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1.
Three 2-wk seasonal field campaigns were performed in 2003 and 2004 at a sampling site on the southern Tyrrhenian coast of Italy with the aim to investigate the dynamics and characteristics of particle-bound pollutants in the Mediterranean area. Fine (PM(2.5)) and coarse particulate matter (PM(10-2.5)) size fractions were collected by a manual dichotomous sampler on 37-mm Teflon filters over a 24-hr sampling period. On average, 70% of the total PM(10) (PM(2.5) + PM(10-2.5)) mass was associated with the coarse fraction and 30% with the fine fraction during the three campaigns. The ambient concentrations of Pb, Ni, Cr, Zn, Mn, V, Cd, Fe, Cu, Ca, and Mg associated with both size fractions were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry. Ambient concentrations showed differences in their absolute value, ranging from few ng x m(-3) to microg x m(-3), as well as in their variability within the PM(2.5) and PM(10-2.5) size fractions. PM(10) levels were well below the European Union (EU) limit value during the study period with the exception of three events during the first campaign (fall) and five events during the third campaign (spring). Two main sources were identified as the major contributors including mineral dust, transported from North Africa, and sea spray from the Tyrrhenian Sea. Comparing the results with backward trajectories, calculated using the Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory Model (HYSPLIT) and Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer-National Aeronautics and Space Administration (TOMS-NASA) maps, it was observed that in central and eastern Europe, the Tyrrhenian Sea and North Africa were the major emission source regions that affected the temporal variations and daily averages of PM(2.5) and PM(10-2.5) concentrations.  相似文献   

2.
The influence of aerosol long range transport in southern Sweden was investigated from a data base consisting of simultaneous cascade impactor measurements at three sampling stations, two coastal and one inland rural location. The study focused on S and heavy metals determined by particle induced X-ray emission (PIXE) analysis. The influence of local emissions was minimized by eliminating samples which were strongly suspected to be contaminated. These were identified through size distribution alterations in combination with the concentration levels obtained. Based on air mass back trajectories the samples were classified into either a southern, a northern or an eastern sector or into one of the buffer sectors located in between the sectors mentioned above. Sector S elemental concentrations were generally one order of magnitude higher than those of sector N, while intermediate concentrations were found in the E sector. Intercomparisons of simultaneous fine mode elemental concentration measurements classified into sectors S and N, respectively, provides a method for calculating the sector S foreign contribution of the elemental concentrations in southern Sweden. These calculations, not based on emission data, result in a foreign contribution of the order of 50–90 % (lowest for components like V and Ni and highest for Ti, Mn and Zn) to the metal concentrations. The multivariate statistical method SIMCA revealed that the sector S aerosol elemental composition was dependent on particle size in the accumulation mode. Elements such as S and V (or Ni) normally assumed to originate mainly from the same sources (fossil fuel combustion) were clearly separated and instead S clustered with K, Mn and Zn. This indicates that the transformation processes are more important for the covariation of S with other elements than the source origin. Transformation of SO2 in hygroscopic particles rich in K., Mn and Zn (compared with less hygroscopic particles rich in V and Ni) is a possible mechanism which would explain the results found.  相似文献   

3.
In order to determine human exposure to the indoor toxicant, selection of dust fraction and understanding dust particle size distribution in settled indoor dust are very important. This study examined the influence of dust particle size on the concentration of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) congeners, assessed the distribution of dust particle size and characterized the main indoor emission sources of PBDEs. Accordingly, the concentrations of PBDE congeners determined in different indoor dust fractions were found to be relatively higher in the order of dust particle size: 45–106 μm?>?(<45 μm)?>?106–150 μm. The finding shows arbitrary selection of dust fractions for exposure determination may result in wrong conclusions. Statistically significant moderate correlation between the concentration of Σ9PBDEs and organic matter content calculated with respect to the total dust mass was also observed (r?=?0.55, p?=?0.001). On average, of total dust particle size <250 μm, 93.4 % (m/m%) of dust fractions was associated with less than 150 μm. Furthermore, of skin adherent dust fractions considered (<150 μm), 86 % (v/v%) is in the range of particle size 9.25–104.7 μm. Electronic materials treated with PBDEs were found the main emission sources of PBDE congeners in indoor environment. Based on concentrations of PBDEs determined and mass of indoor dust observed, 150 μm metallic sieve is adequate for human exposure risk assessment. However, research in this area is very limited and more research is required to generalize the fact.  相似文献   

