水稻缓释控释肥的增产效应与环保效应

在广东省范围内对水稻缓释控释肥进行大面积试验示范,结果表明,(1)移栽前每公顷一次基施“农科”水稻缓释控释肥525～750kg,其肥效完全可满足水稻本田期对养分的需求。与常规分次施肥比较,施用该缓释控释肥平均增加稻谷497．7kg／hm^2,增产率7．78％;其中,获显著增产的概率达69．4％,平产概率占28．6％,说明施用该水稻缓释控释肥增产效果稳定。(2)施用水稻缓释控释肥显著降低氮磷肥料的养分施用量。与常规分次施肥比较,早晚造平均减少氮素用量26．5％、磷素19．3％,表明水稻缓释控释肥不但显著减少肥料资源的浪费,而且减少了肥料养分流失造成的污染,对生态环境的保护具有重要的现实意义。     

典型菜地土壤剖面N_2O浓度、扩散通量与净周转率变化

利用地下气体原位采集系统-气相色谱法,周年监测休耕裸地与轮作菜地(茼蒿-空心菜-大青菜)7、15、30和50 cm土层N_2O浓度变化,旨在探究菜地土壤剖面N_2O扩散通量变化和净周转率.结果显示:菜地土壤剖面N_2O浓度呈现较大的时空变异性,轮作菜地7、15、30和50 cm土层N_2O平均浓度分别达到休耕裸地对应土层的1.9、8.7、9.2与26.7倍,0-30 cm土层土壤N_2O浓度随土层深度增加而增加,30-50 cm土层逐渐降低,表明氮肥施用显著促进了上层土体内N_2O的产生.休耕裸地与轮作菜地4个土层N_2O扩散通量(以N计)变幅分别为-354-420μg m~(-2)h~(-1)与482-1 510μg m~(-2)h~(-1),其中休耕裸地30-50 cm土层N_2O扩散通量为负值,表明该土层N_2O以吸收为主.轮作菜地7-15 cm土层N_2O扩散通量最高为1 510μg m~(-2)h~(-1),分别比0-7 cm、15-30 cm与30-50 cm高68.1%、2.5%与36.6%,表明7-30 cm为N_2O的主要产生位点.休耕裸地与轮作菜地0-15 cm土层间N_2O净周转率以负值为主,15-50 cm以正值为主,表明N_2O的周转在土壤剖面中层(7-30cm)最快.综上,N_2O浓度在土层中的分布情况为从上到下先增加后减少,主要产生位点于30 cm土层并从该层向其上下层扩散输送;结果可为菜地土壤N_2O产生位点的定位及其转化过程的研究提供参考.(图4表2参33)     

城市污水污泥与稻草、粉煤灰混合堆肥及其利用评价

利用城市污水污泥与稻草、粉煤灰混合进行堆肥，分析评价不同物料配比堆肥的物理化学性质变化及其农用价值，探讨了污肥绿化利用的土壤环境容量。结果表明：采用广州市大坦沙污水处理厂脱水污泥与稻草、粉煤灰按照4：1：0．6～1．2的比例（质量比）混合堆肥，60d后，堆肥的植物可利用的有效态养分提高，重金属含量比原污泥有较大幅度降低，粉煤灰对污肥中的重金属有一定的钝化作用，堆肥后的物质疏松，臭味消失；由最小限制因子重金属Cd决定的污肥年最大施用量（连续20a）为82．0t／hm^2（污肥B）和72．1t／hm^2（污肥C），由N决定的污肥年最大施用量分别为31．33t／hm^2（污肥B）和32．49t／hm^2（污肥C）。     

