川麦冬道地产区土壤地球化学特征研究

通过对川麦冬道地产区土壤地球化学特征的深入研究表明,该区有益元素富含B、Zn、P,其他有益元素中Mg、Ca、Si等含量接近或略低于全国平均水平值,土壤有毒有害元素Hg、Cd、Pb高出国家的土壤背景值,但基本符合国家二级土壤环境质量标准的要求。通过土壤有益有害元素的组合关系进行相关性分析认为,川麦冬产区土壤应加强Ca肥和K肥的管理和补充,同时应对As元素和Pb元素进行防治。川麦冬产区土壤的综合污染指数较高,大多地段的污染水平已接近警戒线,应加强管理和防备。     

广西贵港柑桔产区土壤重金属污染及生态风险评价

以广西贵港柑桔产区土壤为研究对象,分析了土壤中As、Hg、Cd、Cr、Cu、Sc、Pb、Zn 8种重金属含量及污染特征,基于农用地土壤污染评价标准(GB15618-2018),利用潜在生态危害指数法评价了该产区重金属的综合潜在生态风险。结果表明:Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Hg、Pb 7种元素含量均值低于土壤污染风险筛选值,Cd元素含量均值(1. 22mg/kg)高于风险筛选值(0. 3mg/kg)。Pb、Zn元素与Hg、Ni元素各自具有相似的空间分布规律,Cd元素含量有从中心向四周扩散的趋势。Cd元素处于较强的风险水平,很强与极强级别样本所占比例分别为17. 5%和45%。Hg元素中度、强风险级别占比分别为39. 5%、29. 5%,说明该研究区土壤中Cd、Hg元素污染较严重。综合潜在风险指数RI均值为342. 4,属于强生态风险,主要受Cd、Hg元素污染影响。     

四川某地区土壤中Cd、Se微量元素含量水平及有效性特征初步研究

为合理布局种植规划，保障土壤环境质量及农产品安全，采集区内表层土壤(0～20 cm),分析检测Cd、Se、有效镉、有效硒含量及pH值，通过数理统计的方法，对区内土壤中Cd、Se元素含量水平进行评价，探讨其有效性特征。区内土壤中Cd元素含量范围为0.21～1.22 mg/kg,均未超过“管控值”,92.19%的样品超过“筛选值”,可能存在生态环境风险，土壤pH≤6.5条件下Cd元素平均含量(0.44 mg/kg)低于其在pH>6.5条件下平均含量(0.72 mg/kg),Cd元素有效度与土壤pH值均呈负相关，表现为Cd元素有效性随土壤pH值升高呈明显下降趋势；Se元素平均含量(0.63 mg/kg)达到富硒土壤要求(大于0.40 mg/kg),其含量、有效度与土壤pH值关系较弱，含量基本稳定。区内分布大片高镉富硒土地属自然背景继承，酸性土壤环境下Cd元素活性程度较大，随pH值升高Cd元素活性程度下降趋势明显，表明农作物吸收土壤中Cd元素水平呈下降趋势亦明显，同时Se元素活性程度受土壤pH值影响较弱。可通过控制土壤pH值，合理布局种植规划，为规避或降低土壤中高镉可能带来的生态环境风险...     

四川马边某磷矿区土壤重金属特征及形态分析

为研究四川马边某磷矿区土壤重金属分布状况及特征,采集矿区土壤样品,用ICP-MS测定了重金属As、Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb、Cr的含量及其形态,并用潜在生态危害指数法对土壤重金属污染程度进行评价。结果表明,研究区土壤重金属中的Cd和Pb含量高于四川土壤背景值的10. 00、7. 14倍,高于全国土壤背景值8. 14、8. 48倍,其余元素均略高于各背景值,经相关性分析,As、Zn、Cd 3种重金属具有同源性。形态分析显示,Cd的形态分布以可还原态为主,易迁移释放,其余元素均以残渣态为主,Pb除残渣态外,可还原态与可氧化态占一定比例,具有一定的潜在风险。潜在生态危害指数法分析表明,重金属的单一潜在生态危害程度E_r~i顺序为Cd Pb As Cu Cr Zn,各样点重金属潜在生态危害指数RI平均值为378. 87,属于强生态危害,其中又以Cd贡献率最大,为78%。     

四川简阳东溪镇土壤环境六种元素含量评价

本文用随机布点法，采集了简阳东溪镇土壤样品29个，分析了土壤中Cd、Zn、Ni、Cu、Mn、Pb六种元素含量，用Shapiro-Wilk法和偏态系数检验了土壤中的元素含量分布类型，结果六种元素含量均为正态分布。根据元素含量类型分布，统计简阳东溪镇土壤中六种元素平均含量为：Cd0．295ppm、Zn62．5ppm、Ni27．49ppm、Cu23．25ppm、bin157．25ppm、Pb17．47ppm。     