4.
Aerosol and rain samples were collected during winter 1978–1979 in Tallahassee, Florida and analyzed by particle induced X-ray emission (PIXE) to determine 12–15 elements from Al to Pb. The aerosol sampling was carried out before, during, and after rainfall episodes using time sequence filter samplers (streakers) and cascade impactors to investigate the variation of aerosol composition with rainfall.Al, Si, Ca, Fe, Mn, and Cl, predominantly large particle aerosol constituents (> 1 μm), were strongly affected by rain, their before/during rainfall concentration ratio being greater than 4, whereas K, Zn, Br, Pb and S, predominantly in small particle fractions (< 1.0 μm), had ratios of less than 2. The degree of apparent removal followed the order Cl > Al, Si, Mn > Ca > Fe > K > S, Pb, Zn, Br. Differences in the speed of recovery after rain for elements, to their before rainfall values were also observed. The recovery of soil-derived elements such as Al, Si, Fe, and Mn was delayed, probably because of the wetting of the soil by rain, while S, Zn, Pb, and Br, emitted from anthropogenic sources, recovered more rapidly. The enrichments (fractionation factors) in rain of Ca, K, Zn, Cu, S, Br, and Pb normalized to Fe, relative to particulate matter in the air, were 13, 7.0, 4.3, 3.4, 2.9, 0.96, and 0.36, respectively. High enrichments of K, Zn, Cu, and S suggest that these elements might be at relatively greater concentrations than Fe at higher altitudes and be transported from more distant sources, since their apparent extent of removal is less near ground level compared to soil derived elements.  相似文献   

5.
A more detailed characterization of particulate organic matter in wastewater streams is needed to improve solid-liquid separation and biological processes for wastewater treatment. The objective of this paper was to evaluate particle size distributions and the associated chemical composition for municipal, industrial, and agricultural waste streams. Most of the organic matter in these wastewaters was larger than a molecular weight of 10(3) amu and therefore would require extracellular hydrolysis before any bacterial metabolism. Particle size distributions were significantly different for the studied waste streams. In municipal wastewater, the organic matter was evenly distributed in all eight size fractions ranging from 10(3) amu up to 63 microm. The industrial and agricultural wastewaters, however, contained mainly soluble organic matter (<10(3) amu) and larger particles (>1.2 microm for the industrial and >10 microm for the agricultural waste) leaving a gap in the size range of large macromolecules and colloids. The relative protein and carbohydrate concentrations varied for the different size fractions compared to the measured chemical oxygen demand (COD) in the corresponding size fraction. Thus, the design of the solid-liquid separation at a treatment plant could be used to purposefully modify the overall chemical composition of the organic matter before further biological treatment. Particle size distributions will influence design and operation of biological nutrient removal processes such as denitrification or biological phosphorus removal that may be carbon limited if a large fraction of the organic matter is composed of large particles with slow hydrolysis rates. Measured particle size distributions for the different waste streams in this study (municipal, industrial, agricultural) were significantly different requiring specific approaches for treatment plant design.  相似文献   

6.
The present study tested the extraction efficiency and quantification reproducibility of anhydrosugars in a series of NIST SRMs using two extraction protocols and isotopically-labeled (d7-levoglucosan) vs. chemically analogous (sedoheptulosan) surrogates. In both instances, levoglucosan concentrations in the different versions of the Washington, D.C. urban dust standard (SRM 1649, 1649a, 1649b, and RM 8785) were similar. The present test also showed that levoglucosan concentrations were not affected by long-term shelf storage of dry material. Variability of analyses were similar for both surrogates and averaged <5%. Surrogate recoveries were shown to average 103 ± 7% and 97 ± 7% for d7-levoglucosan and sedoheptulosan, respectively. The choice of solvent was shown to affect recoveries the most (but not variability). Levoglucosan concentrations were either seriously underestimated or overestimated with ethyl acetate extraction when d7-levoglucosan or sedoheptulosan was used as surrogate, respectively. These results point to the need to use some fraction of polar solvent (i.e. methanol) in the solvent mixture. Anhydrosugar concentrations in the urban dust from the Czech Republic (candidate SRMs 2786 and 2787) were characterized by 3- to 7-fold higher anhydrosugar concentrations than those observed in the Washington, D.C. urban dust. The internal anhydrosugar signatures (i.e. levoglucosan/mannosan ratio: L/M) confirm the predominance of biomass combustion sources in both SRM series with mixed inputs from hardwood and softwood combustion in the Washington, D.C. urban dust and a predominantly softwood source in the Prague urban dust. The uniform distribution of anhydrosugars, across the particle size distribution of both SRM series, confirms earlier studies that low temperature charred materials contribute significant inputs to atmospheric ultrafine particles with long atmospheric residence time and transport ranges.  相似文献   

