硒对体外培养大鼠胚胎的发育毒性实验研究

本实验用全胚胎培养方法探讨了硒对体外培养大鼠胚胎的发育毒性，结果表明硒对胚胎的损害有明显的剂量—反应关系，硒浓度为2.0μg/ml，首先受累及的器官是视觉系统，提示该系统是硒的主要胚胎毒性作用部位，高浓度时，硒对反映胚胎生长发育和器官形态学分化的各指标均有抑制作用，6.0μg/ml剂量组胚胎畸形率为66.7%，主要表现是无眼泡，耳泡，心包积液，腋芽小，神经管未闭和体节异常，12.0μg/ml，死胎率高达88.9%。     

生态环境中镉对生物体毒性作用机理及硒对该毒性拮抗作用的研究进展

本文综述了生态环境中镉对生物毒性作用机理及硒对镉毒性拮抗作用研究的进展。镉的毒性作用与镉诱发自由基、诱导脂质过氧化以及对其它化学元素的干扰有关，同时也与金属硫蛋白（MT）有着密切关系。硒对镉的拮抗作用与硒的抗氧化作用、与镉形成硒镉复合物以及改变镉在体内的分布有关。     

宜宾兴文县僰王山镇水田土壤中硒形态分布特征及研究

为了客观分析土壤中硒形态分布特征及硒有效性影响因素,依据硒不同形态下的溶解度不同,采用四步五态连续浸提取技术,由弱到强的选择顺序提取僰王山镇水田土壤中硒的水溶态、可交换态、有机质结合态、硫化物/硒化物态、残渣态这5种形态,并用原子荧光光谱法分析和氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法测定了土壤样品中5种形态硒和总硒的含量。初步总结了研究区水田土壤硒含量特征和硒形态分布特征。研究结果发现,僰王山镇水田土壤总硒含量变化范围为0.51~0.93 mg/kg,平均值0.714 mg/kg,远远超过全国土壤总硒平均值0.290 mg/kg,且超过了目前认为的富硒土壤的标准值0.4 mg/kg。从土壤中5种形态分析结果所占比例来看,有机质结合态和硫化物/硒化物态硒是硒元素的主要赋存形态,两者占土壤总硒含量的54.63%,反应了研究区土壤中硒富集与有机质结合态存在密切关系。     

含硒废水处理新方法

含硒废水通常采用生物法、絮凝沉淀法和过滤法处理.在生物法中,采用厌氧生物处理来降低原始废液中可溶的硒酸盐与亚硒酸盐,并转化为不溶性的单质硒,从而以不溶性单质硒的形式去除硒酸盐或亚硒酸盐;在絮凝沉淀法中,通常是向生物处理后的废水中加入一种金属盐,使该金属盐与可溶性硒反应并生成一种不溶性硒化合物,从而以不溶性硒化合物形式去除残留的可溶性硒;在过滤法中,将絮凝沉淀法中残留在废水中的不溶性硒去除,这样就能在不用大量化学药剂和不产生大量沉淀的情况下去除含硒废水中的可溶性硒.本文介绍的新工艺出水中硒浓度≤0.1 mg/L,而且处理成本也大大降低.     

富硒甘蓝的降糖功效研究

糖尿病是一种氧化失调症状,患者血浆中抗氧化剂如VC、VE和硒的水平比对照低.硒作为多种抗氧化酶的活性中心,能降低氧化胁迫对身体的损伤.研究了富硒甘蓝对糖尿病小鼠的降糖功效.结果表明,经过富硒甘蓝汁灌胃后的糖尿病小鼠血糖显著降低,耐糖量改善.同时,富硒小鼠的T-AOC、SOD、GSH-Px活性明显高于对照组,而MDA明显降低,提示硒可在一定程度上改善糖尿病小鼠的糖代谢紊乱.甘蓝中的有机硒主要以甲基硒半胱氨酸形式存在,是一种安全的食源性补硒形式.     

