城市固体废弃物管理(MSWM)国内外研究综述——基于生命周期评价方法

利用生命周期评价(LCA)工具对城市固体废弃物管理(MSWM)的环境影响进行定量评价,能够帮助城市管理者寻找到环境成本和经济成本最小的处理方式,国内外研究者为此做了大量的研究.就生命周期评价标准(2006)的研究领域和规模、功能单位、系统边界、相关软件与数据库等方面,对国内外研究文献进行对比分析后发现:现有研究存在较大差异；缺乏透明性、规范性将制约LCA广泛应用；政府、学术组织以及团体应在数据的可获得性、完整性、研究标准的统一等方面努力,并根据本区域的资源禀赋、地理差异选择最优的废弃物管理方式.     

生命周期评价新发展与工业应用

从国际生命周期小组的统计和国内外的案例，综述了新世纪生命周期评价（LCA）的发展和工业应用现状，对存在的问题进行探讨，就如何进一步改进提出建议。     

生活垃圾焚烧处理方式的生命周期评价

与填埋、堆肥处理相比,生活垃圾焚烧处理在减量化和资源化方面有着巨大的优势,在未来将成为大城市生活垃圾的主要处理方式。采用生命周期评价方法,对不同余热利用和尾气处理方式下的生活垃圾焚烧处理方案对环境的影响进行评价。结果表明,在尾气处理系统中,干法、湿法、半干法3种酸性气体处理方式中,湿法处理的环境影响潜值最小,但是其资源耗竭系数最大。添加SNCR脱氮系统可以在酸性气体净化基础上将环境影响潜值降低70%左右,而资源耗竭系数变化不大。在单纯供热、供电和热电联供3种余热利用方式中,单纯供电的热利用效率最低,直接供热的热利用效率最高。     

基于LCA的医疗废物处置技术的环境评估研究

新冠疫情爆发,造成中国医疗废物的产生量快速增长。对于疫情严重地区,医疗废物更是呈现井喷式增加,因此正确、安全处置医疗废弃物刻不容缓。对医疗废物热解焚烧和蒸汽灭菌+焚烧发电这两种常规处置技术的环境影响进行比较,利用生命周期评价方法量化分析这两种处置技术的环境影响和主要影响因素。结果表明：蒸汽灭菌+焚烧发电技术的综合环境影响最好;在全球变暖潜能(GWP)指标中,热解焚烧技术达到了1.35×10³kg的二氧化碳当量,是蒸汽灭菌+焚烧发电技术2～3倍。由于有电力的产出,蒸汽灭菌+焚烧发电技术在大多数环境指标中都是比较低的。     

降低涤纶短纤维油剂单耗的研究与环保方案论证

油剂消耗高并产生大量高浓度废水是目前涤纶短纤维生产中的重要环境污染.利用生命周期评价和过程关联方法对油剂的使用与回用阶段的工艺优化进行了分析与论证,增设了油剂回收等设施,经济和环境效益显著.     

基于生命周期分析的致癌排放物人体健康风险评价

根据致癌物的环境行为及其在环境中的迁移关系,采用生命周期分析法探讨了其对人体健康的风险评价模型,并根据模型进行了实例分析。结果表明,在所研究的致癌排放物中,Cr6+危害最大,达到1.91×103a/kg,As次之,为0.78 a/kg,氯乙烯危害最小。根据这一结果可以确定污染物的主次及治理的优先顺序。     

基于模糊集对分析的建筑垃圾处理方式环境影响评价

采用生命周期评价方法建立了建筑垃圾环境影响评价指标体系,并采用模糊集对分析方法对建筑垃圾再生骨料利用、再生原料利用、基础填料利用和填埋4种方式进行了环境影响评价,同时对4种处理方式环境影响优劣进行了排序。结果表明:建筑垃圾再生骨料利用的环境影响最低,最能体现建筑垃圾的资源价值,为建筑垃圾处理方式环境影响的定量评价提供了适用的方法。     