控释肥与尿素配合施用对稻季土壤CH_4和N_2O排放的影响

为明确控释肥和尿素配合施用对稻季土壤CH_4和N_2O排放的影响,通过田间原位试验,采用人工密闭箱法,观测氮肥(尿素单施、控释肥与尿素配合施用)及不同施氮水平(0、80、160、240 kg·hm~(-2))下水稻生长季土壤CH_4和N_2O的排放通量,以寻求综合温室效应最小的施肥管理措施。结果表明:水稻生长季N_2O排放总量、水稻产量均随氮肥施用量的增加而增加,而CH_4排放总量、综合温室效应与氮肥施用量之间没有显著相关性。控释肥与尿素配合施用对水稻生长季CH_4和N_2O排放及水稻产量的影响因氮肥施用量的不同而不同。与尿素单施相比,不同施氮水平下配合施用控释肥能有效降低N_2O排放总量3.6%~49.6%,其中,烤田期是控释肥发挥减排作用的关键时期。与尿素单施相比,在80 kg·hm~(-2)和160 kg·hm~(-2)施氮水平上,配施控释肥分别增加CH_4排放总量48.1%和27.5%及稻田综合温室效应45.0%和22.8%,而水稻产量无显著差异;在240 kg·hm~(-2)施氮水平上,配施控释肥处理土壤CH_4排放总量降低4.2~15.1%,水稻产量增加5.7%~13.9%,且综合温室效应降低7.5%~19.8%。在240 kg·hm~(-2)施氮水平上,与尿素∶控释肥为3∶7、1.5∶8.5、0∶1的配施处理相比,尿素∶控释肥为4.5∶5.5配施处理的综合温室效应最小,且水稻产量最高。因此,施氮量为240 kg·hm~(-2),尿素和控释肥按4.5∶5.5比例混合施用可作为稻田控释肥推荐施用方式。     

硅肥对甘蔗叶片营养、产量及糖分的影响

施硅可增加甘蔗叶片氮、钾、硅养分含量，改善叶片磷养分状况．适量施硅可使甘蔗增产增糖，过量施硅则使甘蔗的产量和产糖量下降．此外，水溶性硅肥对甘蔗的作用优于构溶性硅肥．     

开发多功能专用肥 促进“三高”农业发展

专用肥料是根据不同的作物特性和土壤特点进行科学配方设计生产的肥料.它适宜于特定的作物,其肥效及其肥料利用率最高,是农业上科学施肥、配方施肥的新成果.多功能专用肥,是在专用肥的基础上,引人诸如防治病虫害、除草、保温保肥、一次施肥等理念配制成多功能性的专用肥料.     

包膜尿素对水田土壤排放NH3、NOx、CO2影响的研究

为了研究包膜尿素对水田土壤排放NH3、Nox和CO2的影响,采用水稻盆栽的方法,探讨了在水稻不同生育期内不同种类包膜尿素对水田土壤排放NH3、Nq和CO2的影响。结果表明,包膜尿素处理对水田土壤排放NH3、Nq和CO2均具有抑制作用,与普通尿素相比,包膜尿素LP40、LPSS、BB、SC60NH3的挥发总量降低了5．4％-19．3％,Nox的挥发总量降低了8．1％-23．4％,CO2的挥发总量降低了1．6％-13．O％;施用包膜尿素能够抑制水田土壤NH3、NOx和CO2的排放。     

三种载体上生物膜硝化作用动力学初步研究

通过测定水中COD、：NH4^ —N、NO2^-—N及NO3^-—N的浓度变化，研究了淹没式废水处理装置中沸石、活性炭和沙粒3种载体上硝化作用生物膜的动力学过程和反硝化作用。结果表明，3种载体上生物膜降解有机物(以COD表示)的过程可用一级动力学方程描述，反应速率常数分别为：沙粒0．0848h^-1、活性炭0．1187h^-1、沸石0．1334h^-1。3种载体上生物膜去除氨态氮的过程则可用零级动力学方程描述，反应速率常数分别为：沙粒-0．7743h^-1、活性炭-0．9886h^-1、沸石-1．0714h^-1．附着于沙上的生物膜去除亚硝酸盐氮的过程也可用零级动力学方程描述，反应速率常数为-0．6057h^-1，水中硝酸盐氮浓度较高时，载体沸石和活性炭上可能附着生长反硝化菌。图5表2参15。     