印度对硒的研究

这篇关于土壤、动植物中含硒情况的最新研究报告来自印度。自从由于饲料中缺乏硒或硒的毒害,使奶牛受害以来,就着手有计划地开展硒的研究。虽然,该项研究工作起步于十年前,取得了重要研究成果,但本文仍做批判性地回顾。为了评价硒的独特的生理作用,值得追述它的历史(硒 Se 是周期表中值得追述历史的几个元素之一)。硒来源于地壳,再进入各类土壤,尔后被植物吸收并积累起来,最终通过含硒的食物来毒害哺乳动物,事情就是这样按序发生的。     

环境中的硒及其与植物的关系

在土壤—植物—动物的生态系统中,土壤是最基本的因素。能否将硒引入(或带出)食物链,从而解决缺硒(或硒中毒)的问题,关键是植物的媒介作用。硒是否为植物的必要元素,有的植物仅累积少量的硒,有的植物可累积上千个PPm而不表现出受害症状。本文从分析硒的来源、含量、分布入手,综述了硒对植物生长的影响、生理毒性以及植物对硒的吸收机制和累积能力,借以反映这一研究领域的概况和动态。     

青海省人群和环境的缺硒状况及防治措施建议

硒是人体所必需的微量元素。缺硒对人体健康会有不同程度的危害。我省地处高原,为了解人群内外环境中的硒含量,我们于1991—1993年在全省范围内进行了硒含量调查。     

不同土壤对亚硒酸离子和硒酸离子的等温吸附

研究了不同土壤对亚硒酸离子和硒酸离子的等温吸附,其结果符合Langmuir吸附曲线。土壤因子对两种形态硒的吸附有不同程度的影响。最大吸附量与土壤有机质和粘粒含量呈正相关,与PH呈负相关。     

土壤样品中硒的形态分析

本文按 Sanzolone 顺序浸提法将土壤硒分成:可溶性(0.25MKCl)、配位体交换(0.1MKH_2PO_4)、酸溶解(4MHCl)、氧化性酸的分解(KClO_3 HCl)、混合酸消解(HF HNO_3 HClO _4)五部分。各形态硒与全硒均呈显著相关。根据从类型和性质不同的样品得到的实验数据发现,不同形态硒的分布依赖于因化学风化而产生的化学和矿物学上的差异。KH_2PO_4浸提的硒和HCl 浸提的硒能反映硒对环境的直接影响和间接影响。土壤因子对各种形态硒具有不同程度的影响。     

湖北恩施少数民族地区资源优势与产业发展战略

开发湖北恩施少数民族地区丰富的资源具有重要的意义.分析了恩施地区资源开发的优势和存在的问题,提出了产业发展战略,即发展恩施地区的生态旅游业和富硒绿色农产品,建立现代化的中药材生产基地,在发展中把资源优势转化为产品优势.     

西昌市大气污染现状调查及保护对策

本文对西昌市大气污染现状进行调查分析，揭示了大气环境污染的特征及其变化规律，从宏观上提出了保护大气环境的对策。     

农村沼气建设对四川省节能减排的贡献——以西昌市的典型调查为例

以西昌市农村能源利用结构为例，分析发展农村户用沼气后，在能源的需求量减少的情况下，可以获得更多的热能，并达到减排的目的。     

Fate of colloidal-particulate elemental selenium in aquatic systems

Bacterial reduction of selenate [Se(VI)] to elemental Se [Se(0)] is considered an effective bioremediation technique to remove selenium (Se) from agricultural drainage water. However, the fate of the newly formed Se(0) in aquatic systems is not known when it flows out of the treatment system. A set of laboratory experiments was conducted to determine the fate of the colloidal-particulate Se(0) in a water column and in a water-sediment system. Results showed that the newly formed colloidal-particulate Se(0) followed two removal pathways in aquatic systems: (i) flocculation-sedimentation to the bottom of the water and (ii) oxidation to selenite [Se(IV)] and Se(VI). During 58 d of the experiments, 51% of the added Se(0) was precipitated to the bottom of the water and 47% was oxidized to Se(IV) in the water column. In the water-sediment system, Se(IV) in the water accounted for 21 to 25% of the added Se(0). Adsorption of Se(IV) to the bottom sediment resulted in a relatively low amount of Se(IV) in the water. This study indicates that the newly formed Se(0) may be an available form of Se for uptake by organisms if it flows to aquatic systems from a treatment site. Therefore, an effective bioremediation system for removing Se from drainage water must reduce Se(VI) to Se(0) and remove Se(0) directly from the drainage water.     