7.
A field experiment was performed during 1 April–30 September 2001 in the southeast Tengger Desert in Northern China to measure the solar radiant flux by a solar direct radiometer and a multi-wavelength sun-photometer. The observation and research results are as follows. On fine days, dust aerosols attenuate the direct solar radiant flux by 2.6–47.0%, with an average of 16.9%. On dusty days, dust aerosols attenuate the direct solar radiant flux by 10–90%, with an average of 38%. The mean atmospheric turbidity for broadband (300–4000 nm) flux is 0.26 for fine days and 0.74 for dusty days. Under the typical background, floating dust, and dust storm weather conditions, the aerosol optical depths (AODs; at 550 nm) are about 0.1, 0.9, and 2.0, and the Ångström exponents are about 2.0, 0.38, and −0.24, respectively. The mean AOD of the examples is 0.66, and 0.87 for the Ångström exponents. On dusty days, the aerosol number concentration is 2–10 times higher than that on fine days. The aerosol size distribution is a multi-normal distribution during dusty conditions, while the aerosol size distribution is a logarithmic normal distribution during fine weather.  相似文献   

8.
This study was conducted in order to investigate the differences observed in source profiles in the urban environment, when chemical composition parameters from different aerosol size fractions are subjected to factor analysis. Source apportionment was performed in an urban area where representative types of emission sources are present. PM10 and PM2 samples were collected within the Athens Metropolitan area and analysed for trace elements, inorganic ions and black carbon. Analysis by two-way and three-way Positive Matrix Factorization was performed, in order to resolve sources from data obtained for the fine and coarse aerosol fractions. A difference was observed: seven factors describe the best solution in PMF3 while six factors in PMF2. Six factors derived from PMF3 analysis correspond to those described by the PMF2 solution for the fine and coarse particles separately. These sources were attributed to road dust, marine aerosol, soil, motor vehicles, biomass burning, and oil combustion. The additional source resolved by PMF3 was attributed to a different type of road dust. Combustion sources (oil combustion and biomass burning) were correctly attributed by PMF3 solely to the fine fraction and the soil source to the coarse fraction. However, a motor vehicle's contribution to the coarse fraction was found only by three-way PMF. When PMF2 was employed in PM10 concentrations the optimum solution included six factors. Four source profiles corresponded to the previously identified as vehicles, road dust, biomass burning and marine aerosol, while two could not be clearly identified. Source apportionment by PMF2 analysis based solely on PM10 aerosol composition data, yielded unclear results, compared to results from PMF2 and PMF3 analyses on fine and coarse aerosol composition data.  相似文献   

9.
The aim of this study was to review and summarise the levels of particulate air pollution, its elemental composition, its determinants, and its potential health effects in metro systems. A number of studies have been conducted to assess the levels of particulate matter and its chemical composition in metro systems. The monitoring equipment used varied and may have led to different reporting and makes it more difficult to compare results between metro systems. Some of the highest average levels of particulate matter were measured in the London metro system. Whereas some studies have reported higher levels of particulate matter in the metro system (e.g. London, Helsinki, Stockholm) compared to other modes of transport (London) and street canyons (Stockholm and Helsinki), other studies reported lower levels in the metro system (e.g. Hong Kong, Guangzhou, and Mexico City). The differences may be due to different material of the wheel, ventilation levels and breaking systems but there is no good evidence to what extent the differences may be explained by this, except perhaps for some elements (e.g. Fe, Mn). The dust in the metro system was shown to be more toxic than ambient airborne particulates, and its toxicity was compared with welding dust. The higher toxicity may be due to the higher iron content. Although the current levels of particulate matter and toxic matter are unlikely to lead to any significant excess health effects in commuters, they should be reduced where possible. It will be difficult to introduce measures to reduce the levels in older metro systems, e.g. by introducing air conditioning in London, but certainly they should be part of any new designs of metro systems.  相似文献   