亚热带和温带生态条件下水稻生长速率和产量的相关性研究

在亚热带生态环境下的云南省宾川县和温带环境下的韩国水原市,2002和2003年对中国和韩国筛选出的4个水稻（Oryza sativa）高产品种进行了生长速率和产量的相关性研究,结果表明：在亚热带和温带的两种生态条件下水稻品种的叶面积指数和收获指数相近,但亚热带生态条件下实际产量和生长速率分别比温带条件下高3．06t·hm^-2和7．09g·m^-2·d^-1,产量高50．75％和生长速率高58．22％,差异达极显著水平。在亚热带条件下,移栽到移栽后20d、孕穗到抽穗的生长速率的增加能极显著提高水稻产量,以移栽到移栽后20d的生长速率影响最大,抽穗后20d生长速率的增加能增加水稻产量,但不显著。在施肥比例,基肥：分蘖肥：孕穗肥：穗肥：O％：50％：30％：20％的氮肥施用方式和稀植（30cmx14cm）条件下获得该生态区的最高产量和最大生长速率,分别为9．26t·hm^-2、19．53g·m^-2·d^-1;在温带条件下,移栽到抽穗的生长速率的增加能显著提高水稻产量,以移栽后21d到孕穗的生长速率影响最大,抽穗后20d生长速率的增加反而减低水稻产量,但不显著,氮肥施用方式基肥：分蘖肥：孕穗肥：穗肥=50％：20％：30％：0％和密植（20cm×14cm）条件下获得该生态区的最高产量和最大生长速率,分别为6．31t·hm^-2、12．00g·m^-2·d^-1。     

菜心喷施德国Fertinova叶面肥的增产效果

德国Fertinova叶面肥,已有多年的生产历史,目前已远销世界各地．它对蔬菜、果树、玉米、甘蔗等均有良好的增产效果．本试验通过菜心,研究其增产效果和增产因素,为Fertinov叶面肥的施用提供科学依据．1试验材料与方法1．1材料试验肥料由FertinovaInternational（FarEast）Lt     

Characteristics of N2O emission from Medicago sativa stands and its response to nitrogen fertilizers in the Longdong dryland Plateau北大核心CSCD

Nitrous oxide (N2O) is one of the potent greenhouse gases (GHG) that depletes the stratospheric ozone. Nitrogen fertilizers are considered to be a major source of nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from arable soils. To investigate the characteristics of N2O emission, its influencing factors, and its response to nitrogen application in dry grassland in the Loess Plateau, one of the most intensively used agricultural regions in China, we conducted a field trial with two treatments including N0 (0 kg hm-2) and N150 (150 kg hm-2) at the Qingyang Loess Plateau grassland agricultural research station of Lanzhou University. An LGR-N2O/CO gas analyzer was used to monitor the emissions. The results showed that the N2O fluxes of the N0 and N150 treatments during the monitoring period were -0.0036 and 0.0118 mg m-2 h-1, respectively; the flux in case of the N150 treatment was significantly higher than that for the N0 treatment. The N2O emission flux has a distinct diurnal variation characteristic, which first showed the trend of decreasing and then increasing. Regression analysis indicated a significant positive correlation between the N2O flux and the surface soil water content at a depth of 10 cm. The N2O emission flux increased by 131.3%, compared with that during the non-precipitation days. At the same time, the N2O emission flux showed a trend of decreasing with the increase of the surface soil temperature at a depth of 10 cm. The daily emission characteristics indicated that there may be a significant underestimation of the N2O flux at the daily or longer time-scale, based on the N2O flux value measured at 9:00-11:00. In summary, the N2O emissions from the sown alfalfa grassland of the eastern Gansu are strongly affected by precipitation and nitrogen application and have obvious daily dynamic characteristics. It is recommended that the accuracy and representativeness of N2O emission flux data be enhanced by continuous dynamic measurement using the instrument. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

缓释氮肥对菊芋生长季土壤CH4和N2O排放的影响

设置尿素+硝化抑制剂(U+DCD)、尿素+脲酶抑制剂(U+HQ)、脲甲醛(UF)、钙镁磷肥包膜尿素(CM-CU)、树脂包膜尿素(PCU)、硫包尿素(SCU)6种缓释氮肥处理以及普通尿素(U)处理,在江苏大丰进行小区试验,采用静态箱-气相色谱法同步观测沿海滩涂能源植物——菊芋(Helianthus tuberosus)生长季土壤的CH4和N2O排放通量及其减排潜力。结果表明,在2010年整个菊芋生长季,U、PCU、UF、SCU、CMCU、U+HQ和U+DCD处理土壤CH4排放总量依次为1.25、0.59、0.43、0.27、0.25、0.26和-0.21 kg.hm-2。与普通尿素处理相比,除U+DCD处理外,其余施用缓释氮肥处理可使CH4排放量减少53%～80%。生长季PCU、SCU、CMCU、U、UF、U+HQ和U+DCD处理的N2O排放总量分别为2.94、2.44、2.27、2.24、1.77、1.47和1.34 kg.hm-2。与普通尿素处理相比,施用化学型缓释氮肥(U+DCD、U+HQ和UF处理)使N2O排放量减少21%～40%,而施用物理型缓释氮肥(CM-CU、PCU和SCU处理)则使N2O排放量增加1%～31%。从全球增温潜势看,各化学型缓释氮肥处理均表现出显著的减排效果。     