Characterization of selenate removal from drainage water using rice straw

Removal of selenium (Se) from agricultural drainage water is very important for protecting wildlife in wetland systems. We conducted a series of experiments on selenite [Se(IV)] adsorption and selenate [Se(VI)] reduction to determine Se removal from drainage water amended with 1000 microg/L of Se(VI) or Se(IV) and 5 g of rice (Oryza sativa L.) straw. Under sterile conditions, the added Se(IV) was not adsorbed to the rice straw within 2 d of the experiment and the added Se(VI) was not reduced within 14 d. In contrast, added Se(VI) in a nonsterile rice-straw solution was reduced rapidly, from 930 microg/L at Day 3 to 20 microg/L at Day 5, with an increase in unprecipitated elemental Se [Se(0)] and total Se(0). In the last several days of the experiments, unprecipitated Se(0) was the major Se form in the rice-straw solution, with a small amount of organic Se(-II). This study showed that Se removal from drainage water in the presence of rice straw involves a two-step process. The first is the microbial reduction of Se(VI) to Se(IV) and then to colloidal Se(0). The second is flocculation and precipitation of colloidal Se(0) to the bottom of the experimental flasks and the surface of rice straw.     

Soil and plant selenium at a reclaimed uranium mine

Selenium (Se) associated with reclaimed uranium (U) mine lands may result in increased food chain transfer and water contamination. To assess post-reclamation bioavailability of Se at a U mine site in southeastern Wyoming, we studied soil Se distribution, dissolution, speciation, and sorption characteristics and plant Se accumulation. Phosphate-extractable soil Se exceeded the critical limit of 0.5 mg/kg in all the samples, whereas total soil Se ranged from a low (0.6 mg/kg) to an extremely high (26 mg/kg) value. Selenite was the dominant species in phosphate and ammonium bicarbonate-diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (AB-DTPA) extracts, whereas selenate was the major Se species in hot water extracts. Extractable soil Se concentrations were in the order of KH2PO4 > AB-DTPA > hot water > saturated paste. The soils were undersaturated with respect to various Se solid phases, albeit with high levels of extractable Se surpassing the critical limit. Calcium and Mg minerals were the potential primary solids controlling Se dissolution, with dissolved organic carbon in the equilibrium solutions resulting in enhanced Se availability. Adsorption was a significant (r2 = 0.76-0.99 at P < 0.05) mechanism governing Se availability and was best described by the initial mass isotherm model, which predicted a maximum reserve Se pool corresponding to 87% of the phosphate-extractable Se concentrations. Grasses, forbs, and shrubs accumulated 11 to 1800 mg Se/kg dry weight. While elevated levels of bioavailable Se may be potentially toxic, the plants accumulating high Se may be used for phytoremediation, or the palatable forage species may be used as animal feed supplements in Se-deficient areas.     

Fate of dimethyldiselenide in soil

Volatilization of dimethyldiselenide (DMDSe) is one of the most important processes for removing selenium (Se) from Se-contaminated environments. However, the fate of DMDSe in soil is not known. In this study, we monitored the changes of DMDSe in the head space of soil samples spiked with known amounts of DMDSe gas, and fractionated and speciated the resulting Se forms in soil. Dimethyldiselenide was highly dissolved in water in a closed air-water system and was highly sorbed onto soil in a closed air-soil system. Chemical and biological transformations of DMDSe in soil converted a large amount of DMDSe to nonvolatile Se compounds. Elemental Se [Se(0)] and nonvolatile organic Se were the major forms of Se transformed from spiked DMDSe. Microbial conversion of DMDSe to dimethylselenide (DMSe) in soil increased the production of DMSe. Calculation of the mass recovery showed that about 85 to 93% of the added DMDSe was recovered as Se(0), organic Se, organic material Se (OM-Se), Se(IV), and volatile organic Se in the head space in the non-autoclaved soils and 50 to 70% of the added DMDSe was recovered in the autoclaved soils. These results indicate that DMDSe is not a stable form of Se, and it may be one of the important precursors of DMSe in the soil environment.     