农药行业规划环境影响评价中的风险评价

针对专项工业规划环境影响评价中环境风险评价应用尚不成熟的现状，建立了一套专项工业规划环境风险评价方法，并将其应用到江苏省农药行业总体规划环境影响评价分析中。从环境风险角度分析行业发展方向、强度和布局的合理性，提出规划调整和行业风险管理的建议，以降低事故发生的概率和影响，保障行业的健康稳定发展。通过对江苏省农药行业规划明确的产品结构、产业组织结构、创新体系和技术发展目标等进行风险识别、分析和评价，得出生产和使用光气的定点企业、使用液氯的企业、产生硫化氢的企业的环境风险防护距离（以生产装置为起点）应至少设置为1 000，500，250 m。     

再生胶清洁生产评价指标的构建

为了对废旧轮胎回收利用生产再生胶过程实施生命周期评价,对再生胶行业生产过程的环境影响进行了识别。以此为依据初步建立了一套再生胶行业清洁生产评价指标体系,并结合生命周期评价结果对部分指标和权重予以说明。最后对我国废旧轮胎回收利用生产再生胶行业清洁生产标准的制定提出了建议。     

风电场环境影响评价原则及评价重点研究

针对风电场环境影响评价的评价原则及评价重点进行了探讨性的研究。提出了风电场环境影响评价应以早期介入和避让措施优先为基本原则；对风电场环境影响评价重点进行了识别，并提出风电场选址的环境可行性分析是风电场环评的重中之重；风电项目建设对生态环境的影响及风机噪声、光影影响也是风电场环境影响评价的重点，并创造性的提出风机噪声光影联合防护区的概念，以期对风电场环境影响评价提供理论及技术参考依据。     

Environmental assessment of incinerator residue utilisation

Incineration ashes may be treated either as a waste to be dumped in landfill, or as a resource that is suitable for re-use. In order to choose the best management scenario, knowledge is needed on the potential environmental impact that may be expected, including not only local, but also regional and global impact. In this study, A life cycle assessment (LCA) based approach was outlined for environmental assessment of incinerator residue utilisation, in which leaching of trace elements as well as other emissions to air and water and the use of resources were regarded as constituting the potential environmental impact from the system studied. Case studies were performed for two selected ash types, bottom ash from municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) and wood fly ash. The MSWI bottom ash was assumed to be suitable for road construction or as drainage material in landfill, whereas the wood fly ash was assumed to be suitable for road construction or as a nutrient resource to be recycled on forest land after biofuel harvesting. Different types of potential environmental impact predominated in the activities of the system and the use of natural resources and the trace element leaching were identified as being relatively important for the scenarios compared. The scenarios differed in use of resources and energy, whereas there is a potential for trace element leaching regardless of how the material is managed. Utilising MSWI bottom ash in road construction and recycling of wood ash on forest land saved more natural resources and energy than when these materials were managed according to the other scenarios investigated, including dumping in landfill.     

A reactor based assessment of co-disposal

The paper examines the role of domestic waste landfills as anaerobic bioreactors for industrial wastes. Data are given for phenols, cyanides, acids and heavy metals. Partially saturated containment sites are amenable to analysis as reactors and appear to allow process control for environmentally sound co-disposal.     

战略环评与流域水电规划环评实践

简要介绍了战略环评在国内外的发展过程,论述了战略环评的概念和研究思路.在此基础上,针对目前云南省广泛开展的水电开发活动,论述了其带来的环境影响.根据云南省内几条流域水电开发的环评实践,提出了流域水电开发环评应关注的重点,包括相关部门的协调和正确掌握环评政策,关注流域水电建设可能对环境产生的累积影响,有效保护以鱼类为主的水生生物,确定流域的最小生态流量,重视公众参与等.     

