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1.
凌晓  胡晨燕  程明  谷建 《环境科学》2015,36(5):1668-1673
采用常用消毒剂次氯酸钠对含氮除草剂利谷隆开展了氯化降解实验研究,系统考察了加氯量、p H值、加Br-量以及温度对降解效果的影响,分析了氯化反应过程中消毒副产物生成特性.结果表明,次氯酸钠对利谷隆的氧化降解过程符合二级反应动力学;p H值对该降解反应影响较大,当p H值为7时反应速率最快,其中HOCl、OCl-与利谷隆的基元反应速率常数分别为4.84×102L·(mol·h)-1和3.80×102L·(mol·h)-1.在添加溴离子时,反应速率随着溴离子的加入逐渐减小.改变温度时,反应速率随着温度的增加而逐渐增大.利谷隆在氯化降解过程中可产生三氯甲烷、二氯乙腈、三氯硝基甲烷、卤代丙酮等多类型消毒副产物.在不同p H值和添加溴离子条件下,消毒副产物种类与浓度会出现显著差异.  相似文献   

2.
饮用水氯化消毒过程的动力学模型研究进展   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
饮用水氯化消毒的安全性问题一直是水处理领域的研究重点,其氯化消毒过程动力学过程模型的建立,对于饮用水含氯量监测、评价及生成消毒副产物的控制具有重要意义。本文概述了饮用水氯化消毒过程的有关动力学模型研究现状及进展,从模型依据的机理和表达形式等方面分析了饮用水氯化消毒过程的动力学模型研究进展,介绍了广泛应用的几种模型,如Clark自由氯衰减模型、Valentine氯胺衰减模型等,通过对相关模型的原理、异同点、优缺点、适用性的对比及对影响模型的因素分析,对氯化消毒过程中动力学模型的今后发展趋势作了展望。  相似文献   

3.
以饮用水中典型微生物--大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)为试验对象,研究pH值、氯化时间、氯投量及细菌浓度对大肠杆菌在氯化消毒过程中生成消毒副产物(DBPs)的影响,并分析何种氯化条件下,DBPs控制效果最佳.研究表明:随氯投量增加,二氯乙腈(DCAN)呈先上升后下降趋势;随氯化时间延长,三氯丙酮(1,1,1-TCP)和DCAN先增加后减少;在pH值从5升高到9时,1,1,1-DCP、三氯硝基甲烷(TCNM)、二氯乙酸(DCAA)和三氯乙酸(TCAA)持续降低;细菌污染水源事件在近年常有报道,当水源水中细菌浓度增加时,饮用水中三氯甲烷(TCM)、TCNM、DCAA和TCAA浓度增加,但DCAN、三氯乙腈(TCAN)、二氯丙酮(1,1-DCP)和1,1,1-TCP不一定增加.为了达到低毒性的目的,氯投量浓度不宜太高,同时控制氯化时间为6h和pH>8.  相似文献   

4.
以模拟泳池水为研究对象,研究不同的氯化时间、氯投加量、pH值、反应温度条件对泳池水在氯化消毒过程中生成消毒副产物(DBPs)的影响.研究结果表明:延长氯化反应时间,二氯乙酸(DCAA)、三氯乙酸(TCAA)和三氯甲烷(TCM)的浓度不断升高,二氯乙腈(DCAN)、三氯硝基甲烷(TCNM)和1,1,1-三氯丙酮(1,1,1-TCP)的浓度则先升高再降低.DBPs浓度在氯化反应的前24h增幅较大,48h后趋于平缓;随着氯投加量的增加,DCAA、TCAA、TCM、TCNM和1,1,1-TCP浓度一直呈上升趋势,而DCAN浓度则先升高再降低.在氯投加量为2mg/L时,DBPs的浓度较低;在pH值从6升高到8的过程中,DCAA、TCAA、DCAN和1,1,1-TCP浓度先升高再降低,TCM和TCNM浓度则一直升高.pH值在6~7范围内可有效控制DBPs的形成;随着反应温度的升高,DCAA、TCAA、TCM和TCNM浓度持续升高,DCAN和1,1,1-TCP则逐渐降低.综上所述,应合理调节泳池水的氯化消毒条件,在保证舒适度的同时有效控制DBPs的生成.  相似文献   

5.
作为消毒副产物的一类重要前体物,天然水体中的氨基酸受到越来越多的关注。对近几年来国内外氯化消毒氨基酸过程中消毒副产物生成情况以及生成机理的相关研究。比较了氨基酸种类、消毒剂用量、pH值、溴离子浓度等对氯化消毒氨基酸过程中消毒副产物的生成的影响,阐述了不同氨基酸在氯化过程中消毒副产物的生成机理,并展望了饮用水消毒领域未来的主要研究方向。  相似文献   