沱江流域上游水系沉积物重金属元素空间分布特征及环境质量评价

沱江流域上游储有丰富的磷矿资源,开发利用的同时会产生一系列的污染物,并通过表水冲刷等途径进入水体,最终富集于沉积物中,对沱江流域沿岸产生重要的影响。以沱江流域上游表层沉积物为研究对象,查明了沉积物中重金属元素的含量及空间分布特征,探讨重金属来源,对重金属元素进行潜在生态风险评价和地累积指数评价。RI值显示,流域整体属于中等潜在生态危害。5、15号点处于很强的潜在生态危害,6、9、11号点为强的潜在生态危害。地累积指数结果表明绵远河中Pb、Cd为轻微-中度污染。     

宝山区农用土壤中重金属的监测与评价

在研究的8种重金属元素中,Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb、Zn、Ni的平均值都超过上海市土壤背景值,但均低于国家土壤环境二级标准。与上海优质农产地环境标准相比较,重金属含量平均值超过标准的有Cr、Pb、Zn,但研究区土壤中8种重金属含量的平均值均低于绿色食品产地环境技术条件和无公害食品产地环境技术条件。宝山区7个城镇农业土壤按多因子潜在生态危害指数评价,庙行镇的生态风险指数最高,月浦镇的生态风险指数最低。从宝山区农田土壤重金属含量的整体情况来看:多因子潜在生态评价值为119.08,宝山区农田土壤达到轻微生态危害。     

水稻产区农业生态环境重金属状况研究与评价

分别采集土壤、灌溉水样品18个，对宁化县水稻产区农业生态环境监测点的镉、汞、砷、铅、铬和铜等重金属含量进行检测，采用单因子指数法对其结果进行分析和评价。结果表明，宁化县水稻产区的农业生态环境中6种重金属元素含量均在标准规定范围内，产区土壤、灌溉水质量均为一级，达到安全清洁水平。     

攀西地区主要蔬菜基地土壤重金属含量及评价

对攀西地区米易县蔬菜基地的土壤进行采样，用原子吸收和石墨炉光谱法分析土壤中Cr、Cu、Ni、Zn、Pb、Cd、As和Hg8种元素的含量。蔬菜基地土壤重金属平均含量分别为Cr 68．8mg／kg、Cu 22．3mg／kg、Ni27．6mg／kg、Zn 146．2mg／kg、Pb31．7mg／kg、Cd0．258mg／kg、As10．3mg／kg、Hg0．0618mg／kg。根据土壤环境质量标准（GB15618—1995）对检测结果进行了单因子和多因子综合污染指数评价。分析表明调查区内少部分蔬菜基地土壤受到轻度重金属污染，主要污染物为Cd元素，其余重金属元素的含量均在安全警戒线内。     

黑岱沟露天煤矿排土场周边土壤重金属污染分析

为阐明黑岱沟露天煤矿排土场周边土壤重金属污染现状，应用单因子污染指数法和潜在生态危害指数法对土壤中Cd、Cu、Mn、Ni、Zn和Pb元素的污染状况进行分析。结果表明：以内蒙古土壤背景值为标准，矿区排土场周边土壤中Cd元素(P_i>5)属于重度污染为特征污染物；Cu和Ni(1i ≤2)处于微污染水平；Mn、Zn和Pb元素(P_i<1)未达到污染水平。Cd元素各样点分布不均，变异系数较大，说明该元素的富集受人类活动的影响严重，应对其进行监测与防治。该研究可为黑岱沟露天煤矿排土场周边土壤重金属污染防治及生态修复提供依据。     

Multivariate statistics to investigate metal contamination in surface soil

The modification of soil composition in the urbanized area of Ankara due to wet-dry deposition and pollution-derived particles from the atmosphere is investigated by analyzing 120 surface soil samples, collected from the urbanized area and its un-urbanized surrounding, for major, minor and trace elements. Concentrations of elements from human activity (e.g. Cd, Pb, Cr, Zn, Cu and Ca) in the urbanized area were higher than their corresponding concentrations in global average soil and soil in un-urbanized areas outside the urbanized area. Metal contents in soil were very high in densely populated districts and around some industrial facilities. The only exception was Pb distribution, which was more dispersed, due to the nature of motor vehicle emissions. Alteration of the Cd, Zn, Cu and Cr content of soil was confined to the inhabited and industrial areas, whereas enrichment factors of these elements were close to unity in the remaining study area. Factor analysis identified two polluted soil factor associations. One factor includes elements, such as Zn and Cd, which had high factor scores in inhabited areas and the other factor (high loading of Pb) represents soil polluted by motor vehicle emissions.     

