甲基叔丁基醚(MTBE)的环境毒理学研究进展

甲基叔丁基醚(MTBE)作为一种新型的无铅汽油添加剂被广泛应用以减少含铅汽油对空气的污染。简要介绍了MTBE的理化性质和MTBE的急性毒性、代谢、生殖、遗传毒性,就其对环境的污染以及其防治作了综述,指出了我国开展MTBE有关研究的重要性。     

EPA称将结束对新配方汽油含氧化合物2%的要求

这是由美国环保局 (EPA)指定的顾问小组对新配方汽油 (RFG)中甲基叔丁基醚 (MTBE)的使用情况调查后 ,在最终的报告中提出的建议。该小组建议大幅度减少使用 MTBE,并说 EPA应考虑对目前尚未加以管理、对饮用水供应有很大威胁的地面和地下燃料储存系统进行限制。清洁空气法要求在美国臭氧水平最高的 1 0个地区使用至少含 2 %含氧化合物的 RFG,MTBE是常用的含氧化合物。要求终止在 RFG中使用MTBE的立法比议会的建议要早 ,议会也正在考虑取消 2 %含氧化合物的要求。如果不取消对含氧化合物的要求 ,并减少使用 MTBE,那么是否有足够…     

甲基叔丁基醚（MTBE）降解菌株的分离鉴定及降解动力学研究

从银杏根部土壤中分离驯化出1株能以MTBE为唯一碳源生长的菌株A1,经过16S rDNA序列分析后,初步鉴定该菌株为睾酮丛毛单胞菌（Comamonas testosterone）;进一步试验研究了微生物接种量、pH值、温度、MTBE初始浓度等环境因素对MTBE降解的影响.结果表明,菌A1降解MTBE的最佳条件为：pH值7.0,温度25℃,接种量2　mL（D₆₀₀=2.523 A）,初始MTBE浓度50 mg/L.在此降解条件下,7　d后MTBE去除率最高可达98.89%（与空白实验对比,MTBE挥发量占46.55%）.菌A1降解MTBE符合高浓度底物抑制的酶促反应类型,其基本降解动力学参数rmax=0.872　d^－1,Km=7.832 mg·L^－１,Ks=130.75 mg·L^－１.     

吸附法处理甲基叔丁基醚污染物的研究进展

MTBE对地表水和地下水的污染已日益引起国内外的高度重视。对MTBE的性质、污染现状、处理技术及近年来国内外应用吸附法处理MTBE的研究进展作了一般综述,对分子筛、活性炭及吸附树脂这三种吸附剂对MTBE的吸附效果作了评述,对影响MTBE吸附效果的主要因素进行了讨论,并对吸附法处理MTBE的应用前景作了展望。     

串联毛细管柱气相色谱分析石脑油中微量甲基叔丁基醚

应用Agilent 6890 plus 气相色谱仪(配有FID),把一根50 m×0.25 mm×0.5 μm PEG-20M毛细管色谱柱和一根100 m×0.25 mm×0.5 μm HP-1毛细管色谱柱串接,使得甲基叔丁基醚(MTBE)能和石脑油中其它组分完全分离,解决了石脑油中微量MTBE的测定难题.方法的标准偏差是0.20%,回收率为100%.     

MTBE环境行为研究

综合评估了MTBE的环境行为,对MTBE的污染源、污染途径进行分析。MTBE在土壤中的不吸附性和极高的水溶性,使其正在成为一种持久的蔓延性地下水污染物。MTBE的污染源有点源和非点源。人体对MTBE的主要暴露途径为大气途径和水途径。     

环境中甲基叔丁基醚的分析方法研究进展

甲基叔丁基醚(MTBE)是高辛烷值汽油添加剂的一种重要组分,由于地下储油罐及交通运输过程中的意外泄露在环境中广泛存在。不同环境介质中MTBE的前处理以及分析方法存在很大差异。综述了近年来国内外对MTBE分析方法的研究进展,分别介绍了水体、土壤及沉积物中MTBE的提取和检测方法,比较了方法的优缺点。最后,对未来MTBE相关检测方法的前景进行展望。     

不同碳源对餐厨废水短程硝化反硝化处理效果的影响研究

甲基叔丁基醚(MTBE)是高辛烷值汽油添加剂的一种重要组分,由于地下储油罐及交通运输过程中的意外泄露在环境中广泛存在。不同环境介质中MTBE的前处理以及分析方法存在很大差异。综述了近年来国内外对MTBE分析方法的研究进展,分别介绍了水体、土壤及沉积物中MTBE的提取和检测方法,比较了方法的优缺点。最后,对未来MTBE相关检测方法的前景进行展望。     