6.
探讨了饮用水ClO2消毒无机副产物ClO2和ClO3-产生预测模型建立的必要性.分析了模型建立的方法与过程,并提出存在的不足与建议.  相似文献   

7.
消毒副产物(DBPs)是饮用水消毒过程中的反应产物,严重威胁人体健康,因此建立相关模型、预测其浓度、实现精准控制显得尤为重要.综述了 DBPs预测经验模型的研究进展,简要回顾了当前常见的消毒手段、DBPs种类以及对应的相关规范标准,并分别探讨了基于回归和基于机器学习的DBPs模型原理,对采取这2种方式构建的模型预测效果进行总结和评价.其中,重点分析了 3种DBPs预测模型的机器学习算法原理,即随机森林算法、支持向量机和人工神经网络.提出了当前DBPs预测模型存在的问题,并展望了其未来发展方向,旨在推动构建精准度更高、适用性更强的DBPs预测模型.  相似文献   

8.
组合氯化消毒工艺的卤代消毒副产物生成特性   总被引:1,自引:4,他引:1       下载免费PDF全文
刘静  陈超  张晓健 《环境科学》2009,30(9):2538-2543
比较4种单独使用氯或组合氯化消毒工艺在较长管网停留时的卤代消毒副产物生成情况.4种工艺为单独游离氯消毒、氯胺消毒、清水池游离氯消毒后转氯胺的先氯后氨消毒、短时游离氯后转氯胺的顺序氯化消毒工艺.结果表明,游离氯消毒工艺在管网停留时间长时,卤代消毒副产物会持续大量的生成,而一氯胺消毒工艺生成的卤代消毒副产物量很低.目前使用较为普遍的先氯后氨消毒工艺与游离氯消毒相比,可以降低卤代消毒副产物的生成量,管网停留24 h时,三卤甲烷的生成量降低了9.6%,卤乙酸的生成量减低了42%.但是先氯后氨消毒工艺由于游离氯接触时间约为2 h,卤代消毒副产物已经大量生成.短时游离氯后转氯胺的顺序氯化消毒工艺,由于控制了游离氯的接触时间,可以在保障消毒工艺灭活微生物效果的同时更为有效地控制卤代消毒副产物,管网停留24 h时,三卤甲烷的生成量与单独游离氯消毒工艺相比降低了48%,卤乙酸的生成量减低了72%.因此,顺序氯化消毒工艺可以更好地控制卤代消毒副产物的生成,提高水质安全性.  相似文献   

9.
苏浩  封莉  张立秋 《环境工程》2023,41(8):33-40
为明确污水厂中频繁暴露的纳米颗粒(NPs)对消毒副产物(DBPs)生成规律的影响,以二级出水为底物,重点考察了氯消毒与UV/氯消毒过程中NPs存在浓度对DBPs生成的影响,并通过三维荧光光谱与紫外可见差分光谱分析NPs与二级出水中残留的有机物(EfOM)的络合情况。实验结果表明:3种NPs的存在降低了二级出水UV254与SUVA含量,并通过疏水作用络合EfOM,造成Zeta电位、荧光强度、紫外吸光光度下降。当nTiO2、nAg、NZVI 3种NPs的存在浓度均为500 μg/L时,在氯消毒过程中,三氯甲烷(TCM)、二氯已腈(DCAN)、一溴二氯甲烷(BDCM)生成量的减少量约是NPs存在浓度为10 μg/L时的2~5倍。在UV/氯消毒过程中,nAg的存在导致TCM、DCAN生成量分别上升了2.18,1.53 μg/L,对BDCM生成的影响不明显;nTiO2的存在导致TCM、DCAN、BDCM生成量分别减少了4.09,2.02,2.15 μg/L;NZVI的存在导致TCM、DCAN、BDCM生成量分别减少了2.36,1.3,1.16 μg/L。实验通过研究污水厂残留NPs对DBPs生成机制的影响,为污水厂的安全运行提供数据支撑。  相似文献   

10.
选取了受污染原水中广泛存在的12种含氮有机物(除草剂、杀虫剂、氨基酸、工业品等),开展了氯化和氯胺化培养生成典型消毒副产物的实验,目的是通过对水中脲类除草剂、嗪类除草剂和其他含氮化合物培养生成不同消毒副产物的生成量,讨论不同种类含氮化合物生成含碳和含氮消毒副产物规律以及考察不同消毒副产物的可能前体物.研究发现,脲类除草...  相似文献   

