Use of detailed kinetic mechanisms for the prediction of autoignitions

This paper describes how automatically generated detailed kinetic mechanisms are obtained for the oxidation of alkanes and how these models could lead to a better understanding of autoignition and cool flame risks at elevated conditions. Examples of prediction of the occurrence of different autoignition phenomena, such as cool flames or two-stage ignitions are presented depending on the condition of pressure, temperature and mixture composition. Three compounds are treated, a light alkane, propane, and two heavier ones, n-heptane and n-decane.     

Autoignition temperature data and scaling for amide solvents

Autoignition temperature tests using the ASTM E659 test method have been conducted for N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMAC) and N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) in test vessels with volumes of 0.5 l, 5 l, and 12 l. Tests were conducted at three different laboratories yielded good agreement (standard deviation with 5 °C) in all cases except for DMAC in the 0.5 l test vessel (standard deviation of 23 °C). Scaling correlations have been developed for the decrease of autoignition temperature with increasing volume and for increasing values of the vessel volume to surface area ratio. The variations for DMAC are steeper than the literature values for almost all other combustible liquids. Cool flames were observed for DMAC at temperatures as much as 44 °C below the autoignition temperature and for DMF at temperatures as much as 171 °C below its autoignition temperature. The DMF cool flame temperatures in the 5-l and 12-l test vessels are approximately equal to the DMF autoignition temperature in a closed 12-l test vessel. Gas samples taken after the cool flame and hot flame tests reveal the presence of high concentrations of diamines and dimethylamino acetonitrile, and small concentrations of many other partial decomposition/oxidation components.     

煤矿安全隐患动态分级闭环管理方法及应用

为了治理煤矿生产过程中的安全隐患,遏制煤矿安全生产事故,对煤矿生产过程中的安全隐患管理进行了研究。经过梳理国内外相关文献,辨析了煤矿危险源和安全隐患的关系;结合脆弱性分析了煤矿安全隐患的风险大小,结合LEC法说明了安全隐患风险分级标准;结合煤矿生产过程的特点,提出了煤矿安全隐患动态分级闭环管理方法,设计了与之配套的奖惩办法。煤矿安全隐患动态分级闭环管理方法和配套的奖惩办法在南方的一个千万吨级矿井进行了应用。研究表明,该方法可以有效提高煤矿安全隐患的治理能力,提高煤矿现场的安全管理水平。     

海洋钻井平台事故致因分析与评价指标研究

该文在广泛调研国内外已发生的海洋平台事故基础上,从人因失误、工艺设备、物料危险、管理缺陷和危险环境五个方面系统分析事故致因因素,提出海洋钻井平台事故致因评价框架,提出5个一级评价指标和24个二级评价指标,根据层次分析法,计算确定各指标的标准权重值.最后针对某在役海洋钻井平台,开展实例研究.为实际评价海洋钻井平台事故风险提供一种新方法,具有一定的实际应用价值.     

Sam Mannan and his scientific publications: A life in process safety research

Dr. M. Sam Mannan is one of the true pioneers in the process safety area, spending almost his entire lifetime in process safety and risk research. He was dedicated to ‘make safety second nature’ and published an impressive body of work. An overview of his research helps understanding the process safety area and provides insight in the legacy of this process safety pioneer. In this paper, 327 publications authored by Dr. Mannan from 1999 to 2019 in Web of Science core collection were downloaded and visually analyzed from four perspectives: his publication outputs, collaboration networks, topic areas, and highly cited papers and cited references. The results show a rapidly increasing trend in his research activity, mostly through journal publications. He published in 53 different outlets, with Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries being most frequently selected. Dr. Mannan had a very active and diverse worldwide network, and collaborated with 18 different countries/regions, nearly 90 different institutions and 387 authors. His publications addressed process safety-related topics widely, including safety related to liquefied natural gas, explosions, runaway reactions, inherent safety, flammability and aerosol, and more recently resilience. Dr. Mannan's most cited paper focused on ‘fuzzy risk matrix’, whereas the most frequently cited reference in his work is ‘thermal hazard evaluation by an accelerating rate calorimeter’ by Townsend DI in 1980. Based on his most recent research activity, promising future directions for process safety research include resilience linked to risk assessment and management, for instance through the ‘safety triad’ concept he promoted shortly before passing away.     

