厌氧-立体循环一体化氧化沟除磷脱氮工艺中影响厌氧释磷的因素研究

本研究考察了厌氧-立体循环一体化氧化沟工艺(AN-IODVC)中厌氧释磷效果及诸影响因素.研究结果表明,AN-IODVC除磷脱氮系统中好氧污泥的VSS/MLSS值比厌氧污泥小,好氧污泥含磷量与厌氧污泥含磷量的差值和TP去除率、厌氧磷释放率及厌氧ORP呈良好的线性相关关系.厌氧磷释放的最佳条件为:污水COD/TP＞55,维持厌氧区ORP低于-400mV.     

催化铁与生物法耦合除磷工艺特性简

为了研究催化铁与生物耦合后对生物除磷特性的影响,实验采用人工配水用厌氧/好氧间歇流式富集培养聚磷微生物。对比发现,催化铁与生物耦合组中厌氧末段ORP降低了约60 mV,pH值小幅度的上升（≤0.3）,整个培养过程中铁离子的浓度开始快速增加,之后趋于稳定（约40 mg Fe/g MLSS）。对好氧末段污泥SVI值比较发现,耦合工艺污泥沉降性能得到改善。除磷曲线比较发现,耦合组中厌氧末段磷的释放量下降,而好氧阶段磷的吸收速率增加;胞内聚合物提取表明,耦合组厌氧末段聚磷菌细胞内PHA含量有提高,好氧末段糖原含量有下降。磷形态提取分析表明,耦合组好氧末段污泥中无机态PO^3-₄-P含量更高。低浓度铁离子可以起到与生物耦合同步除磷的目的,本工艺长期运行未发现耦合体系中催化铁对除磷的抑制作用。     

催化铁与生物法耦合除磷工艺特性

为了研究催化铁与生物耦合后对生物除磷特性的影响,实验采用人工配水用厌氧／好氧间歇流式富集培养聚磷微生物。对比发现,催化铁与生物耦合组中厌氧末段ORP降低了约60mV,pH值小幅度的上升（≤0．3）,整个培养过程中铁离子的浓度开始快速增加,之后趋于稳定（约40mgFe／gMLSS）。对好氧末段污泥SVI值比较发现,耦合工艺污泥沉降性能得到改善。除磷曲线比较发现,耦合组中厌氧末段磷的释放量下降,而好氧阶段磷的吸收速率增加;胞内聚合物提取表明,耦合组厌氧末段聚磷菌细胞内PHA含量有提高,好氧末段糖原含量有下降。磷形态提取分析表明,耦合组好氧末段污泥中无机态PO3 4-- P含量更高。低浓度铁离子可以起到与生物耦合同步除磷的目的,本工艺长期运行未发现耦合体系中催化铁对除磷的抑制作用。     

富磷污泥厌氧消化磷释放与回收的研究进展

生物强化除磷(EBPR)工艺会产生大量的富磷污泥。富磷污泥中的聚磷菌(PAOs)在厌氧消化过程中吸收外界碳源并释放大量正磷,高浓度的磷会对厌氧消化系统中厌氧微生物的代谢产生影响,使得消化过程更加复杂。富磷污泥厌氧消化过程会产生磷、氮、有机物和金属离子等物质,其中磷的回收利用可以减少磷矿资源的开采,从而实现磷资源的可持续循环利用。因此,研究富磷污泥厌氧消化过程中磷的变化规律,既为厌氧消化系统的稳定运行提供理论依据,又为磷的资源化回收利用提供参考。对富磷污泥厌氧消化释磷的相关研究成果以及磷回收进行分析和总结,并提出了相应的研究方向。     

污泥厌氧消化过程中磷行为的数学模型研究进展

城市污水处理厂的剩余污泥在厌氧消化过程中会释放大量的磷,因此厌氧消化是潜在的可以实施磷回收的工艺。利用数学模型可更清楚地描述厌氧消化过程中生化和物理-化学反应过程。由国际水协会提出的厌氧消化模型1号(ADM1)没有包含对磷行为的描述。主要介绍了目前基于ADM1描述厌氧消化过程中针对磷的行为所作的修改与扩展,总结了与磷释放和沉淀有关的生化过程和物理-化学过程模型,最后在此基础上提出了相关的研究展望。     