11.
         下载免费PDF全文
Municipal wastewater discharge is considered as one of the main sources of N-nitrosamine precursors which can impact the qualities of downstream source waters and reclaimed wastewaters for potable reuse. NNitrosamine precursors can be removed to various degrees during biological wastewater treatment (e.g., the activated sludge (AS) process). So far, little is known about the impact of the AS process on N-nitrosamine formation under practical disinfection condition (e.g., uniform formation condition (UFC)). In this study, N-nitrosamine UFC from selected model compounds, sewage components (i.e., blackwaters and greywaters) and sewage samples were comprehensively investigated during batch AS treatment tests. NNitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) formation from the tested precursor compounds (i.e., trimethylamine (TMA) and sumatriptan (SMTR)) under UFC chloramination decreased mostly after 6 or 24 hr treatment with different types of AS (i.e., domestic rural AS, domestic urban AS, and textile AS), and the reductions in NDMA UFC were comparable to their NDMA formation potential (FP) reductions. In urine and feces blackwaters, NDMA UFC increased after 6 or 24 hr treatment with the domestic (i.e., rural and urban) AS, while NDMA FP decreased substantially. The increases in NDMA UFC after AS treatment was presumably attributed to the removal of bulk organic matters (e.g., dissolved organic carbon (DOC)) which favored NDMA formation under UFC. On the other hand, in laundry greywaters having relatively abundant DOC, N-nitrosamine UFC was less affected by DOC removal before or after AS treatment, but decreased to similar degrees with N-nitrosamine FP. In sewage samples collected from wastewater treatment plants, N-nitrosamines UFC tended to increase or remain constant during AS treatment, despite the decreases in their FPs. These results suggest that biological wastewater treatment (e.g., the AS process) may not effectively reduce N-nitrosamine formation (e.g., measured under UFC) partially because the concurrent removal of bulk organic matters (e.g., DOC) favored N-nitrosamine formation in secondary effluents.  相似文献   

12.
    
The comprehensive control efficiency for the formation potentials(FPs) of a range of regulated and unregulated halogenated disinfection by-products(DBPs)(including carbonaceous DBPs(C-DBPs), nitrogenous DBPs(N-DBPs), and iodinated DBPs(I-DBPs)) with the multiple drinking water treatment processes, including pre-ozonation, conventional treatment(coagulation–sedimentation, pre-sand filtration), ozone-biological activated carbon(O_3-BAC) advanced treatment, and post-sand filtration, was investigated. The potential toxic risks of DBPs by combing their FPs and toxicity values were also evaluated.The results showed that the multiple drinking water treatment processes had superior performance in removing organic/inorganic precursors and reducing the formation of a range of halogenated DBPs. Therein, ozonation significantly removed bromide and iodide,and thus reduced the formation of brominated and iodinated DBPs. The removal of organic carbon and nitrogen precursors by the conventional treatment processes was substantially improved by O_3-BAC advanced treatment, and thus prevented the formation of chlorinated C-DBPs and N-DBPs. However, BAC filtration leads to the increased formation of brominated C-DBPs and N-DBPs due to the increase of bromide/DOC and bromide/DON.After the whole multiple treatment processes, the rank order for integrated toxic risk values caused by these halogenated DBPs was haloacetonitriles(HANs)》haloacetamides(HAMs) haloacetic acids(HAAs) trihalomethanes(THMs) halonitromethanes(HNMs) 》I-DBPs(I-HAMs and I-THMs). I-DBPs failed to cause high integrated toxic risk because of their very low FPs. The significant higher integrated toxic risk value caused by HANs than other halogenated DBPs cannot be ignored.  相似文献   

13.
    
This work investigated the formation of carbonaceous and nitrogenous disinfection by-products (C-DBPs, N-DBPs) upon chlorination of water samples collected from a surface water and a ground water treatment plant (SWTP and GWTP) where the conventional treatment processes, i.e., coagulation, sedimentation, and filtration were employed. Twenty DBPs, including four trihalomethanes, nine haloacetic acids, seven N-DBPs (dichloroacetamide, trichloroacetamide, dichloroacetonitrile, trichloroacetonitrile, bromochloroacetonitrile, dibromoacetonitrile and trichloronitromethane), and eight volatile chlorinated compounds (dichloromethane (DCM), 1,2-dichloroethane, tetrachloroethylene, chlorobenzene, 1,2-dichlorobenzene, 1,4-dichlorobenzene, 1,2,3-trichlorobenzene and 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene) were detected in the two WTPs. The concentrations of these contaminants were all below their corresponding maximum contamination levels (MCLs) regulated by the Standards for Drinking Water Quality of China (GB5749-2006) except for DCM (17.1 μg/L detected vs. 20 μg/L MCL). The SWTP had much higher concentrations of DBPs detected in the treated water as well as the DBP formation potentials tested in the filtered water than the GWTP, probably because more precursors (e.g., dissolved organic carbon, dissolved organic nitrogen) were present in the water source of the SWTP.  相似文献   