10.
The present study focuses on the elemental characterization of fine and coarse particles collected at a coastal site of southwestern Italy, in a suburban area of the Calabria region. A chemical tracer analysis was carried out to identify the major emission sources influencing on the atmospheric aerosol levels. Size-resolved particulate samples were collected during three 2-week seasonal sampling campaigns: autumn (19 October to 2 November 2003), winter (19 January to 2 February 2004) and spring (26 April to 10 May 2004). Ambient concentrations of selected elements (Fe, Mn, Mg, Ca, V, Cu, Cr, Ni, Zn, Pb, and Cd) associated to fine and coarse size fractions were determined using atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). The enrichment factor method was applied, suggesting a prevailing anthropogenic component for all the detected elements, with Fe, Mg, Mn, and Ca as exceptions. Trajectory sector analysis was used in order to discriminate the influence of different air mass origins and paths. Long-range transport from both the continental Europe and the Saharan region proved to be the main influencing factors. African dust outbreaks, whose occurrence frequency was greater during the autumn and spring seasonal monitoring periods, gave rise to a total of eight exceedances of the European Commission (EC) PM10 daily limit value as well as an increase in values of the crustal-derived elements (Fe, Mg, and Ca). Long-range transport from the heavily industrialized area of Central/Eastern Europe contributed to the high levels of Zn, Cd, and Pb that were recorded during the winter sampling campaign. Seasonal trend and comparison with measurements previously performed across the Mediterranean basin were also presented and discussed.  相似文献   

11.
We assessed the extent to which constituents of PM2.5 (transition metals, sodium, chloride) contribute to the ability to generate hydroxyl radicals (OH) in vitro in PM2.5 sampled at 20 locations in 19 European centres participating in the European Community Respiratory Health Survey. PM2.5 samples (n = 716) were collected on filters over one year and the oxidative activity of particle suspensions obtained from these filters was then assessed by measuring their ability to generate OH in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. Associations between OH formation and the studied PM constituents were heterogeneous. The total explained variance ranged from 85% in Norwich to only 6% in Albacete. Among the 20 centres, 15 showed positive correlations between one or more of the measured transition metals (copper, iron, manganese, lead, vanadium and titanium) and OH formation. In 9 of 20 centres OH formation was negatively associated with chloride, and in 3 centres with sodium. Across 19 European cities, elements which explained the largest variations in OH formation were chloride, iron and sodium.  相似文献   

12.
The 1981 spring dust episode observed at the Mauna Loa Observatory, Hawaii, was studied by particulate size and elemental composition, strengthening its association with Asian sources and establishing its mass median diameter at 1.0 ± 0.3 μm. An average mass loading of 400 ng m−3 was observed during the three peak weeks of the episode (5/12/81–6/2/81) for soil-derived elements (Al, Si, K, Ca, Ti, Mn, Fe plus their oxides). Elemental ratios remained very constant in this period, and closely resembled those previously reported in North China dust storms. The size and concentration of sulfur panicles also remained constant during the dust episode periods, while differing strongly from non-dust episode periods for the 8 months before and after the events.  相似文献   

13.
Humic acids (HAs) from three soils of different origin (Chernozem, Ferralsol and Ranker) have been fractionated by coupling size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) on three fractions (fractions A, B, C + D) with different molecular sizes (MSs) and exactly defined electrophoretic mobility (EM). Fractions identically marked had similar EM and MS, independently of HA sources. The photoinductive properties of the whole HAs and their fractions were compared by studying the photoinduced transformation of fenuron at 365 nm. High MS fractions A and B appeared to exhibit poor photoinductive activities compared to the whole HAs, whereas low MS fraction C + D in Chernozem and Ranker were more efficient than the whole HAs. A fourth intermediary fraction containing a mixture of fractions B and C + D with small amount of D was shown to photoinduce poorly the transformation of fenuron. It was therefore concluded that the molecules capable of photoinducing the transformation of fenuron were mainly contained in fraction D. Fluorescence properties of Chernozem HA and its fractions have been tested. Fraction C + D exhibited a very similar fluorescence emission spectrum in comparison with the whole HA and in contrast, the fractions A and B emitted very weakly.  相似文献   