钻探工程施工中危险源辨识、风险评价及其控制

对钻探工程施工中存在的危险、危害因素进行了辨识和分析,采用预先危险性分析方法及安全因素影响风险评价方法对施工过程中危险源的危险等级和安全因素影响等进行了分析和评价,针对重大危险源采用了安全技术和安全管理控制措施。首先对能量危害物质、失控(包括生产、控制、安全装置和辅助设施等故障及人员失误)、管理缺陷及客观因素进行危险源辨识;第二,评价危险源危害因素主次;第三,采用安全技术和安全管理措施有效地对车辆伤害、登高作业、防雷安全、用电安全、机械安全及预防自然灾害(火灾)等重大危险源进行控制。通过实践表明,福建省121地质大队采用该方法对钻探工程项目的危险源进行了有效地控制,实现了钻探安全生产。     

Trevor Kletz's scholarly legacy: A co-citation analysis

Dr. Kletz is one the pioneers in the process safety area, known widely for his work on inherent safety design and loss prevention. He worked 38 years in Imperial Chemical Industries, and became a fulltime researcher only after his retirement. He published more than 200 papers and 15 books during his retirement. The intellectual basis analysis presented in this article shows that he frequently cited his books in his articles, indicating that his industrial experience was very influential to his scholarly contributions. Lawley, H.G. was one of the researchers whose work had most influence on Kletz's research. Among Dr. Kletz's publications, the article ‘What You Don't Have, Can't Leak’ has the highest impact, while his most influential book is ‘Process plants: A handbook for inherently safer design’. The references co-citation network is divided in two clearly connected components: his earlier work related to infra-red spectra, and his later work addressing process safety related topics, including inherent safety and hazard and accident analysis. Both his work and that of his followers is rooted in a similar intellectual basis within process safety research, in which particularly Dr. Kletz's earlier work forms an influential original body of knowledge rooted in his industrial experience. His career is a prime example of how process safety research has been strongly influenced by knowledge from industrial practice, illustrating that a continued strong connection between industry and academia can lead to very fruitful outcomes. It is hoped that the presented analysis can inspire especially young graduates with academic interests to first embark on an industrial career to gain industrial experience before aiming to contribute to academic process safety knowledge.     

建筑企业系统安全管理方法探讨

将系统安全科学思想应用于建筑企业安全管理工作中,表明了安全管理因素与其他因素的联系,突出管理因素重要性.系统安全管理重点应放在事故预防的整体效应上,实行全员、全过程、全方位的安全管理.建筑企业采用PDCA安全管理模式,开展安全质量标准化活动,编制重大事故应急救援预案等手段提高安全生产工作水平.     

基于三维可视化危险源的煤矿风险预控手机管理系统设计

危险源辨识是煤矿风险预控管理过程中关键的一步。为提高煤矿危险源辨识的准 确性和效率,确保煤矿生产过程中发现的危险源能够及时处理,提出了基于三维可视化 危险源和危险源反馈闭环处理的解决思路,应用Java 技术,MySQL 数据库和Android Studio开发工具,构建了基于C/S架构的三维可视化危险源风险预控智能手机管理系统 。通过煤矿风险预控管理系统的实施,能够使煤矿危险源管理工作系统化、规范化,减 少或避免煤矿事故的发生。这种煤矿安全管理信息系统为提高风险预控管理工作的效率 提供了新的思路和方法,促使煤矿安全生产工作向科学化、数字化的方向发展。     

北京大兴国际机场建设工程安全管理体系研究

为了实现建设北京新机场平安工程,确保工程建设重大事故隐患为零,生产安全责任事故为零的总体目标。根据北京大兴国际机场建设工程的特点,结合现代安全生产管理的先进理念,以落实建设方安全管理责任为核心,提出了适合北京大兴国家机场建设的安全管理体系。结果表明,该体系的运行实施,实现了北京大兴国际机场建设工程安全顺利竣工,且为类似工程项目建设方的安全管理工作提供了良好的借鉴。     

金属矿井热害评价体系与评价方法

为减小金属矿井热害对井下人员安全及井下开采工作的不利影响,需对井下热害进行评价和预测。基于文献调查和专家评价方法,结合工程实际,利用层次分析法构建金属矿井采矿热害评价体系,从生产能力、地质条件、矿井通风、地理环境四个方面提出17个评价指标。在分析层次分析法（AHP）确定权重不足的基础上,结合物元分析理论,建立确定金属矿井热害评价各因素权重的物元分析模型。在各评价因素权重确定的基础上,以BP神经网络作为评价工具,构建金属矿井热害综合评价预测模型。最后,以某矿山为例,进行评价和预测分析。结果表明,基于物元分析和AHP的BP深井网络评价模型预测误差最大只有3%。     