污泥回流比对厌氧/好氧工艺除磷效果影响的研究

以长距离输送的合流制污水为进水,考察不同污泥回流比下厌氧/好氧(A/O)工艺对COD、N、P的去除效果,深入研究污泥回流比对生物除P代谢过程的影响.结果表明,污泥回流比对COD及NH+4-N的去除没有明显影响,但对TN、TP、PO3-4-P的去除影响较大.随着污泥回流比的增大,聚磷菌(PAO)的厌氧释P量逐渐减小,P的去除率逐渐降低.减小污泥回流比,可延长A/O工艺厌氧池实际HRT,增加PAO在厌氧池可有效利用的碳源,使PAO在厌氧池充分释P,从而提高除P效率.     

硝酸盐对富磷剩余污泥厌氧消化的影响试验

以某采用 A/O 生物除磷工艺水质净化厂排出的富磷剩余污泥为研究对象,利用棕色消化瓶设计了 4 组厌氧消化试验,通过向其中投加NaNO3,考察硝酸盐对污泥消化过程的影响.结果表明,硝酸盐的存在导致 VSS 平均变化速率比空白样快 28.09 mg/(L·d),并且对污泥消化过程中的产甲烷阶段有一定的抑制作用;当硝酸盐存在时,厌氧氨氧化作用的发生导致上清液中的 N-NH4 变化速率减慢,硝酸盐对污泥消化过程中磷的释放有明显的抑制作用,当硝酸盐浓度高于 60 mg/L时,抑制作用明显.     

猪场废水的厌氧消化除磷机制

采用批式厌氧消化实验,研究了猪场废水厌氧消化过程中生物、物理和化学作用对磷去除的贡献。结果表明,厌氧消化6 d,灭菌的混合液几乎没有磷被去除;未灭菌的混合液,上清液总磷去除率为57.3%,且随着混合液总磷的减少,吸收液的磷逐渐增多,说明废水中的部分磷被转化成气态磷化合物并释放。将原水在4℃、厌氧条件下静置6 d,废水TP去除率为70.7%,说明物理沉降的除磷作用显著。对厌氧消化前后的污泥进行浸提,发现没有灭菌、灭菌混合液的污泥的Ca、Mg-RP(HCl-RP)含量分别增加93.4%和50.5%。由于没有灭菌的混合液的pH不断升高,灭菌的混合液的pH不断下降,说明生物的新陈代谢活动使得环境条件改变(pH增加)而有利于磷化合物沉淀的形成。实验表明,猪场废水厌氧消化过程中磷的去除是物理、化学及生物过程共同作用的结果。     

厌氧、缺氧、好氧多级交替SBR脱氮除磷试验研究

以实际生活污水为研究对象,采用厌氧、缺氧、好氧多级交替序批式反应器(SBR)工艺,通过曝气时间、交替次数的凋整对该系统的脱氮除磷效果进行了研究,最终将工艺确定为厌氧1.5 h-好氧1.0h-缺氧1.0h-好氧20 min-缺氧 1.0 h-好氧20min.试验结果表明:该系统与传统的SBR相比节省了44%的曝气量,且对COD、TN、TP去除率分别达85%、78%、99.5%,同时发现曝气过程 NO2-N和NO3-N的累积可能会对好氧吸磷产生抑制作用.     

城市污水处理厂反硝化聚磷菌的聚磷持久性

以桂林市第四污水处理厂氧化沟活性污泥为对象,研究在具有厌氧-缺氧-好氧环境的污水处理构筑物中富集存在的反硝化聚磷菌聚磷能力的持久性问题。结果表明,在此环境中富集的反硝化聚磷菌在经过3个周期的厌氧-缺氧条件下运行,最大释磷率由0.90 mg P/（g VSS.h）下降为0.07 mg P/（g VSS.h）,反硝化聚磷率由0.17 mg P/（g VSS.h）下降为0.04 mg P/（g VSS.h）。比较而言,在厌氧-缺氧-好氧环境下最大释磷率及聚磷率降幅较小,释磷率由0.59 mg P/（gVSS.h）下降为0.37 mg P/（g VSS.h）,反硝化聚磷率由0.17 mg P/（g VSS.h）下降为0.10 mg P/（g VSS.h）,厌氧-缺氧-好氧运行条件比单纯的厌氧-缺氧运行条件更有利于维持反硝化聚磷菌的聚磷性能。     

