四湖地区地下水“三氮”含量及时空分布特征分析

在4次地下水水质监测的基础上，对潜水和浅层承压水的“三氮”含量进行了季节变化和空间差异分析，同时探讨了时空变化的影响因素。分析结果表明：（1）地下水氨氮浓度超标率较高，承压水中浓度明显高于潜水，4次采样结果承压水氨氮浓度超标率均在50% 以上；（2）硝酸盐氮和亚硝酸盐氮含量在承压水中能达到良好的标准，在潜水中超标率高；（3）氨氮浓度季节变化明显，9月份浓度显著高于4、6和11月。硝酸盐氮和亚硝酸盐氮在潜水中6月份浓度最高，在承压水中季节变化不明显；（4）地下水氨氮含量空间变异性强，浓度较高的多集中在流经洪湖的内荆河两侧区域。研究区地下水水质受气象因素、农业活动、农村生活污染以及氧化还原环境的综合影响     

西苕溪干流水体、悬浮物和表层沉积物中营养盐分布特征与水质评价

了解不同介质的营养盐分布可以全面掌握河流的环境现状。为了调查西苕溪干流的营养盐分布特征和水质现状,沿着干流采集了11个点位的水体、悬浮物和表层沉积物样品,并对水体、悬浮物和表层沉积物中的营养盐特征进行了分析,拟为苕溪流域的水污染防治提供基础数据。研究表明:整个西苕溪干流,水体和沉积物中总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)浓度均存在丰水期明显高于枯水期的季节变化特征,水体中总氮的浓度均超出地表水环境质量Ⅴ类的标准,显示氮污染是西苕溪流域的特点。相关性分析结果表明,悬浮物中的TN和有机质(OM)呈极显著性正相关(r=0.974,p0.01);水体中的TN和悬浮物的各营养盐指标之间的相关性均达到了极显著水平,但沉积物营养盐指标与水体的TN和TP相关性不明显,显示沉积物并不能很好反映流域水质的现状。     

洞庭湖渔业水域氮磷时空分布分析

根据2000~2011 年对洞庭湖渔业环境监测数据,对东洞庭湖、南洞庭湖、西洞庭湖和三江口4 个不同渔业水域的总氮、总磷、氨氮和硝酸盐氮浓度的时空分布进行分析。结果表明：（1）洞庭湖总氮、总磷、氨氮和硝酸盐氮浓度均值分别为143±041、009±003、032±005和063±011 mg/L,总氮最大值为2009 年5 月丰水期东洞庭湖的鹿角采样点,为480 mg/L,总磷最大值为2008 年1 月枯水期鹿角采样点,为0417 mg/L,分析得知,所有采样点中鹿角采样点较其它采样点污染严重;（2）洞庭湖氮、磷浓度年均值间差异性显著（P<005）,除总磷变化规律不明显外,总氮、氨氮和硝酸盐氮的年浓度均值总体呈上升趋势,与此同时,洞庭湖在丰水期、平水期和枯水期的氮、磷浓度均值间也存在显著性差异（P<005）,平水期总氮平均浓度最高,枯水期总磷浓度均值最高;（3）东洞庭湖、南洞庭湖、西洞庭湖和三江口4 个湖区氮磷浓度均值间也存在显著性差异（P<005）,总氮、总磷和硝酸盐氮均值以三江口最高,氨氮均值以东洞庭湖最高,主要受城市污水和工业污水影响严重;（4）面源污染是洞庭湖主要污染方式,也是造成洞庭湖水体富营养化程度加剧的主要因素,面源污染占洞庭湖污染总量的94%～99%,主要包括农业污染、城市生活污水和畜牧水产养殖业污染;点源污染占洞庭湖污染总量的1%～6%,主要为工业污水和城市生活污水的排放,虽然排放量相对于面源污染较小,但是工业污水含有高浓度的有毒物质,且瞬时排放量大,很容易造成渔业污染事故,严重时会影响到人类的健康;（5）参照《地表水质量标准》（GB3838 2002）中的水质分类标准,所有监测年份中,仅2000 年水质为III 类,其它年份水质类型多为IV 类,部分年份为V 类,推断洞庭湖渔业水域大部分处于中度污染状态,部分湖区处于重度污染,根据《渔业水质标准》和鱼类对水环境质量的需求,洞庭湖水质不利于鱼类繁殖、早期发育、索饵和越冬等行为,势必会造成洞庭湖渔业资源的衰退     