甲基叔丁基醚的水质基准阈值和生态风险评估

基于甲基叔丁基醚(MTBE)对水生生物的急性毒性和慢性毒性数据,推导了MTBE的淡水水生生物的水质基准阈值。结合我国典型区域地表水以及加油站附近水体MTBE的暴露浓度,对MTBE的生态风险进行评估。结果表明:用评价因子法推导的MTBE水质基准阈值为23. 6 mg/L,用物种敏感度分布法推导的MTBE短期水质基准和长期水质基准分别为138. 06,0. 25 mg/L,2种方法推导的基准值有显著差异,最终选用物种敏感度分布法推导的基准作为淡水水生生物水质基准推荐值。另外,采用商值法和联合概率分布法对MTBE的生态风险进行评估,结果发现,我国地表水中MTBE在短期暴露下不会对水生生物生存生长产生风险,但在低剂量长期暴露下,MTBE会对我国部分区域的水生生物的繁殖存在潜在风险。     

PM1 菌降解甲基叔丁基醚的代谢途径

采用Methylibium petroleiphilum PM1 降解甲基叔丁基醚(MTBE),检测了MTBE 代谢中间产物,并分析其代谢途径.结果表明,PM1 降解MTBE 的过程中伴有细胞的生长,但细胞得率较低.利用气相色谱-质谱联用仪和离子色谱检测到叔丁醇(TBA)、2-羟基异丁酸和甲酸等中间产物.PM1 能快速降解甲酸叔丁酯、TBA 和丙酮,异丙醇强烈抑制MTBE 的降解,推测异丙醇可能不是MTBE 的代谢中间产物.以乙醇为底物培养的细胞降解MTBE 需要经历一段延滞期,结合蛋白电泳实验,推测MTBE 降解酶可能为诱导酶.     

Determination of methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) in Chinese fuels by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and gas chromatography/flame ionization detector

A method was developed to determine the concentration of methyl tert-butyl ether(MTBE) in gasoline,diesel and heating oil by gas chromatography(GC) with mass spectrometry(GC-MS) or flame ionization detection(FID). The diluted gasoline was directly injected into the GC, and the complete separation of MTBE from co-eluting hydrocarbons was not required. GC/MS or GC/FID method can be used to analyze MTBE in different concentration range and have good consistency.     

Cost–benefit analysis of methyl tert-butyl ether and alternative gasoline formulations

This paper presents a cost–benefit analysis of the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments (CAAA) requiring the addition of oxygen content in gasoline, using California as a case study. The valuation and comparison of costs and benefits for several fuel blends (with and without oxygen content) provides a framework to investigate cross-media (air, water, soil) tradeoffs. We use known valuation methods such as the travel cost method to derive recreational value, the averting expenditures approach and cost of illness approach to derive public health costs, and market price method to quantify increases in fuel price and fuel efficiency costs in order to compare the alternatives. We use data from California to evaluate the current fuel blend with methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE), a fuel blend with ethanol (ethyl alcohol), and a fuel blend without oxygenated compounds. The most expensive option to meet the 1990 CAAA is the current reformulated gasoline blend with MTBE, which results in a net cost to California's economy of between $0.9 and 2.7 billion dollars annually. The cost of treating groundwater contaminated with MTBE is a major cost factor. Our assessment indicates that the non-oxygenated gasoline formulation is the most cost-effective, particularly in the long-term, once refiners are able to implement modifications to their installations or negotiate long-term supply contracts for these additives. Several strategies are identified to transition out of using the current gasoline blend with MTBE.     

β-Proteobacteria菌降解甲基叔丁基醚的条件及中间代谢产物研究

采用可利用甲基叔丁基醚(methyl tert-butyl ether,MTBE)为唯一碳源和能源生长的1株β-Proteobacteria菌进行MTBE在密闭系统中的降解试验,确定了该菌降解MTBE的最适条件为:培养液初始pH值7.2,初始细胞浓度10⁷cells/mL,初始MTBE浓度为25 mg/L.考察了密封培养系统内培养液溶解氧对降解效果的影响,结果表明,在培养系统密闭前充入氧气可提高菌体对MTBE的降解速率.以气相色谱-质谱联用法检测到MTBE降解主要中间代谢产物是叔丁基醇、异丙醇、丙酮.在选择离子扫描模式下定量分析,得到降解过程中主要中间代谢产物的浓度变化曲线,据此推断MTBE的降解途径属于“丙酮途径”.     