Chloroaromatic pollutants in mussels incubated in two finnish watercourses polluted by industry

Concentrations of different chlorinated compounds were measured in mussels incubated in two polluted watercourses, a river (the River Kymijoki) and a lake (Lake Vanaja) for four weeks in summer 1995. The sum concentrations of polychlorinated phenols (PCP) and biphenyls (PCB) were both about 1 μg/g lipid weight (lw) in Lake Vanaja mussels, while in the River Kymijoki mussels PCPs were non-detectable and PCBs were measured 120 ng/g lIw. The concentrations of toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners ranged between <17 and 370 pg/g Iw in Lake Vanaja mussels and between <38 and 11,000 pg/g lw in the River Kymijoki mussels. Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) were detected in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki (0.4–1.1 ng/g Iw), but not in those incubated in Lake Vanaja. Polychlorinated phenoxyanisoles (PCPA) were measured 33 ng/g lw and polychlorinated phenoxyphenols (PCPP) 300 ng/g lw in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki. PCPAs were also detected in reference samples, which were sediment and pike from the River Kymijoki and Baltic salmon, seal and white-tailed sea eagle.     

Radionuclides and trace elements in fish collected upstream and downstream of Los Alamos national laboratory and the doses to humans from the consumption of muscle and bone

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine radionuclide and trace element concentrations in bottom‐feeding fish (catfish, carp, and suckers) collected from the confluences of some of the major canyons that cross Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) lands with the Rio Grande (RG) and the potential radiological doses from the ingestion of these fish. Samples of muscle and bone (and viscera in some cases) were analyzed for ³H, ⁹⁰Sr, ¹³⁷Cs, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^239,240Pu, and ²⁴¹Am and Ag, As, Ba, Be, Cr, Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, and Tl. Most radionuclides, with the exception of ⁹⁰Sr, in the muscle plus bone portions of fish collected from LANL canyons/RG were not significantly (p<0.05) higher from fish collected upstream (San Ildefonso/background) of LANL. Strontium‐90 in fish muscle plus bone tissue significantly (p<0.05) increases in concentration starting from Los Alamos Canyon, the most upstream confluence (fish contained 3.4E‐02 pCi g^‐1 [126E‐02 Bq kg^‐1]), to Frijoles Canyon, the most downstream confluence (fish contained 14E‐02 pCi g^‐1 [518E‐02 Bq kg^‐1]). The differences in ⁹⁰Sr concentrations in fish collected downstream and upstream (background) of LANL, however, were very small. Based on the average concentrations (±2SD) of radionuclides in fish tissue from the four LANL confluences, the committed effective dose equivalent from the ingestion of 46 lb (21 kg) (maximum ingestion rate per person per year) of fish muscle plus bone, after the subtraction of background, was 0.1 ± 0.1 mrem y^‐1 (1.0 ± 1.0 μSv y^‐1), and was far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem y^‐1 (1000 μSv y^‐1). Of the trace elements that were found above the limits of detection (Ba, Cu, and Hg) in fish muscle collected from the confluences of canyons that cross LANL and the RG, none were in significantly higher (p<0.05) concentrations than in muscle of fish collected from background locations.     

Book review

The Pesticide Manual ‐ A World Compendium, 8th Edition, C.R. Worthing, Editor and S.B. Walker, Assistant Editor, British Crop Protection Council, BCPC Publications Sales, Bear Farm, Binfield, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 5QE, England. 1987, 1100 pp., UK £50; Overseas £56. ISBN 0–948404–01–9.     