微波消解-ICP—MS测定土壤和水系沉积物中的重金属

建立了一种采用逆王水和氢氟酸的混合体系微波酸消解土壤与水系沉积物，电感耦合等离子体质谱法快速测定六种金属元素（As、Cd、Pb、Cu、Cr和Ni）含量的方法。本文研究了消解温度和消解时间对消解效果的影响。结果表明，在190℃下运行25分钟对土壤与水系沉积物中的六种金属元素均具有很好的消解能力，备元素的测定值与标准值相符。在对实际土壤与水系沉积物样品进行分析后得出采样区域的土壤与沉积物中这六种金属含量水平正常。     

玉米植株各器官中重金属含量相关性的研究

为探讨大宗粮食作物玉米植株各器官中重金属含量的相关性,选择6个玉米品种进行盆栽实验。盆栽试验的土壤来自西南某省铅锌矿区。研究结果表明,(1)6个供试品种植株籽粒中,Ni、Pb、Zn的含量全部超标;部分品种玉米中的Cd含量超标;6个供试品种植株玉米中的Cr、Cu含量全部达标。(2)重金属含量在玉米各器官中存在交互效应;如,供试植株叶片中Cu与Ni、Pb与Zn分别存在显著正相关;在供试植株的叶片和茎秆中,Cd、Pb、Zn三者的含量呈显著性正相关。(3)金属Ni在供试植物茎秆与籽粒中存在交换的情况;金属Pb的含量在供试植株根部与茎秆的差异较大,其可能原因是植株茎秆对铅的吸收达到了饱和上限;金属Zn的含量在植株籽粒与茎秆中的差异较大,主要是因为Zn在玉米植株内的移动性强,且Zn最容易在籽粒中积累。     

Effect of Cadmium on Microbial Activity and a Ryegrass Crop in Two Semiarid Soils

Soil pollution with Cd is an environmental problem common in the world, and it is necessary to establish what Cd concentrations in soil could be dangerous to its fertility from toxicity effects and the risk of transference of this element to plants and other organisms of the food chain. In this study, we assessed Cd toxicity on soil microorganisms and plants in two semiarid soils (uncultivated and cultivated). Soil ATP content, dehydrogenase activity, and plant growth were measured in the two soils spiked with concentrations ranging from 3 to 8000 mg Cd/kg soil and incubated for 3 h, 20 days, and 60 days. The Cd concentrations that produced 5%; 10%;, and 50%; inhibition of each of the two soil microbiological parameter studied (ecological dose, ED, values) were calculated using two different mathematical models. Also, the effect of Cd concentration on plant growth of ryegrass (Lolium perenne, L.) was studied in the two soils. The Cd ED values calculated for soil dehydrogenase activity and ATP content were higher in the agricultural soils than in the bare soil. For ATP inhibition, higher ED values were calculated than for dehydrogenase activity inhibition. The average yields of ryegrass were reduced from 5.03 to 3.56 g in abandoned soil and from 4.21 to 1.15 g in agricultural soil with increasing concentrations of Cd in the soil. Plant growth was totally inhibited in abandoned and agricultural soils at Cd concentrations above 2000 and 5000 mg/kg soil, respectively. There was a positive correlation between the concentration of Cd in the plants and the total or DTPA-extractable concentrations of Cd in the soil.     

攀西地区主要蔬菜和水果基地土壤Zn污染调查研究

根据各水果、蔬菜基地的分区定点采样结果的对比分析，研究了四川省攀西地区主要蔬菜和水果基地土壤中Zn含量。结果表明，该区土壤Zn平均值范围在75．0～160mg／kg之间。各基地土壤平均锌含量顺序为：撒莲蔬菜基地〉攀莲蔬菜基地〉会理石榴基地〉大田石榴基地〉西区芒果、桂圆基地〉仁和芒果基地〉盐边芒果、枇杷基地。7个基地中有3个基地的土壤锌含量不同程度超过土壤环境质量Ⅱ级标准，其中以大田石榴基地超标最高（16％），平均值却是两个蔬菜基地最高。     

某区域内矿区土壤重金属污染与生态风险评价

探究区域内矿区土壤重金属变化并对其进行污染评价,旨在为该区域环境保护及污染治理提供一定的理论依据,以期实现矿山地质环境保护与矿产资源开发并行的矿业绿色发展。以铅、锌、镉、砷含量为评价指标,结合《土壤环境质量标准》(GB 15618—2018),采用重金属单因子污染指数法与内梅罗综合污染指数法进行重金属污染评价,并对该区域矿区潜在生态风险作出评定。结果表明,A矿区土壤各重金属含量的变异系数为149.05%~211.42%,B矿区土壤各重金属含量变异系数为60.88%~118.58%;A矿区土壤重金属均出现超标现象,其中铅、锌和镉含量超标较为严重,超标率在72%以上,而砷含量超标现象则相对较轻,超标率为36.36%;B矿区土壤铅和锌含量均未出现超标,超标率为0,而砷和镉含量则出现不同程度的超标,其中砷含量超标率为92.31%,镉含量超标率为65.38%;两个矿区土壤各重金属含量均超背景值的现象,超背景值比例为42.31%~100.00%。A矿区土壤以铅、锌和镉污染为主,而B矿区土壤中砷和镉的污染较为严重。两个矿区土壤重金属综合污染指数均属重度污染,A矿区生态风险综合指数为很强生态风险危害,而B矿区为中等生态风险危害。     