14.
以取自河南省郑州市石佛原水厂的黄河原水为研究对象,系统研究了原水中消毒副产物(DBPs)前体物的组成规律,对比分析了3种预氧化剂(高锰酸钾、自由氯和二氧化氯)对原水中DBPs生成潜能的消减规律.试验结果表明:原水中DBPs的前体物均以小分子有机物和疏水性组分(52.51%)为主;分子量小于 1 kDa有机物组分是生成含氮消毒副产物(N-DBPs)和三卤甲烷(THMs)的主要前体物;疏水性有机物是生成THMs的主要前体物,亲水性有机物是生成N-DBPs的主要前体物.经Cl2预氧化后,直接生成的DBPs随着自由氯投加量的增加而增加,ClO2和KMnO4预氧化直接增加DBPs产生量.经3种预氧化剂氧化后,原水中三卤甲烷生成潜能(THMFP)均呈现一定的下降,其降低量依次为ClO2> Cl2> KMnO4;然而3种预氧化剂都不能有效的减少含氮消毒副产物生成潜能(N-DBPFP),ClO2预氧化和Cl2预氧化可增加N-DBPs生成潜能,尤其在较高投加量下,Cl2预氧化将大大增加N-DBPs生成潜能.为有效消减总DBPs生成潜能,水厂可优先采用KMnO4或ClO2作为预氧化剂处理引黄水库或沉砂池水.  相似文献   

15.
    
The removal of disinfection by-products formation potential(DBPFP) in artificially intensified biological activated carbon(IBAC) process which is developed on the basis of traditional ozone granular activated carbon was evaluated. By IBAC removals of 31% and 68% for THMFP and HAAFP were obtained respectively. Under identical conditions, the removals of the same substances were 4% and 32% respectively only by the granular activated carbon(GAC) process. Compared with GAC, the high removal rates of the two formed potential substances were due to the increasing of bioactivity of the media and the synergistic capabilities of biological degradation cooperating with activated carbon adsorption of organic compounds. A clear linear correlation ( R^2 = 0.9562 and R^2 = 0.9007) between DOC HAAFP removal rate and Empty Bed Contact Time(EBCT) of IBAC process was observed, while that between THMFP removal rate and EBCT of GAC was R^2 = 0.9782. In addition certain linear correlations between THMFP, HAAFP and UV254 ( R^2 = 0.855 and R^2 = 0.7702) were found for the treated water. For IBAC process there are also more advantages such as long backwashing cycle time, low backwashing intensity and prolonging activated carbon lifetime and so on.  相似文献   

16.
新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19,简称“新冠肺炎”)疫情期间,消毒剂超量使用,导致大量DBPs(disinfection by-products,消毒副产物)进入自然水体,可能对水生态环境产生不良影响.以5种HAAs(卤乙酸类)消毒副产物(一氯乙酸、二氯乙酸、三氯乙酸、一溴乙酸和二溴乙酸)为研究目标,基于筛选的本土水生生物的毒性数据,采用欧盟《风险评价技术指导文件》中的评估系数法和平衡分配法分别推导了5种HAAs在水体和沉积物两种介质中的PNEC(预测无效应浓度)值.结果表明:5种HAAs对水生生物的急、慢性毒性大小顺序均为一溴乙酸>一氯乙酸>二氯乙酸>三氯乙酸>二溴乙酸;5种HAAs(一氯乙酸、二氯乙酸、三氯乙酸、一溴乙酸和二溴乙酸)的PNECw(水体的预测无效应浓度)分别为0.025、0.030、0.060、0.016和1.956 mg/L,PNECs(沉积物的预测无效应浓度)分别为0.021、0.026、0.057、0.013和1.679 mg/kg(以湿质量计).研究显示,污水处理厂出水中排放的DBPs对水生态环境可能造成潜在的风险和危害,应加强对污水处理厂出水中5种HAAs的监测和去除,从而减少排入到自然水体中的HAAs含量.   相似文献   

17.
    