Patterns of volatile metabolites and nonvolatile trichothecenes produced by isolates of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Stachybotrys,Fusarium, Trichoderma,Trichothecium</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Memnoniella</Emphasis>

We reported previously that trichodiene, a volatile trichothecene derivative, was produced by a Stachybotrys isolate, also known to produce highly cytotoxic, non-volatile, macrocyclic trichothecenes (satrotoxins). We investigated the relationship between the production of trichodiene and various non-volatile trichothecenes for several molds. Volatile metabolites were concentrated by adsorption on Tenax TA and analyzed by GC/MS, while non-volatile metabolites were separated by HPLC, derivatized and analyzed by GC/MS. Stachybotrys chartarum isolates producing macrocyclic trichothecenes secreted significantly larger amounts of trichodiene and other sesquiterpenes than isolates which only produced simple trichothecenes. The amounts of secreted trichodiene were relatively small in all cases. With the exception of Memnoniella, which excreted small amounts of sesquiterpenes, the other isolates produced varying amounts of sesquiterpenes, including trichodiene, as well as simple tricothecenes, no detectable trichodiene, but large amounts of griseofulvin derivatives. In Stachybotrys there is apparently a correlation between trichodiene and macrocyclic trichothecene production. In the remaining isolates, there was no simple relationship between trichodiene and non-volatile trichothecene synthesis. Trichodiene is produced in larger amounts by Stachybotrys isolates, which also produce satratoxins, but it will be difficult to utilize this metabolite to detect toxic isolates in buildings due to the relatively small amounts excreted.     

Observations on the influence of water and soil pH on the persistence of insecticides

Abstract

The pH‐disappearance rate profiles were determined at ca. 25°C for 24 insecticides at 4 or 5 pH values over the range 4.5 to 8.0 in sterile phosphate buffers prepared in water‐ethanol (99: 1 v/v). Half‐lives measured at pH 8 were generally smaller than at lower pH values. Changes in half lives between pH 8.0 and 4.5 were largest (>1000x) for the aryl carbamates, carbofuran and carbaryl, the oxime carbamate, oxamyl, and the organophosphorus insecticide, trichlorfon. In contrast, half lives of phorate, terbufos, heptachlor, fensulfothion and aldicarb were affected only slightly by pH changes. Under the experimental conditions described half lives at pH8 varied from 1–2 days for trichlorfon and oxamyl to >1 year for fensulfothion and cyper‐methrin. Insecticide persistence on alumina (acid, neutral and basic), mineral soils amended with aluminum sulfate or calcium hydroxide to different pH values and four natural soils of different pH was examined. No correlation was observed between the measured pH of these solids and the rate of disappearance of selected insecticides applied to them. These observations demonstrate the difficulty of extrapolating the pH dependent disappearance behaviour observed in homogeneous solution to partially solid heterogeneous systems such as soil.     

The chemical stability of formulations of some hydrolyzable insecticides in aqueous mixtures with hydrolysis catalysts

Abstract

The active ingredients in commercial formulations of malathion, oxamyl, carbaryl, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos diluted to “spray tank”; concentrations with buffered distilled or natural water of pH 4–9 were stable for at least 24 hr. Formulations of trichlorfon were not stable at pH 7 or above but disappearance rates were slower than for the pure chemical in homogeneous solution. Cupric ion was observed to be an effective catalyst for the hydrolysis of a variety of pure organophosphorus insecticides but did not catalyze hydrolysis of the active ingredients of the formulations examined. Increasing the dilution of the formulation increased the susceptibility of malathion, oxamyl, and carbaryl to hydrolysis.     

Organochlorine compounds in a three-step terrestrial food chain

The concentrations of 15 organochlorine chemicals (PCBs and pesticides) were studied in a Central European oak wood food chain system: Great tit (Parus major), caterpillars (Tortrix viridana, Operophtera brumata, Erannis defoliaria), and oak-leaves (Quercus robur). Juvenile tits receive organochlorines from the mother via egg transfer and, eventually to a greater extent, from the caterpillar food source during nestling period. The concentrations of PCB 153 (2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl, the most abundant in this study) was found in leaf material at ca. 1 ng/g, in caterpillars 10 ng/g, and in bird eggs 170 ng/g on an average and on a dry mass basis.     

