用于粉煤灰排放的加湿卸灰设备

针对粉煤灰排放产生二次污染问题,经过分析比较,选用了科学的加湿排放工作原理,设计了用于粉煤灰排放的新型灰料加湿卸灰机。     

在线喷水加湿控制道路扬尘排放的研究

利用实验室模拟装置,模拟道路扬尘在自由下落过程中的飞扬溢出情况,并采用气水两相流雾化喷头,通过在线喷水加湿的方法以控制道路扬尘的排放量,探讨了喷头的空气压力和加水流量对道路扬尘排放的影响,并考察了最佳加湿条件(最佳的空气压力和加水流量)下道路扬尘中可吸入颗粒物的排放控制效果.结果表明,当气水两相流雾化喷头的空气压力为0...     

半干半湿法脱硫灰循环利用中试试验研究

半干半湿法脱硫产生的脱硫灰中混有大量有效钙和粉煤灰，本文对其进行了循环利用机理分析及试验研究，证实脱硫灰循环大大提高了钙的利用率，降低了钙硫比，但循环倍率增加到2倍以上时，脱硫效率增速变缓。脱硫灰的循环利用对降低脱硫运行费用是非常有效的。     

上海石洞口第二电厂拟建粉煤灰分选系统的技术可行性研究

上海石洞口第二电厂拟建设粉煤灰分选系统生产国标等级灰,但其粉煤灰的游离氧化钙偏高.研究表明:游离氧化钙在细灰中没有明显富集的趋势,即源灰游离氧化钙含量指标合格,那么分选所产细灰的也合格;供分选用的源灰细度和粒度分布较利于提高分选效率,生产国标Ⅱ级灰的分选产率可达70%左右;建设分选系统在技术上是可行的,且可获得较大的综合效益.     

改性粉煤灰处理含铬废水的研究

在粉煤灰中添加适量的转炉铁泥经盐酸溶解后，制得改性粉煤灰，在适宜的工艺条件下，对六价铬和总铬都有良好的处理效果。经多项实验证明，此工艺方法技术可行，适用于小型企业间歇排放。     

CFBC固硫灰和粉煤灰复掺作水泥混合材的研究

循环流化床燃烧技术是一种节能环保的先进燃烧煤技术,但其燃烧产物固硫灰的综合利用是个重要难题.将CFBC固硫灰和普通粉煤灰复合化处理,研究了复合混合材对水泥胶砂物理性能和水泥净浆膨胀性能的影响.实验结果表明:固硫灰和粉煤灰复掺存在超叠加效应,在合适的互掺比例和细度下复合混合材具有比单掺更好的水泥胶砂强度;掺加30%复合混...     

我国粉煤灰综合利用的经济效益和环境效益

综合利用是环境保护工作方针之一,是治理“三废”的重要途径。它可以把环境效益、经济效益和社会效益有机地统一起来。电力工业是一个消耗煤、油燃料资源的重要部门。我国电厂绝大多数是烧煤,随着电力工业的发展,燃煤电厂的粉煤灰、灰渣和灰水的排放量逐年增加。据统计,目前年排灰量约为3700万吨,其中已综合利用的粉煤灰仅占14%,60%的粉煤灰排至灰场堆放,其余的被排入江、河、湖、海。粉煤灰是一种烧粘土质火山灰质材料。粉煤灰中     

合成条件对粉煤灰合成沸石除磷特性的影响

利用不同钙含量的3种粉煤灰采用碱熔融-水热法合成沸石,研究了不用合成条件对3种粉煤灰合成沸石除磷性能的影响,并分析了除磷机理。3种粉煤灰合成沸石中沸石的种类各不相同,低钙粉煤灰合成沸石主要以Na P1型沸石为主,中钙粉煤灰合成沸石主要以一种无名沸石为主,高钙粉煤灰合成沸石则主要以加藤石为主,沸石含量几乎为零。碱灰比、熔融时间、熔融温度、固液比、结晶时间等合成因素中,对3种粉煤灰合成沸石固磷能力影响相对较大的是碱灰比和熔融时间。3种合成沸石的除磷能力顺序依次为高钙粉煤灰合成沸石中钙粉煤灰合成沸石低钙粉煤灰合成沸石,并且3种沸石的固磷能力与初始原料粉煤灰中的Ca O含量成正比。固磷机理是合成沸石溶于水后向水中释放Ca2+,释放出来的Ca2+即可与磷酸根生成磷酸钙沉淀,从而达到固磷的目的。合成的沸石最大固磷能力为92.24 mg/g。     