以风险预控为基础的煤矿本质安全化管理

针对我国煤矿现阶段在安全管理方面存在的问题,在分析国际煤矿安全管理经验的基础上,结合现代安全管理的发展方向,提出了建立以风险预控管理为基础的煤矿本质安全化管理的思路,即通过危险源辨识及风险评估分析,建立针对管理层的管理标准、管理流程和操作层的安全工作程序及工作标准的管理体系,建立系统化、结构化和规范化的自我管理机制,并针对重大危险源,从技术和管理两方面制定方案。最后,提出了建立并实施本质安全化管理应注意事项。该管理思路目前已经在"煤矿本质安全管理体系研究"的课题中得到应用。     

Qualitative Assessment for Inherently Safer Design (QAISD) at preliminary design stage

Conventional hazard evaluation techniques such as what-if checklist and hazard and operability (HAZOP) studies are often used to recognise potential hazards and recommend possible solutions. They are used to reduce any potential incidents in the process plant to as low as reasonably practicable (ALARP) level. Nevertheless, the suggested risk reduction alternatives merely focus on added passive and active safety systems rather than preventing or minimising the inherent hazards at source through application of inherently safer design (ISD) concept. One of the attributed reasons could be the shortage of techniques or tools to support implementation of the concept. Thus, this paper proposes a qualitative methodology that integrates ISD concept with hazard review technique to identify inherent hazards and generate ISD options at early stage of design as proactive measures to produce inherently safer plant. A modified theory of inventive problem solving (TRIZ) hazard review method is used in this work to identify inherent hazards, whereby an extended inherent safety heuristics tool is developed based on established ISD principles to create potential ISD options. The developed method namely Qualitative Assessment for Inherently Safer Design (QAISD) could be applied during preliminary design stage and the information required to apply the method would be based on common process and safety database of the studied process. However, user experiences and understanding of inherent safety concept are crucial for effective utilisation of the QAISD. This qualitative methodology is applied to a typical batch reactor of toluene nitration as a case study. The results show several ISD strategies that could be considered at early stage of design in order to prevent and minimise the potential of thermal runaway in the nitration process.     

矿井热害产生的原因、危害及防治措施

随着矿井开采深度的增加 ,矿井中高温高湿热害问题会越来越严重。笔者分析了矿井中高温高湿热害产生的具体原因、对人体的严重危害 ,并探讨了对其防治的相应措施 ,建立井下适宜的作业环境 ,保护矿工的身体健康 ,保证矿山生产安全、稳定、高效地向前发展。笔者旨在提醒人们对矿井中高温高湿热害这个问题引起重视 ,尽量减少其对人体的危害 ,采取一切有效办法 ,尽快解决矿井中高温高湿热害问题     

What does safety commitment mean to leaders? A multi-method investigation

Introduction: Perceived management safety commitment as an aspect of safety climate or culture is a key influence on safety outcomes in organizations. What is unclear is how perceptions of management commitment are created by leaders. Method: To address this gap in the literature, we position safety commitment as a leadership construct viewed from the perspectives of the leaders who experience and demonstrate it. In this paper, an established multidimensional commitment framework is applied to leaders' safety commitment (consisting of affective, normative, and calculative commitment). Via an exploratory sequential mixed methods design combining interviews (n = 40) and surveys (n = 89), we investigate the applicability of this theoretical conceptualization to safety commitment. Results: The results indicate the multiple dimensions captured leaders' safety commitment well, safety commitment can be demonstrated via a range of behaviors, and the dimensions' association with behavioral demonstrations aligned with those of other types of commitment reported in the literature. Only affective safety commitment was consistently associated with demonstrations of safety commitment. The link between high levels of affective and normative safety commitment and demonstrations was more pronounced when participants perceived their company's safety climate more positively. Conclusions: Adopting a focus on leaders' experience of safety commitment offers opportunities for new research into the way in which safety commitment perceptions are shaped by leaders. Practical application: The findings can support leaders' reflection about their personal mindset around safety and support them in fostering strong safety climates and cultures. It further encourages organizations in creating work environments that in particular foster affective and normative safety commitments in leaders.     