Radionuclides in deer and elk from Los Alamos national laboratory and the doses to humans from the ingestion of muscle and bone

Abstract

This paper summarizes radionuclide concentrations (³H, ⁹⁰Sr, ¹³⁷Cs, ²³⁸Pu, ^239,240Pu, ²⁴¹Am, and ^totU) in muscle and bone tissue of mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) and Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus) collected from Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, New Mexico, lands from 1991 through 1998. Also, the committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE) and the risk of excess cancer fatalities (RECF) to people who ingest muscle and bone from deer and elk collected from LANL lands were estimated. Most radionuclide concentrations in muscle and bone from individual deer (n = 11) and elk (n = 22) collected from LANL lands were either at less than detectable quantities (where the analytical result was smaller than two counting uncertainties) and/or within upper (95%) level background (BG) concentrations. As a group, most radionuclides in muscle and bone of deer and elk from LANL lands were not significantly higher (p<0.10) than in similar tissues from deer (n = 3) and elk (n = 7) collected from BG locations. Also, elk that had been radio collared and tracked for two years and spent an average time of 50% on LANL lands were not significantly different in most radionuclides from road kill elk that have been collected as part of the environmental surveillance program. Overall, the upper (95%) level net CEDEs (the CEDE plus two sigma for each radioisotope minus background) at the most conservative ingestion rate (50 lbs of muscle and 13 lbs of bone) were as follows: deer muscle = 0.22 mrem y^‐1 (2.2 μSv y^‐1), deer bone = 3.8 mrem y^‐1 (38 μSv y^‐1), elk muscle = 0.12 mrem y^‐1 (1.2 μSv y^‐1), and elk bone = 1.7 mrem y^‐1 (17 μSv y^‐1). All CEDEs were far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection guideline of 100 mrem y^‐1 (1000 μSv y^‐1), and the highest muscle plus bone net CEDE corresponded to a RECF of 2E‐06, which is far below the Environmental Protection Agency upper level guideline of 1E‐04.     

Radionuclides in pinon pine (Pinus edulis) nuts from los alamos national laboratory lands and the dose from consumption

Abstract

One of the dominant tree species growing within and around the eastern portion of Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM, lands is the pinon pine (Pinus edulis). Pinon pine is used for firewood, fence posts, and building materials and is a source of nuts for food—the seeds are consumed by a wide variety of animals and are also gathered by people in the area and eaten raw or roasted. This study investigated the (1) concentration of ³H, ¹³⁷Cs, ⁹⁰Sr, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^{239, 240}Pu, and²⁴¹ Am in soils (0‐ to 12‐in. [31 cm] depth underneath the tree), pinon pine shoots (PPS), and pinon pine nuts (PPN) collected from LANL lands and regional background (BG) locations, (2) committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE) from the ingestion of nuts, and (3) soil to PPS to PPN concentration ratios (CRs). Most radionuclides, with the exception of ³H in soils, were not significantly higher (p < 0.10) in soils, PPS, and PPN collected from LANL as compared to BG locations, and concentrations of most radionuclides in PPN from LANL have decreased over time. The maximum net CEDE (the CEDE plus two sigma minus BG) at the most conservative ingestion rate (10 lb [4.5 kg]) was 0.0018 mrem (0.018 μSv); this is far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem (1000 μSv). Soil‐to‐nut CRs for most radionuclides were within the range of default values in the literature for common fruits and vegetables.     

Degradation and sorption of imidacloprid in dissimilar surface and subsurface soils

Degradation and sorption/desorption are important processes affecting the leaching of pesticides through soil. This research characterized the degradation and sorption of imidacloprid (1-[(6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)-methyl]-N-nitro-2-imidazolidinimine) in Drummer (silty clay loam) and Exeter (sandy loam) surface soils and their corresponding subsurface soils using sequential extraction methods over 400 days. By the end of the incubation, approximately 55% of imidacloprid applied at a rate of 1.0 mg kg^?1 degraded in the Exeter sandy loam surface and subsurface soils, compared to 40% of applied imidacloprid within 300 days in Drummer surface and subsurface soils. At the 0.1 mg kg^?1 application rate, dissipation was slower for all four soils. Water-extractable imidacloprid in Exeter surface soil decreased from 98% of applied at day 1 to > 70% of the imidacloprid remaining after 400 d, as compared to 55% in the Drummer surface soil at day 1 and 12% at day 400. These data suggest that imidacloprid was bioavailable to degrading soil microorganisms and sorption/desorption was not the limiting factor for biodegradation. In subsurface soils > 40% of ¹⁴C-benzoic acid was mineralized over 21 days, demonstrating an active microbial community. In contrast, cumulative ¹⁴CO₂ was less than 1.5% of applied ¹⁴C-imidacloprid in all soils over 400 d. Qualitative differences in the microbial communities appear to limit the degradation of imidacloprid in the subsurface soils.