含硫及含氯化肥对湘南水田土壤酸度和养分有效性的影响

1990年5—11月,在湖南祁阳中国农科院红壤实验站水稻田布置田间试验,研究结果证实,在早稻和晚稻生长期间,与含氯化肥相比,施含硫化肥更能降低土壤pH而使土壤酸化,因而在南方水田施用含硫化肥时,必须和石灰及生理碱性肥相配合。同时,施含硫化肥能提高土壤有效性磷和钾的含量,增强土壤保肥与供肥能力。对大田水样中养分离子监测的结果表明,施含硫化肥减少钾离子的淋失;而施含氯化肥则减少硝态氮的淋溶,提高水田氮肥的利用率。     

The effects of compost prepared from waste material of banana on the growth, yield and quality properties of banana plants

Three doses (15-30-45 kg plant(-1)) of the compost prepared from the clone of Dwarf cavendish banana were compared with farmyard manure (50 kg plant(-1)), mineral fertilizers (180 g N+ 150 g P +335 g K plant(-1)) and farmyard manure+ mineral fertilizers (25 kg FM+ 180 g N+ 150 g P +335 g K plant(-1)) which determined positive effects on the growth, yield and fruit quality characteristics of banana plants. The banana plants were grown under a heated glasshouse and in a soil with physical and chemical properties are suitable for banana growing. The contents of N, P, K and Mg in compost and in farmyard manure were found to be similar. Farmyard manure, farmyard manure + mineral fertilizers and 45 kg plant(-1) of compost increased growth, yield and fruit quality characteristics. According to obtained results, 45 kg plant(-1) of compost was determined more suitable in terms of economical production and organic farming than the other fertilizer types.     

爵床的化学成分研究

为了研究爵床全草中具有血管紧张素转化酶抑制活性的化学成分,从爵床全草95%乙醇提取物中分离并鉴定了13个化合物:芹菜素(1)、槲皮素7-O-α-L-吡喃鼠李糖甙(2)、木犀草素7-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖甙(3)、洋芹素7-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖甙(4)、洋芹素7-O-新橙皮甙(5)、β-谷甾醇(6)、β-胡萝卜甙(7)、东莨菪素(8)、羽扇豆醇乙酸酯(9)、环桉烯醇(10)、木栓酮(11)、木栓醇(12)、积雪草酸(13).HPLC检测结果证明,该植物中还存在木犀草素(14)和槲皮素(15).其中化合物1、14和15为爵床中具有血管紧张素转化酶抑制活性的成分.图1表2参28     

Nitrous oxide nitrification and denitrification 15N enrichment factors from Amazon forest soils.

The isotopic signatures of 15N and 18O in N2O emitted from tropical soils vary both spatially and temporally, leading to large uncertainty in the overall tropical source signature and thereby limiting the utility of isotopes in constraining the global N2O budget. Determining the reasons for spatial and temporal variations in isotope signatures requires that we know the isotope enrichment factors for nitrification and denitrification, the two processes that produce N2O in soils. We have devised a method for measuring these enrichment factors using soil incubation experiments and report results from this method for three rain forest soils collected in the Brazilian Amazon: soil with differing sand and clay content from the Tapajos National Forest (TNF) near Santarém, Pará, and Nova Vida Farm, Rond?nia. The 15N enrichment factors for nitrification and denitrification differ with soil texture and site: -111 per thousand +/- 12 per thousand and -31 per thousand +/- 11 per thousand for a clay-rich Oxisol (TNF), -102 per thousand +/- 5 per thousand and -45 per thousand +/- 5 per thousand for a sandier Ultisol (TNF), and -10.4 per thousand +/- 3.5 per thousand (enrichment factor for denitrification) for another Ultisol (Nova Vida) soil, respectively. We also show that the isotopomer site preference (delta15Nalpha - delta15Nbeta, where alpha indicates the central nitrogen atom and beta the terminal nitrogen atom in N2O) may allow differentiation between processes of production and consumption of N2O and can potentially be used to determine the contributions of nitrification and denitrification. The site preferences for nitrification and denitrification from the TNF-Ultisol incubated soils are: 4.2 per thousand +/- 8.4 per thousand and 31.6 per thousand +/- 8.1 per thousand, respectively. Thus, nitrifying and denitrifying bacteria populations under the conditions of our study exhibit significantly different 15N site preference fingerprints. Our data set strongly suggests that N2O isotopomers can be used in concert with traditional N2O stable isotope measurements as constraints to differentiate microbial N2O processes in soil and will contribute to interpretations of the isotopic site preference N2O values found in the free troposphere.     