鄱阳湖乐安江流域非点源氮污染时空变化特征分析

乐安江是影响鄱阳湖水质的一条重要河流，近年来非点源污染迅速增加，水质呈下降趋势。运用GIS手段建立了研究区非点源污染的基本空间信息库，在野外水样监测和土地利用调查的基础上，分析了乐安江流域非点源氮的时空变化特征。氮的流失主要以可溶态形式，TN和DTN全年变化剧烈，在12月份普遍较高，4月份次之，9月份最低。在监测各月份乐安江流域TN浓度的范围为0.09~1.359 mg/L，水质属中营养水平。NO3-N浓度平均值为DTN的65%，是DTN流失的主要形态，其时空分布与TN具有明显的相似性；在丰水期4月份，NH3-N的平均浓度为全年最低水平，平水期9月份NH3-N平均浓度为三氮之首；NO2-N全年含量最低。各种形态的氮浓度在空间上从上游向下游基本呈增加趋势；西南部地区各种形态的氮浓度普遍高于东北部地区，说明上游水质普遍好于下游水质。     

汉水流域水环境安全管理对策探讨

汉水是长江中游北岸跨省级行政区的一级支流。汉水流域上游的丹江口水库为规划中的南水北调中线工程水源地 ;流域中下游工农业生产发达 ,人口密集。因此 ,汉水流域水环境安全问题备受人们关注。初步研究了汉水流域水环境安全管理问题 ,首先探讨流域水环境质量的时空变化特征 ,然后就流域水环境安全的主要点源和非点源压力因素进行了识别。结果表明 :在时间上 ,汉水流域水质总体上有逐年恶化的趋势 ,枯水期存在点源污染问题 ,丰水期存在点源和非点源污染问题 ;在空间上 ,上游干流个别江段和整个流域多数支流水质污染严重 ,丹江口水库水质良好 ,中下游干流水质时有污染现象 ;河南 -湖北省界水体存在水质污染问题。最后 ,根据汉水流域水环境质量特征及存在的问题 ,从流域水资源保护体制、法制建设、管理的理论与方法、监测和评价的内容与方法、流域水环境规划与科研、流域生态建设、行政区之间利益分配、现代高新技术的应用等方面提出了国家层次和流域层次的水环境安全管理对策     

汉水流域水环境安全管理对策探讨

汉水是长江中游北岸跨省级行政区的一级支流。汉水流域上游的丹江口水库为规划中的南水北调中线工程水源地;流域中下游工农业生产发达,人口密集。因此,汉水流域水环境安全问题备受人们关注。初步研究了汉水流域水环境安全管理问题,首先探讨流域水环境质量的时空变化特征,然后就流域水环境安全的主要点源和非点源压力因素进行了识别。结果表明：在时间上,汉水流域水质总体上有逐年恶化的趋势,枯水期存在点源污染问题,丰水期存在点源和非点源污染问题;在空间上,上游干流个虽江段和整个流域多数支流水持污染严重,丹江口水库水质良好,中下游干流水质时有污染现象;河南-湖北省界水体存在水质污染问题。最后,根据汉水流域水环境质量特征及存在的问题、从流域 水资源保护体制、法制建设、管理的理论与方法、监测和评价的内容与方法、流域水环境规划与科研、流域生态建设、行政区之间利益分配、现代高新技术的应用等方面提出了国家层次和流域层次的水环境安全管理对策。     

太湖典型丘陵水源地水质时空变化及影响因素分析——以平桥河流域为例

基于太湖流域典型丘陵水源地平桥河流域12个采样点的水质监测数据,综合运用聚类分析和主成分分析法对平桥河流域水质时空变化及影响因素进行分析。聚类分析显示,按照水质相似性将平桥河流域水质分为枯水期、平水期、丰水期3个季节时段和中上游丘陵河谷区、下游紧邻平桥镇的平原区、下游暗沟出口区3个典型空间区域。主成分分析显示:(1)枯水期水质以氮污染为主导因素,磷和有机污染次之,受流量减小、流速缓慢导致的营养盐富集的影响加大;平水期水质以氮污染为主导因素,磷污染次之,受茶园等大量施肥导致的农业面源污染的影响;丰水期水质以氮和磷污染为主导因素,受到水稻种植等农业活动和大量降雨径流的影响。(2)中上游丘陵河谷区水质以氮和磷污染为主导因素,有机污染次之,受到茶园种植等农业活动导致的面源污染的影响;下游紧邻平桥镇的平原区水质以氮和磷的污染为主导因素,有机污染次之,受到居民生活污水和农业生产的影响;下游暗沟出口区水质以氮污染为主导因素,有机污染和磷污染次之,受到生活污水、农业生产和畜禽养殖的影响。研究结果可为太湖流域丘陵区水源地保护和管理提供参考。     