Selenium stable isotope investigation into selenium biogeochemical cycling in a lacustrine environment: Sweitzer Lake, Colorado

We present a comprehensive set of Se concentration and isotope ratio data collected over a 3-yr period from dissolved, sediment-hosted, and organically bound Se in a Se-contaminated lake and littoral wetland. Median isotope ratios of these various pools of Se spanned a narrow isotopic range (delta80/76Se(SRM-3149)) = 1.14-2.40 per thousand). Selenium (VI) reduction in the sediments is an important process in this system, but its isotopic impact is muted by the lack of direct contact between surface waters and reduction sites within sediments. This indicates that using Se isotope data as an indicator of microbial or abiotic Se oxyanion reduction is not effective in this or other similar systems. Isotopic data suggest that most Se(IV) in the lake originates from oxidation of organically bound Se rather than directly through Se(VI) reduction. Mobilization of Se(VI) from bedrock involves only a slight isotopic shift. Temporally constant isotopic differences observed in Se(VI) from two catchment areas suggest the potential for tracing Se(VI) from different source areas. Phytoplankton isotope ratios are close to those of the water, with a small depletion in heavy isotopes (0.56 per thousand). Fish tissues nearly match the phytoplankton, being only slightly depleted in the heavier isotopes. This suggests the potential for Se isotopes as migration indicators. Volatile, presumably methylated Se was isotopically very close to median values for phytoplankton and macrophytes, indicating a lack of isotopic fractionation during methylation.     

Bacterial diversity in selenium reduction of agricultural drainage water amended with rice straw

Bacterial reduction of the Se oxyanions selenate [Se(VI)] and selenite [Se(IV)] to elemental selenium [Se0] is an important biological process in removing Se from drainage water. This study was conducted to characterize the molecular diversity of bacterial populations involved in Se reduction of drainage water amended with rice (Oryza sativa L.) straw and also to monitor the bacterial community shifts during the course of the study. Selenate was removed in the drainage water by the bacteria 5 to 6 d after addition of rice straw. Six Se(VI)- and 32 Se(IV)-reducing bacteria were isolated from rice straw containing sterilized drainage water. Three Se(VI)- and two Se(IV)-reducing bacteria were also isolated from the drainage water. Identification of Se(VI)- and Se(IV)-reducing bacteria by 16S rDNA sequence analysis showed a broad phylogenetic diversity in Se-reducing assemblages. Three major phyla (Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Firmicutes) of bacterial domain with numerous classes, orders, and families constituted the Se-reducing bacterial community. We documented changes in the composition of bacterial assemblages in the drainage water amended with rice straw using polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) of 16S rDNA. The Shannon-Weaver index (H') revealed higher bacterial diversity at Day 6 in the sterilized and Day 4 in the non-sterilized drainage water amended with rice straw. The results of this study suggest that rice straw, a good source of carbon and energy, harbors a wide range of bacteria useful in Se reduction and may be used in removing Se from drainage water.     

A method to quantitatively trap volatilized organoselenides for stable selenium isotope analysis

If volatile organoselenides are to be analyzed for their stable Se isotope composition to elucidate sources and formation processes, organoselenides need to be trapped quantitatively to avoid artificial Se isotope fractionation. We developed an efficient trap of organoselenides to be used in microcosms designed to determine the Se isotope fractionation by microbial transformation of inorganic Se to volatile organoselenides. The recoveries of volatilized dimethyldiselenide (DMDSe) from aqueous standard solutions by activated charcoal and alkaline peroxide solution with subsequent freeze-drying and purification via a cation exchange resin were tested. Microcosm experiments with the Se-methylating fungus in a growth medium were conducted, and tightness of the microcosm was assessed by comparing mass balances of total Se of the fungus, medium, and trapped organoselenides with the supplied Se mass. At the end of the experiment, we calculated δSe values of the whole microcosm and compared them with the δSe value of supplied Se(IV) and Se(VI). Our results demonstrated that activated charcoal cannot be used for quantitative trapping of organoselenides because generally <64% of the outgassed DMDSe were recovered. The mean recovery of Se volatilized from an aqueous DMDSe standard trapped in alkaline peroxide, in contrast, was 96 ± 11% (SD) after 2 h ( = 4). The mass balances of total Se in microcosm experiments with alkaline peroxide traps run for 11 to 15 d were 96 ± 15 and 102 ± 2.4% for Se(IV) and Se(VI) ( = 3), respectively. The mass-weighted mean δSe values for the Se(IV) and Se(VI) batch experiments were -0.31 ± 0.05‰ ( = 3) and -0.76 ± 0.07‰ ( = 3), compared with -0.20 ± 0.10‰ and -0.69 ± 0.10‰ in the supplied Se oxyanions, respectively. We conclude that the alkaline peroxide trap can reliably be used to determine the Se isotope composition of organoselenides.