蛎灰行业的污染与整治

本文结合实地调查与理论计算,对蛎灰生产工艺过程及其污染物排放情况进行了定量描述。结果表明:蛎灰煅烧温度为450℃;生产一吨蛎灰需蛎壳0.80吨,煤渣0.4吨,耗水0.354吨;蛎灰生产废气污染严重,生产一吨蛎灰排放废气1520标立方米,其中SO_23.41千克,NO_x1.31千克,CO6.47千克。可为蛎灰行业环境管理提供依据。同时,本文提出了蛎灰行业污染整治的对策。     

关于粉煤灰综合利用的几种新途径

本文论述了我国粉煤灰的排放和对环境的危害情况,谈及粉煤灰在建材、工业、农业等方面的应用前景,概括的阐述了国内外综合利用的新发展、新技术以及提高粉煤灰综合利用效果的有效途径,并提出在今后的综合利用工作中应采取的有效措施。     

Dust emission factors for environment of Northern China

This paper gives the dust emission inventory in the Northern China where the climate is very dry and large desert areas exist. Before calculating the distribution of fugitive dust emission factors (emission rates of particles smaller than 0.05 mm in diameter) from natural surfaces with a US EPA formula, Chinese data of pedology and climatology were processed so as to suit requirements of the formula. The computed dust emission factors for this environment of Northern China are shown by contours, their distribution and seasonal variations are briefly discussed. The dust emission rate in the area increases from east to west by five orders. Also, the total amount of the dust emitted from natural surfaces of Northern China into the atmosphere is found to be some 43 million t yr^-1, with half of the emissions concentrated in the spring season (March–May).     

Emission inventory of eight elements,Fe, Al,K, Mg,Mn, Na,Ca and Ti,in dust source region of East Asia

Based on calculation of the emission rate of the atmospheric mineral dust and the data of elemental contents in surface soils, this paper calculates the emission inventory of eight main elements of the atmospheric dust, Fe, Al, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ca and Ti, in the dust source region of East Asia. As the dust sources in both Northern China and the Southern Mongolia are of three types and, in each of the six source type areas, surface soils are relatively uniform in soil types and soil texture, a simple method to calculate the emission of an element in one source type area is proposed by multiplying the total emission of the dust PM₁₀ and PM₅₀ in the source type area with the mean percentage content of the element in surface soils of the area. Comparison of our calculation of the total Fe emission in the source region of East Asia with the total Fe deposition to the North Pacific Ocean, measured and calculated by previous authors, shows very good agreement. This general method can also be used for the emission calculation of any other element.     

Comparison of a two-dimensional numerical dust transport model with experimental dust emissions from soil surfaces in a wind tunnel

Near-surface wind-tunnel fugitive dust concentration profiles arising from soil surfaces beds were compared to a finite difference numerical dust transport model. Comparisons of the type shown in this study were previously non-existent in the literature due to the lack of experimental wind-tunnel data for near-surface concentrations over a soil bed. However, in a previous study by the authors, near-surface steady-state concentration profiles were measured in order to obtain fugitive dust emission rates, thus allowing the comparison to models shown in this paper. The novel aspects of the current study include: comparison of concentration profiles of dust obtained experimentally in the wind tunnel with those calculated numerically; comparison of the calculated numerical fetch effect on dust emissions with that obtained in the wind tunnel; and comparison of the emission rates calculated numerically with those obtained experimentally in the wind tunnel. Initial comparisons with the model indicate good agreement implying that the physical mechanism of advection–diffusion is reasonably modeled with the choice of equations for the simple “steady-state” process near the surface. Furthermore, the numerical solutions presented in this paper provide a means to systematically explore the relative impact of varied surface boundary conditions upon the emission process and provide a potential link between wind-tunnel simulations and field scale models.     