都柳江流域水体锑的形态及净化特征研究

选择受锑矿开采活动影响较严重的都柳江流域为研究对象,采集丰水期和枯水期干支流河水及悬浮颗粒物样品,通过野外水文地质调查和样品分析获取数据,探明不同地质背景条件下流域水体中锑(Sb)的时空分布及迁移转化,揭示Sb的形态与净化机制.研究表明:碳酸盐岩区弱碱和氧化性水环境有助于矿渣中辉锑矿溶解;流域水体锑含量介于0.00～ 86.30 μg·L-1(丰水期)和5.10～487.26μg·L-1(枯水期),丰水期稀释作用较强,含量较低;由于辉锑矿(Sb2S3)氧化分解释放Sb和SO42-,二者含量显著正相关;干流水体溶解态锑主要以迁移性较强的SbO3-存在,沿流向含量降低,并受污染支流及水库影响;水体悬浮颗粒物对溶解态锑具有一定的吸附净化作用,溶解态和颗粒态锑比值介于28～1180;稀释作用是水体锑含量降低的主要净化机制,同时在水利枢纽的调控作用下,出境断面锑含量可降至5.34 μg·L-1(丰水期)和9.75μg·L-1(枯水期).治理流域内受污染支流,并借助稀释作用和梯级水利枢纽调节功能,能够有效降低水体锑含量及输送通量,预防生态危害.     

海河干流重金属污染物时空变化趋势与污染成因分析研究

本文选取天津市的主要地表河流海河干流,以水质现状调查数据和历史资料相结合,研究了海河干流中重金属污染物在不同水期、不同区域以及不同年份的变化趋势,掌握了重金属的污染程度。结合天津市的整体经济发展状况及海河干流的水功能区划,指出重金属污染程度主要表现为丰水期枯水期平水期、入海段市区段,并对水体中重金属的污染特征进行了成因分析,为海河干流区域的经济发展规划制定及水体污染防治提供了数据支撑,也为研究入海河流与海洋环境的相互影响提供了依据。     

三峡工程蓄水运用期库区干流水质分析

分析了三峡库区蓄水前后（1998～2009年）干流水质的变化及原因。结果表明，同蓄水前相比，蓄水后库区干流水质变好，库区干流断面月度达标率均值由蓄水前的623%变为蓄水后的783%，库区干流超标污染物主要为高锰酸盐指数、总磷、铅等。蓄水后水质时空分布出现新的特点，近坝水体悬浮物、浑样高锰酸盐指数、总磷、铅等可吸附污染物浓度显著降低。蓄水后年内悬浮物及浑样高锰酸盐指数、总磷和铅浓度仍然是丰水期＞平、枯水期，但近坝水体不同水期间浓度差别比蓄水前明显减小。蓄水后，库区干流浑样高锰酸盐指数、总磷、铅浓度整体上表现为从库尾至库首沿程下降，尤以丰水期沿程下降最为突出。浑样高锰酸盐指数、总磷、铅浓度以上变化特征主要缘于库区水位抬高后，流速减小导致的澄清作用，即高锰酸盐指数所代表污染物、磷、铅等随泥沙发生了不同程度的沉降。蓄水前后清样高锰酸盐指数和总磷未发生明显变化，156 m蓄水后至今，清样铅浓度明显低于蓄水前。     