E-waste assessment methodology and validation in India

An attempt has been made to establish an approach and a methodology to quantify electronic waste (e-waste) in India. The study was limited to personal computers (PCs) and televisions (TVs) within the state boundaries of Delhi and in selected areas in the National Capital Region (NCR). Material flow analysis was used to establish an e-waste trade value chain, where cathode ray tubes (CRTs) were tracked in the e-waste dismantling stream of the CRT regunning process. The market supply method was used to estimate the theoretical amount of e-waste for each item. Sensitivity analysis was carried out for PCs, using 5 years and 7 years as the average life, and for TVs, using 10 years and 12 years as the average life. Externalities such as e-waste entering the study area from outside were factored into the final e-waste analysis. Sensitivity analysis on the average life also factored in elements of active usage, reuse, and storage of electronic items and consumer behavior into assumptions about the obsolescence rate in market supply method. A primary survey indicated an output of 1800–2100 CRTs per day from all regunning units in the study area. This range validated the theoretical output for an average life of 7 years for a PC and 12 years for a TV. Using this approach, e-waste was estimated to reach 2 million units from the domestic market by 2010.     

Life cycle assessment of biogas upgrading technologies

This article evaluates the life cycle assessment (LCA) of three biogas upgrading technologies. An in-depth study and evaluation was conducted on high pressure water scrubbing (HPWS), as well as alkaline with regeneration (AwR) and bottom ash upgrading (BABIU), which additionally offer carbon storage. AwR and BABIU are two novel technologies that utilize waste from municipal solid waste incinerators - namely bottom ash (BA) and air pollution control residues (APC) - and are able to store CO(2) from biogas through accelerated carbonation processes. These are compared to high pressure water scrubbing (HPWS) which is a widely used technology in Europe. The AwR uses an alkaline solution to remove the CO(2) and then the solution - rich in carbonate and bicarbonate ions - is regenerated through carbonation of APC. The BABIU process directly exposes the gas to the BA to remove and immediately store the CO(2), again by carbonation. It was determined that the AwR process had an 84% higher impact in all LCA categories largely due to the energy intensive production of the alkaline reactants. The BABIU process had the lowest impact in most categories even when compared to five other CO(2) capture technologies on the market. AwR and BABIU have a particularly low impact in the global warming potential category as a result of the immediate storage of the CO(2). For AwR, it was determined that using NaOH instead of KOH improves its environmental performance by 34%. For the BABIU process the use of renewable energies would improve its impact since accounts for 55% of the impact.     

Statistical analysis in MSW collection performance assessment

The increase of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) generated over the last years forces waste managers pursuing more effective collection schemes, technically viable, environmentally effective and economically sustainable. The assessment of MSW services using performance indicators plays a crucial role for improving service quality. In this work, we focus on the relevance of regular system monitoring as a service assessment tool. In particular, we select and test a core-set of MSW collection performance indicators (effective collection distance, effective collection time and effective fuel consumption) that highlights collection system strengths and weaknesses and supports pro-active management decision-making and strategic planning. A statistical analysis was conducted with data collected in mixed collection system of Oporto Municipality, Portugal, during one year, a week per month. This analysis provides collection circuits’ operational assessment and supports effective short-term municipality collection strategies at the level of, e.g., collection frequency and timetables, and type of containers.     

Risk assessment and accepted regulatory cleanup levels

The determination of cleanup levels at a CERCLA or RCRA site is often the single most important decision made by risk managers. This decision can have a major impact on the costs and time required for remediation, as well as on the selection of remedial technologies. The object of this article is to provide a critical review of the methods used by regulatory agencies and the regulated community to calculate chemical-specific cleanup goals for inactive hazardous waste sites, focusing on those cleanup goals that are designed to protect human health from the effects of chemicals. In addition to this analysis of historical methods that have been used, this article discusses some innovative solutions to the problem of calculating cleanup levels and presents an analysis of controversial topics related to cleanup levels currently under debate by regulatory agencies, industry, environmentalists, and legislative bodies.