Impact of unconfined sulphur-mine waste on a semi-arid environment (Almería, SE Spain)

Thirty-five soil samples were taken from unconfined mine waste, stream sediments, and surfaces unoccupied by mining and presumably unaffected by it, in a sulphur-mining zone surrounded by carbonate material and characterized by a semi-arid climate with short torrential storms. These samples were analysed and the results compared to estimate the spread of pollution in the landscape and to assess potential environmental risk. The mean concentrations of S, Zn, Cd, Pb, and As in mine waste were between 3.5-fold (As) and 50-fold (S) greater than unaffected soils. Oxidation of S led to a sharp drop in pH, strong weathering of minerals, and solubilisation of the constituent elements, forming a toxic acidic mine drainage with highly concentrated pollutants that were discharged into the drainage channels. Successive acid mine drainage into the soil on the valley floor spreads acidification and pollution downstream. The high carbonate content in surrounding soils played an important role in the increase of the pH and precipitation of S, Pb, and Al of the affected soils. Meanwhile, high mobility of Zn, Cd and As under basic conditions and a low Fe concentration explain the broad spread of these elements, as high concentrations were detected in soil more than 2000 m from the source. Only the soil solutions from near the waste dump (first 500 m) were highly phytotoxic, and moderately phytotoxic from 500 to 1500 m away. The concentration of pollutants in the leachates was clearly higher than in soil solutions, even in the soils located over 2000 m from the source, implying that the size of the polluted area will increase with time.     

宜宾兴文县僰王山镇水田土壤中硒形态分布特征及研究

为了客观分析土壤中硒形态分布特征及硒有效性影响因素,依据硒不同形态下的溶解度不同,采用四步五态连续浸提取技术,由弱到强的选择顺序提取僰王山镇水田土壤中硒的水溶态、可交换态、有机质结合态、硫化物/硒化物态、残渣态这5种形态,并用原子荧光光谱法分析和氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法测定了土壤样品中5种形态硒和总硒的含量。初步总结了研究区水田土壤硒含量特征和硒形态分布特征。研究结果发现,僰王山镇水田土壤总硒含量变化范围为0.51~0.93 mg/kg,平均值0.714 mg/kg,远远超过全国土壤总硒平均值0.290 mg/kg,且超过了目前认为的富硒土壤的标准值0.4 mg/kg。从土壤中5种形态分析结果所占比例来看,有机质结合态和硫化物/硒化物态硒是硒元素的主要赋存形态,两者占土壤总硒含量的54.63%,反应了研究区土壤中硒富集与有机质结合态存在密切关系。     

铁尾矿路用对土壤环境质量影响及安全修复研究

为分析铁尾矿路用对道路沿线土壤环境质量影响的程度,对铁尾矿化学成分及有害物质进行测定,以秦巴山区的山地黄棕壤作为道路建设的耕土环境,把铁尾矿按70%~90%的推荐比例掺入,铁尾矿中的重金属按照最不利的全浸入式扩散进行分析,对黄棕壤中重金属含量超过限制要求的重金属进行安全修复,使铁尾矿道路沿线黄棕壤的重金属含量满足限制要求。结果表明:铁尾矿硫化物含量高达到2.89%,不满足配制混凝土的硫化物限量要求;铁尾矿路用的土壤中重金属Cr最大含量103.24 mg/kg、Cu最大含量116.4 mg/kg,国评标准污染等级均为Ⅱ级,其余重金属元素含量都在国家标准正常范围以内;高生物量的非超富集植物、细菌微生物、城市的污泥、工业粉煤灰(5%粉煤灰+50%尾矿砂+45%黄褐土)能够很好修复重金属Cr、Cu污染的土壤;含钙类物质的钝化剂处置重金属Cr、Cu污染效果好,腐殖酸、凹凸棒土、膨润土可以钝化土壤中的重金属Cu;高生物量非超富集植物、微生物钝化剂联合使用,具有更好的修复效果;当控制铁尾矿掺加比例不超过73%时,铁尾矿道路沿线的土壤重金属含量能够满足国家标准限值的要求。