cloud-water fluxes, together with chemical analysis of cloud water composition, using a continuous analysis system. At Dunslair Heights, eddy correlation measurements were made using both the Knollenberg and Gerber Scientific Instruments (GSI) probes, while simultaneous gradient measurements using two GSI probes were also attempted. Samples of cloud water were collected at Dunslair Heights, using passive string collectors for chemical analysis by ion chromatography. The major findings of the study were: 1. The droplet deposition velocities measured by the two techniques were similar. 2. The deposition velocities were a strong function of droplet size. Considerable resistance to deposition was evident for droplets of less than 5 microm radius. Deposition velocities for particles from about 6 to 8 microm exceeded those for momentum. 3. Except when the droplets were very small or the winds very light, bulk cloud-water deposition velocities were about 80% or more of the momentum deposition velocities to forests.     

A New Approach to Roof Monitor Particulate Sampling

A new method for sampling of emissions from building monitors using high volume samplers while continuously recording the exit gas velocity is presented. A technique is also outlined for automatic isokinetic sampling using a high volume sampler.     

5-fluorouracil and curcumin with pectin coating as a treatment regimen for titanium dioxide with dimethylhydrazine-induced colon cancer model

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Colorectal cancer was inducted in Wister rats using titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2NPs) and dimethylhydrazine (DMH) and treatment using...