Trends in chemical hazards in Japan

In the past, the chemical industry in Japan has been the cause of a number of major industrial accidents. Subsequent to each accident, specific lessons have been learned. These lessons learned have been implemented in terms of safety education of the employees and/or safety measures of the equipment and facilities resulting in a rapid decrease of corresponding accident frequencies. In this paper, we summarized both recent and past major accidents caused by chemical substances in fixed installations in Japan. Case studies show that runaway reactions are among the main causes of major accident occurrences in the chemical process industry in Japan. A recent fatal poisoning accident caused by H₂S gas generated during maintenance work again highlights the necessity of adequate safety management in a chemical factory. Therefore, even if hazard evaluation of chemical substances and chemical processes is necessary to prevent runaway reactions, human error is also an important factor contributing to reaction hazards [Wakakura, M. (1997) Human factor in chemical accidents, J. Safety Eng. High Press. Gas. Safety Inst. Japan, 34, 846].     

Inherent safety in offshore oil and gas activities: a review of the present status and future directions

Inherent safety is a proactive approach for hazard/risk management during process plant design and operation. It has been proven that, considering the lifetime costs of a process and its operation, an inherently safer approach is a cost-optimal option. Inherent safety can be incorporated at any stage of design and operation; however, its application at the earliest possible stages of process design (such as process selection and conceptual design) yields the best results.Although it is an attractive and cost-effective approach to hazard/risk management, inherent safety has not been used as widely as other techniques such as HAZOP and quantitative risk assessment. There are many reasons responsible for this; key among them are a lack of awareness and the non-availability of a systematic methodology and tools.The inherent safety approach is the best option for hazard/risk management in offshore oil and gas activities. In the past, it has been applied to several aspects of offshore process design and operation. However, its use is still limited. This article attempts to present a complete picture of inherent safety application in offshore oil and gas activities. It discuses the use of available technology for implementation of inherent safety principles in various offshore activities, both current and planned for the future.     

徐州市职业安全卫生工作探讨

本文概略描述了徐州市职业安全卫生各组成部门的工作情况。指出职业病危害存在患者待遇不落实、职业危害项目转移、职业健康检查滞后、工作场所职业危害因素检测、评价制度不健全的状况。调查发现，职业卫生工作存在5个方面的问题：现有职业卫生法律法规不够完善；对职业危害防治工作的支持力度不够；部门之间的协作机制有待加强；执法监督力量不足；企业法制意识淡漠。最后，提出解决问题的应对办法。     

库存弹药事故人误危险性分析与评估模型研究

针对库存弹药安全的特殊性,提出库存弹药事故人为失误的定义,并从个体角度分析人误事件发生的机理。根据人为失误的不同主体,从管理决策、组织和勤务处理、操作两个方面构建了29个人误危险性的评价指标及相应的评判标准;综合考虑生理、心理、知识与技能、设备、环境、监督与管理等6类危险性抵消因子对人误危险性的影响;进而建立了库存弹药事故人误危险性的理论评估模型。研究结果表明:人为失误属于弹药仓储安全管理中的一类特殊危险源,人误评估指标体系和评估模型的构建过程应充分考虑人自身条件以及内、外部环境等因素的综合影响;同时研讨了人为失误危险性分析和评估模型存在的问题,并从发展人误数据采集技术、完善人误事故报告制度以及建立人误数据库等方面,指出下一步的研究重点。     

Reducing unknown risk: The safety engineers’ new horizon

A significant gap exists between accident scenarios as foreseen by company safety management systems and actual scenarios observed in major accidents.The mere fact that this gap exists is pointing at flawed risk assessments, is leaving hazards unmitigated, threatening worker safety, putting the environment at risk and endangering company continuity. This scoping review gathers perspectives reported in scientific literature about how to address these problems.Safety managers and regulators, attempting to reduce and eventually close this gap, not only encounter the pitfalls of poor safety studies, but also the acceptance of ‘unknown risk’ as a phenomenon, companies being numbed by inadequate process safety indicators, unsettled debates between paradigms on improving process safety, and inflexible recording systems in a dynamic industrial environment.The immediacy of the stagnating long term downward major accident rate trend in the Netherlands underlines the need to address these pitfalls. A method to identify and systematically reduce unknown risks is proposed. The main conclusion is that safety management can never be ready with hazard identification and risk assessment.