14.
Lead in grain size fractions of road-deposited sediment   总被引:13,自引:0,他引:13  
Road-deposited sediment (RDS) is an important environmental medium for assessing contaminant levels in urban systems. Their atmospheric resuspension has significant implications for human health, and storm water transport can directly impact aquatic biota. Data from 20 RDS samples from Palolo Valley, Oahu, Hawaii, were fractionated into six grain-size classes and analyzed for Pb using a weak HCl (0.5 M) digestion. Data indicate significant Pb contamination in all samples. Median labile Pb concentration (n = 120) was 170 mg/kg, with a range from 4 to 1750 mg/kg. The five sediment fractions < 1000 microm had statistically similar Pb concentrations, but all were significantly greater than the coarsest fraction examined (1000-2000 microm). Silt plus clay ( < 63 microm) was the single most important mass component with 38% of the total sediment stored in this fraction. Mass of sediment < 63 microm combined with a median labile Pb concentration of 222 mg/kg accounted for 51% of the total Pb load stored in road sediments. These findings are significant from an environmental management perspective, and these issues are discussed in light of street sweeper sediment grain size removal efficiencies.  相似文献   

15.
The light scattering and absorption coefficients of fine atmospheric aerosol particles were recorded in Hungary under rural conditions in 1998–1999 by an integrating nephelometer and particle soot absorption photometer, respectively. In some cases optical properties in the fine size range were compared to those in the coarse particles. Results obtained indicate, as expected, that fine particles control the scattering and absorption caused by the aerosol. In 1999 the size distribution of aerosol particles was also monitored by means of an electric low pressure impactor (ELPI). This makes it possible the study of the relationship between the number, surface and mass concentration in the size range of 0.1–1.0 μm and the optical characteristics by also considering the chemical composition of the particles.  相似文献   

16.
The mineralogy and grain size distribution of some dustfall samples collected during the summer of 1978 in the City of Kuwait were determined. It was found that dustfall sediments in Kuwait are composed mainly of calcareous silt. They are also characterised by the frequent occurrence of dolomite and gypsum. Based on their mineralogical composition, prevailing wind direction and comparison with Iraq dust storm sediments, it is suggested that the dust storm sediments of Kuwait are most probably derived from the dry flood plain deposits in South Iraq. The surface deposits of Northwestern Kuwait could contribute partly to these sediments.  相似文献   

17.
This paper presents a study or the elemental characterization of the Atlanta area aerosol at one rural and several urban sites. It includes a determination of the concentrations of major elemental components of the aerosol and a statistical analysis of the relationships between these components as a means of investigating possible sources. This research has emphasized the study of the graphitic carbon, Ce, and elemental sulfur, S, components of the aerosol (these two components are important in visibility reduction studies). The measurements show that Ce and S represent, respectively 3.1–9.9% and 1.9–4.4% of the total suspended paniculate, TSP, mass. The concentrations of Ce, S and TSP exhibit strong seasonal variations with Ce decreasing from winter to summer and S and TSP increasing over this period. All elemental components exhibit less concentration at the rural site than at the urban sites. Analysis results show that Ce appears to be statistically separate from S, which is assumed to be present as sulfate, indicating that the sources for Ce and particulate sulfate are distinct. S and TSP, however, appear to be linked through common regional scale meteorological processes.  相似文献   