Levels of disinfection by-products (DBPs) in drinking water samples tended to be higher in summer than in winter. The concentrations of some DBPs tended to increase with distance (time) from the treatment plant while other DBPs increased in the first part of the distribution system and then decreased at a further distance from the treatment plant. Samples taken near the end of the distribution system provided an estimation of maximum exposure for trihalomethanes but not for haloacetic acids. Maximum values for DCAA and TCAA usually occurred at some point within the distribution system and by the end of the distribution system DCAA and TCAA levels were below their respective maximum values. No single sampling location or season provided simultaneous maximum values for the trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids. The difficulties involved in determining current human exposures to DBPs in drinking water emphasize the problems involved in attempting a retrospective estimation of DBP exposure. It will be difficult to assess the risk of adverse health effects within an exposed population when the levels and speciation of the DBPs change between seasons and the level of exposure can depend on how far the consumer lives from the water treatment plant. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

18.
为了降低饮用水在氯消毒过程中产生的消毒副产物(DBPs)溴氯乙腈(BCAN)对人体带来的健康危害,采用Fe/Cu催化还原的方法降解饮用水中低浓度的BCAN,考察了BCAN的降解效果和其影响因素,探讨了其降解机制及动力学规律.结果表明,Fe/Cu具有更强的还原降解BCAN的能力,与零价铁相比,Fe/Cu(质量比为10∶1)的降解效率是其1.5倍.随着Fe/Cu投加量的增加,BCAN的去除率有明显的提高,对于初始浓度为20μg·L-1的BCAN溶液,当Fe/Cu(质量比为10∶1)投加量由5g·L-1增加到10 g·L-1,反应150 min后,去除率由51.1%增加到89.5%.BCAN降解效率随着温度的升高逐渐提高,BCAN初始浓度的变化对Fe/Cu去除BCAN的去除效果影响不大,Fe/Cu降解BCAN符合一级反应动力学规律.  相似文献   

19.
以浙江省H市供水系统为调查对象,采用配有电子捕获器的气相色谱(GC-ECD)检测2座水厂及相应供水管网中18种消毒副产物(DBPs)的含量,深入探讨了DBPs导致的饮用水健康风险及前体物指标与各类DBPs的相关性.结果发现H市饮用水中检出三卤甲烷(THMs)、卤乙酸(HAAs)、卤乙腈(HANs)和三氯硝基甲烷(HNMs)等类消毒副产物,THMs含量最高,HAAs次之.CX水厂出水和供水管网中THMs分别为7. 70~32. 73μg·L~(-1)和9. 00~51. 42μg·L~(-1),HAAs分别为3. 05~21. 30μg·L~(-1)和6. 00~26. 79μg·L~(-1). TH水厂出水和供水管网中THMs分别为8. 65~38. 76μg·L~(-1)和12. 09~42. 04μg·L~(-1),HAAs分别为2. 42~14. 79μg·L~(-1)和2. 80~33. 40μg·L~(-1),2家水厂出厂水和供水管网中消毒副产物浓度均符合《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006).采用溶解性有机碳(DOC)和UV254表征水样有机物,分析有机物与DBPs的相关性,发现管网水中三氯甲烷(TCM)与DOC和UV254呈显著负相关性.基于EPA推荐的健康风险评价模型对经口摄取途径时氯消毒副产物的致癌和非致癌风险进行计算,发现H市出厂水和管网水中消毒副产物引起的致癌风险分别为5. 94×10-6~4. 76×10-5和5. 94×10-6~5. 56×10-5,非致癌风险分别为0. 91×10-2~4. 20×10-2和1. 26×10-2~4. 72×10-2.致癌风险主要来自THMs,一溴二氯甲烷(BDCM)贡献了最高的致癌风险,非致癌风险主要来自TCM.  相似文献   

20.
以揭示回灌过程中CHCl3耦合胶体效应影响下的二次形成作用为研究目标,通过批实验分析有、无胶体条件下不同水化学条件对CHCl3生成速率及生成量的影响,并结合切向流超滤技术和原子力电镜扫描(AFM)表征手段分析CHCl3-SiO2胶体协同作用模式.结果表明,CHCl3的生成量随着反应时间的增加而增大,并在特定的反应时间内,高氯/TOC比率、高pH值、低离子强度均会促进CHCl3的二次形成.SiO2胶体的存在会影响反应前体物的吸附,使各时刻CHCl3生成作用均受到抑制,并对水中的CHCl3有强吸附作用.结果可为人工回灌过程中CHCl3的二次形成作用提供科学参考.  相似文献   

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