Aerobic degradation of methyl tert-butyl ether by a Proteobacteria strain in a closed culture system

The contamination of methyl ten-butyl ether （MTBE） in underground waters has become a widely concerned problem all over the world. In this study, a novel dosed culture system with oxygen supplied by H2O2 was introduced for MTBE aerobic biodegradation. After 7 d, almost all MTBE was degraded by a pure culture, a member of β-Proteobacteria named as PMI, in a closed system with oxygen supply, while only 40% MTBE was degraded in one without oxygen supply. Dissolved oxygen （DO） levels of the broth in closed systems respectively with and without H2O2 were about 5-6 and 4 mg/L. Higher DO may improve the activity of monooxygemase, which is the key enzyme of metabolic pathway from MTBE to tert-butyl alcohol and finally to CO2, and may result in the increase of the degrading activity of PM1 cell. The purge and trap GC-MS result of the broth in closed systems showed that tea-butyl alcohol, isopronol and acetone were the main intermediate products.     

甲基叔丁基醚毒性研究综述

对国内外有关甲基叔丁基醚毒性的研究结果作了综述。目前的研究结果表明，不同的个体之间对ＭＴＢＥ及其代谢产物具有一定的遗传毒性和轻微的生殖毒性；可诱导肝细胞色素Ｐ－４５０活性的升高；多数试验显示，ＭＴＢＥ具有动物致癌效应；不同学者对于长期低浓度接触情况下，ＭＴＢＥ对人体健康可能会产生的影响存在争论。     

甲基叔丁基醚对生态与环境的影响

汽油添加剂甲基叔丁基醚(MTBE)因能提高辛烷值、减少尾气污染物而被广泛使用.虽然MTBE对改善空气质量有积极意义,但因其泄漏并具有稳定性、迁移性和毒性,对水环境和人类造成危害.笔者综述了MTBE的毒性和对生态环境的影响,介绍了MTBE污染的防治现状,并对其研究方向进行了展望.      

Degradation of MTBE and TBA by a new isolate from MTBE-contaminated soil

Methyl ten-butyl ether （MTBE）, a gasoline additive, possesses serious problems to the environmental health. In the present study, a bacterial culture named A-3 which could effectively degrade MTBE was isolated from the MTBE contaminated soil. The isolate was identified as Chryseobacterium sp., a new species capable of degrading MTBE. In order to enhance its degradation ability, selected environment factors were investigated. The results showed that the optimal temperature was in the range of 25-30℃, the pH was 7.0, the inoculum size was 2 × 10^8 CFU/ml and the optimal concentration of MTBE was from 50 to 100 mg/L. The maximum MTBE utilization rate （Vmax） was 102 nmol MTBE/（mg cell protein.h）. Furthermore, it was found that the isolate could also degrade tert-butyl alcohol （TBA）. The degradation rates of TBA were much faster than those of MTBE. The additional TBA would lead to the decrease of the initial MTBE degradation rate and the inhibitory effect of TBA increased with the increase of TBA concentration. Similar protein profiles at least seven peptides were demonstrated after SDS-PAGE analysis of crude extracts obtained from the cells growing in MTBE and TBA culture.     

地下水循环井技术处理土壤和地下水中甲基叔丁基醚研究

研究了MTBE在砂土中的静态吸附以及采用地下水循环井技术(GCW)去除砂土和地下水中MTBE的衰减规律。结果表明:MTBE在砂土中的吸附动力学符合准二级动力学方程,相关系数R2为0.99618,在砂土中的吸附平衡时间为24 h;吸附热力学符合Linear平衡吸附,吸附系数为0.00306 m3/kg。GCW运行30 h后,地下水饱和含水层中MTBE浓度由500 mg/L降至72.5 mg/L,去除率为85.5%;砂土中MTBE的吸附量由0.93 mg/g降至0.03 mg/g,去除率达96.4%。水平方向距GCW越近,MTBE的去除效率越快,垂直方向位于GCW上部的MTBE优先会被去除,最佳修复时间为运行15 h。GCW对砂土和地下水中高浓度MTBE具有良好的修复效果。     

加油站地下储罐系统渗漏污染物监测研究

加油站地下储罐系统渗漏污染已成为土壤和地下水有机污染的主要来源之一。本研究采用层次分析的方法,以国内研究现状为基础,参照国外加油站地下储罐渗漏污染监测的相关规范,以污染物危害性为主要筛选原则,综合参考渗漏污染物在环境介质中的迁移能力及与现有标准之间的衔接程度,初步筛选TPH、VOC、SVOC、BTEX、PAHs和MTBE为加油站渗漏污染的特征污染物。结合成本效益,拟定TPH、BTEX和PAHs为加油站地下储罐系统渗漏污染监测的首选特征污染物指标,建议在加油站地下储罐系统渗漏污染监测过程中,重视该类污染物定期跟踪监测;VOC与SVOS作为可选测定指标;在饮用水源地周边加油站渗漏污染监测过程中应选取MTBE为选测指标。