18.
Previous studies suggest that interactions between dust particles and clouds are significant; yet the conditions where dust particles can serve as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) are uncertain. Since major dust components are insoluble, the CCN activity of dust strongly depends on the presence of minor components. However, many minor components measured in dust particles are overlooked in cloud modeling studies. Some of these compounds are believed to be products of heterogeneous reactions involving carbonates. In this study, we calculate Kohler curves (modified for slightly soluble substances) for dust particles containing small amounts of K+, Mg2+, or Ca2+ compounds to estimate the conditions where reacted and unreacted dust can activate. We also use an adiabatic parcel model to evaluate the influence of dust particles on cloud properties via water competition. Based on their bulk solubilities, K+ compounds, MgSO4·7H2O, Mg(NO3)2·6H2O, and Ca(NO3)2·4H2O are classified as highly soluble substances, which enable activation of fine dust. Slightly soluble gypsum and MgSO3·6H2O, which may form via heterogeneous reactions involving carbonates, enable activation of particles with diameters between about 0.6 and 2 μm under some conditions. Dust particles>2 μm often activate regardless of their composition. Only under very specialized conditions does the addition of a dust distribution into a rising parcel containing fine (NH4)2SO4 particles significantly reduce the total number of activated particles via water competition. Effects of dust on cloud saturation and droplet number via water competition are generally smaller than those reported previously for sea salt. Large numbers of fine dust CCN can significantly enhance the number of activated particles under certain conditions. Improved representations of dust mineralogy and reactions in global aerosol models could improve predictions of the effects of aerosol on climate.  相似文献   

19.
Total suspended particulate (TSP) samples have been collected at six stations in the C and B lines of the Buenos Aires underground system and, almost simultaneously, at six ground level sites outside and nearby the corresponding underground stations, in the Oct 2005/Oct 2006 period. All these samples were analyzed for mass and elemental Fe, Cu, and Zn concentrations by using the Particle Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE) technique. Mostly, TSP concentrations were found to be between 152 μg m−3 (25% percentile) and 270 μg m−3 (75% percentile) in the platform of the stations, while those in outside ambient air oscillated from 55 μg m−3 (25% percentile) to 137 μg m−3 (75% percentile). Moreover, experimental results indicate that TSP levels are comparable to those measured for other underground systems worldwide. Statistical results demonstrate that subway TSP levels are about 3 times larger on average than those for urban ambient air. The TSP levels inside stations and outdoors are poorly correlated, indicating that TSP levels in the metro system are mainly influenced by internal sources.Regarding metal concentrations, the most enriched element in TSP samples was Fe, the levels of which ranged from 36 (25% percentile) to 86 μg m−3 (75% percentile) in Line C stations, while in Line B ones they varied between 8 μg m−3 (25% percentile) and 46 μg m−3 (75% percentile). As a comparison, Fe concentrations in ambient air oscillated between 0.7 μg m−3 (25% percentile) and 1.2 μg m−3 (75% percentile). Other enriched elements include Cu and Zn. With regard to their sources, Fe and Cu have been related to processes taking place inside the subway system, while Zn has been associated with outdoor vehicular traffic. Additionally, concerns about possible health implications based on comparisons to various indoor air quality limits and available toxicological information are discussed.  相似文献   

20.
Size-segregated aerosol samples (PM2.5 and PM10) were collected during Jan–Dec-2007 from a high-altitude site located in a semi-arid region (Mt. Abu, 24.6 °N, 72.7 °E, 1680 m asl) in order to asses the temporal variability in the abundance of atmospheric mineral dust and its elemental composition over western India. The mass concentrations of fine (PM2.5) and coarse (PM10–2.5) mode aerosols varied from 1.6 to 46.1 and 2.3 to 102 μg m?3 respectively over the annual seasonal cycle; with dominant and uniform contribution of mineral dust (60–80%) in the coarse mode relative to large temporal variability (11–75%) observed in the fine mode. The coarse mass fraction shows a characteristic increase with the wind speed during summer months (Mar to Jun); whereas fine aerosol mass and its elemental composition exhibit conspicuous temporal pattern associated with north-easterlies during wintertime (Oct–Feb). The Fe/Al weight ratio in PM2.5 ranges from 0.5 to 1.0 during winter months. The relative enrichment of Fe in fine mode, compared to the crustal ratio of 0.44, is attributed to the down-wind advective transport of combustion products derived from large-scale biomass burning, industrial and automobile emission sources located in the Indo-Gangetic Plain (northern India). In contrast, Ca/Al and Mg/Al weight ratios show relative enrichment of Ca and Mg in the coarse mode; indicating their dominant contribution from carbonate minerals. This has implication to efficient neutralization of atmospheric acidic species (SO42? and NO3?) by mineral dust over western India.  相似文献   

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