Source apportionment of particulate matter at urban mixed site in Indonesia using PMF

A receptor model of positive matrix factorization (PMF) was used to identify the emission sources of fine and coarse particulates in Bandung, a city located at about 150 km south-east of Jakarta. Total of 367 samples were collected at urban mixed site, Tegalega area, in Bandung City during wet and dry season in the period of 2001–2007. The samples of fine and coarse particulate matter were collected simultaneously using dichotomous samplers and mini-volume samplers. The Samples from dichotomous Samplers were analyzed for black carbon and elements while samples from mini-volume samplers were analyzed for ions. The species analyzed in this study were Na, Mg, Al, Si, K, Ca, Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Pb, Cl^?, NO₃^?, SO₄^2?, and NH₄⁺. The data were then analyzed using PMF to determine the source factors. Different numbers of source factors were found during dry and wet season. During dry season, the main source factors for fine particles were secondary aerosol (NH₄)₂SO₄, electroplating industry, vehicle emission, and biomass burning, while for coarse particles, the dominant source factors were electroplating industry, followed by aged sea salt, volcanic dust, soil dust, and lime dust. During the wet season, the main source factors for fine particulate matter were vehicle emission and secondary aerosol. Other sources detected were biomass burning, lime dust, soil and volcanic dust. While for coarse particulate matter, the main source factors were sulphate-rich industry, followed by lime dust, soil dust, industrial emission and construction dust.     

Numerical modeling of flow structures over various flat-topped stockpiles height: Implications on dust emissions

Fugitive dust emissions from open stock yards for bulk materials, such as coal or ores, can represent a significant part of overall estimated atmospheric emission on industrial site, as example on steel plant sites. Stockpile topography is known to modify the near field uptake force of the wind through changes of the mean flow. Various studies have shown that aeolian erosion strongly occurs on the stockpile crest, so it appears relevant to carry out a study to analyze the effect on the dust emissions of the stockpile clipping. Three-dimensional numerical simulations were done with the aim of simulating wind flow over different flat-topped pile scenarios, corresponding to a constant material volume. Various wind flow directions were tested to determine its impact on particle emissions. Data obtained from Computational Fluid Dynamics simulations were then integrated in order to estimate the effect of the clipping on the stockpiles dust emission rates by using the EPA's emission factors method. Results provide evidence to suggest that clipping stockpiles does not reduce dust emissions. This study provides to industrial operators some informations on the best geometrical pile characteristics in order to limit particles emissions.     

Source characteristics of hazardous Chihuahuan Desert dust outbreaks

The Chihuahuan Desert region is an important contributor to atmospheric dust loading and transport in North America; however, specific dust sources in this region are poorly characterized. Major dust events frequently are characterized by multiple dust plumes developing nearly simultaneously over a large region. Remote sensing data were used to identify the source locations and associated land cover for the most extreme dust events in the Chihuahuan Desert since 2002. Analysis of infrared channels utilizing brightness temperature differences was used to analyze data from geostationary and polar-orbiting satellites, from which dust sources were determined and located. This methodology was applied to the five dust events in the region that resulted in “hazardous” PM₁₀ levels in Texas per the USEPA’s Air Quality Index. Source locations determined from satellite images were used in conjunction with LANDSAT data and Google Earth? images to determine the corresponding land-surface features. Agricultural lands, playas, and their edges are pointed out as focus areas for dust emission, at least during the most intense events. The 130 dust plume initiation sites were relatively uniformly spaced over the landscape, not clumped into a few “hotspots,” suggesting the role of spatiotemporally random meteorological factors in determining major points of emission within and between dust storms. These findings provide an initial characterization of Chihuahuan Desert dust source locations and establish a baseline for continued research in determining potential locations for future dust outbreaks in the southwestern U.S. and northwestern Mexico.     