镉、汞、锌3种重金属的雌激素样作用（Estrogenic Activity of Cadmium, Mercury, and Zinc）

为探讨镉、汞、锌3种重金属的雌激素样作用,采用双杂交酵母法测定了醋酸镉、氯化汞、醋酸锌单独作用时对重组基因酵母β-半乳糖苷酶诱导活性的EC50值.实验结果表明,醋酸镉浓度为1.0×10-5mol·L-(1实验浓度范围10-7~10-2mol·L-1),氯化汞浓度为5.0×10-7mol·L-(1实验浓度范围10-9~10-5mol·L-1),醋酸锌浓度为1.0×10-4mol·L-(1实验浓度范围10-9~10-2mol·L-1)时对酵母β-半乳糖苷酶诱导活性最大,分别达到1.3、0.95和1.1U.不能求出镉、汞、锌单独作用时对β-半乳糖苷酶诱导活性的EC50值.一味计算EC50值不仅难以评价重金属的雌激素活性,而且限制重组受体基因酵母法的普遍运用.一些重金属通过MCF-7细胞法(E-screen)呈阳性,通过重组hERα酵母法YES检测呈阴性,有可能是重金属通过与ERβ作用而产生效应.若构建出含ERβ基因的双杂交酵母菌株,与现有的方法互补将能完善环境雌激素的体外测评系统.     

灰泥土中不同氮肥品种反硝化损失与N2O排放量的差异

在实验室培养条件下，采用土壤培养-乙炔抑制法测定尿素、碳酸氢铵、硫酸铵和氯化铵4种氮肥品种在灰泥土中反硝化损失和N2O排放量的差异。结果表明，氮肥品种间的N2O排放量和反硝化损失量存在极显著差异。尿素、碳铵和氯化铵的N2O排放量极显著高于硫铵，占施肥量的3．88%-4．14％；尿素和碳铵的反硝化损失量分别为施肥量的5．8％和3．7％，极显著高于硫铵和氯化铵；但氯化铵的反硝化损失量显著低于CK。     

蔬菜施用环保液体有机肥的效果

城市餐饮垃圾经发酵处理生成的环保液体有机肥,在蔬菜上使用效果显著,菜心增产比常规施肥增产22.5%~26.3%,青瓜增产5.0%~15.0%。环保液体有机肥可以替代常规肥料作蔬菜的追肥。     

The effects of compost prepared from waste material of banana plants on the nutrient contents of banana leaves

In this study, the possible utilization of removed shoots and plant parts of banana as compost after fruit harvest were investigated. Three doses (15-30-45 kg plan(-1)) of the compost prepared from the clone of Dwarf Cavendish banana were compared with Farmyard manure (50 kg plant(-1), Mineral fertilizers (180 g N + 150 g P + 335 g K plant(-1)) and Farmyard manure + Mineral fertilizers (25 kg FM + 180 g N + 150 g P + 335 g K plant(-1)) which determined positive effects on the nutrient contents of banana leaves. The banana plants were grown under a heated glasshouse and in a soil with physical and chemical properties suitable for banana growing. The contents of N, P, K and Mg in compost and in farmyard manure were found to be similar. Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium contents of leaves in all applications except control, and Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu contents in all applications were determined between optimum levels of reference values. There were positive correlations among some nutrient contents of leaves, growth, yield and fruit quality characteristics. Farmyard manure, Farmyard manure + Mineral fertilizers and 45 kg plant(-1) of compost increased the nutrient contents of banana leaves. According to obtained results, 45 kg plant(-1) of compost was determined more suitable in terms of economical production and organic farming than the other fertiliser types.