Estimation of wind blown dust emissions in Europe and its vicinity

The assessment of the wind blown dust emission for Europe and selected regions of North Africa and Southwest Asia was carried out using a mesoscale model. The mesoscale model was parameterized based on the current literature review. The model provides data on PM₁₀ emission from several dust reservoirs (anthropogenic, agriculture, semi- and natural) with spatial resolution of 10 × 10 km and temporal resolution of 1 h. The spatial variability of PM₁₀ emission depends on soil texture, land cover/land use as well as meteorological conditions. Lands covered with water or permanently wet were excluded from the model. The land covered with vegetation is treated as dust reservoir whose dust emission capacity depends on the type of vegetation and cover. The dust reservoirs are divided into reservoirs with stable and unstable surface. The changes of emission in time depend on meteorological parameters.The wind blown dust emission should be treated as a non-continuous spatio-temporal process. The emissions are estimated with high uncertainty. The estimated PM₁₀ yearly total load emitted by wind from the European territory is highly differentiated in space and time and is equal to 0.74 Tg. The total load of PM₁₀ emitted by wind from North African and Southwest Asian land surface located in the vicinity of European boundaries is assessed as nearly 50% (0.43 Tg) of the total load estimated for the whole Europe.The average yearly PM₁₀ emission factor for Europe was estimated at 0.139 Mg km^?2.The PM₁₀ emission from agricultural areas is estimated at 52% of the total wind blown emission from the domain of the European Union project “Improving and applying methods for the calculation of natural and biogenic emissions and assessment of impacts to the air quality” - NatAir.PM₁₀ emission factor for natural areas of Europe is estimated at 0.021 Mg km^?2. Appropriate factors for agricultural areas and anthropogenic areas are 0.157 Mg km^?2 and 0.118 Mg km^?2, respectively. The latter two factors are probably underestimated due to omitting in the model of other dust emission mechanisms than aeolian erosion.     

Road dust emissions from paved roads measured using different mobile systems

Very few real-world measurements of road dust suspension have been performed to date. This study compares two different techniques (referred to as Sniffer and Emma) to measure road dust emissions. The main differences between the systems are the construction of the inlet, different instruments for recording particulate matter (PM) levels, and different loads on the wheel axes (the weight of Sniffer was much higher than that of Emma). Both systems showed substantial small-scale variations of emission levels along the road, likely depending on-road surface conditions. The variations observed correlated quite well, and the discrepancies are likely a result of variations in dust load on the road surface perpendicular to the driving direction that cause variations in the measurements depending on slightly different paths driven by the two vehicles. Both systems showed a substantial influence on the emission levels depending on the type of tire used. The summer tire showed much lower suspension than the winter tires (one nonstudded and one studded). However, the relative importance of the nonstudded versus studded tire was rather different. For the ratio of studded/nonstudded, Emma shows higher values on all road sections compared with Sniffer. Both techniques showed increased emission levels with increasing vehicle speed. When the speed increased from 50 to 80 km hr(-1), the relative concentrations increased by 30-170% depending on the tire type and dust load. However, for road sections that were very dirty, Sniffer showed a much higher relative increase in the emission level with the nonstudded tire. Sniffer's absolute concentrations were mostly higher than Emma's. Possible reasons for the differences are discussed in the paper. Both systems can be used for studying relative road dust emissions and for designing air quality management strategies.     

转炉炼钢大气污染环境评价问题探讨

为了探讨转炉炼钢大气污染环境评价的关键问题,以某大型钢铁集团炼钢厂扩建项目为基础,分析了该类建设项目工艺流程和产污环节;确定了转炉炼钢的重点污染因子是粉尘、烟尘和SO2等.通过对转炉炼钢烟尘治理措施的有效性分析,得出了该扩建项目大气污染物粉尘、烟尘和SO2等能达标排放并满足总量控制指标,符合清洁生产要求.