WSSD 2002, Latin America and Brazil: Biodiversity and Indigenous People

Latin America comprehends notable variations in terms of natural environment, availability of natural resources, living standards, and demographic patterns. Latin America is a mosaic of cultures, post- and pre-Columbian. The rich variety of life forms discovered and described by chroniclers and traveling naturalists in the Neotropics contributed to the proposal, in mid-XVIIIth century, of a new system of classification and a scientific code of nomenclature for all organisms. Biodiversity was, for many centuries, a source of resources to be exploited in natura. In scientific circles, its inventory became the domain of taxonomists. But modern technology showed how important the miriad of life forms really are as sources of chemical molecules to be engineered as drugs and reassembled as novel manufactured products. We are on the brink of a new agricultural and medical revolution, thanks to the techniques of genetic engineering, which will lead eventually to the elimination of hunger and malnutrition.In this essay, the Brazilian environmental and social heterogeneity will serve as an example to illustrate some key points, which have influenced sustainability policies. The Amazon deforestation and indigenous knowledge (IK), subjects often associated with areas of high biodiversity, are usually the focus of environmental debates. The importance of IK in integrating development, reducing poverty and sustainability are considered together with the intellectual property rights of native populations.In the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) Implementation Plan, a few paragraphs were dedicated to Latin America, because of the pre-existing Action Platform on the Road to Johannesburg 2002, approved in Rio de Janeiro in October 2001. This paper calls attention to the need to draw up specific environmental policies for a region which shows an extremely high cultural and biological diversity, associated with a high availability of forests and water, among other resources.     

Latitudinal variation in size of freshwater pulmonate mollusks (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) in Western Siberia

The size of shells in some freshwater pulmonate mollusk species abundant in Western Siberia (Lymnaea fragilis, L. terebra, Planorbis planorbis, and Anisus leucostoma) is relatively large in the south and decreases in the north. It is supposed that this phenomenon is explained by the fact that the season with conditions allowing the growth of mollusks is shorter in the north than in the south of Western Siberia.     

湘鄂赣农业资源与专业化区域化方向

湘鄂赣地理位置优越,农业资源丰富,稻谷、茶叶、麻类、棉花、油料、柑桔和淡水产品、禽蛋、肉类等在我国居有重要的地位,因此,大力发展三省农业生产,对我国人民实现小康生活具有战略意义。今后,要加速专业化区域化进程。我们找出生产潜力所在:改造低产田、低产园、低产水面;开发“三高”技术;开垦荒地、荒山、荒水;适当提高复种指数。通过建设,三省主要农产品将自给有余,还可满足国内外市场的需要。努力方向:高效农业开发——综合农业开发,吨粮田开发,玉米带开发,饲料稻开发,山区开发;合理布局农业生产;深化农业商品基地建设,发展综合利用,搞活商品流通;全面提高农业现代化水平,加强农业社会服务体系。     

Ethnosciences––A step towards the integration of scientific and indigenous forms of knowledge in the management of natural resources for the future

Integration of indigenous knowledge and ethnoscientific approaches into contemporary frameworks for conservation and sustainable management of natural resources will become increasingly important in policies on an international and national level, both in countries that are industrialised and those that have a developing status. We set the scene on how this can be done by exploring the key conditions and dimensions of a dialogue between ȁ8ontologiesȁ9 and the roles, which ethnosciences could play in this process. First, the roles of ethnosciences in the context of sustainable development were analysed, placing emphasis on the implications arising when western sciences aspire to relate to indigenous forms of␣knowledge. Secondly, the contributions of ethnosciences to such an ȁ8inter- ontological dialogueȁ9 were explored, based on an ethnoecological study of the encounter of sciences and indigenous knowledge in the Andes of Bolivia, and reviewed experiences from mangrove systems in Kenya, India and Sri Lanka, and from case-studies in other ecosystems world-wide, incl. Australia, Burkina Faso, Ecuador, Ethiopia, Guatemala, Indonesia, Nepal, Niger, Philippines, Senegal, South-Africa and Tanzania.     

Paradoxical ozone associations could be due to methyl nitrite from combustion of methyl ethers or esters in engine fuels

We review studies of the effects of low ambient ozone concentrations on morbidity that found a negative coefficient for ozone concentration. We call this a Paradoxical Ozone Association (POA). All studies were in regions with methyl ether in gasoline. All but one study carefully controlled for the effects of other criterion pollutants, so the phenomenon cannot be attributed to them. One was in southern California in mid-summer when ozone levels are highest. Because ozone is created by sunlight, the most plausible explanation for a POA would be an ambient pollutant that is rapidly destroyed by sunlight, such as methyl nitrite (MN). A previously published model of engine exhaust chemistry suggested methyl ether in the fuel will create MN in the exhaust. MN is known to be highly toxic, and closely related alkyl nitrites are known to induce respiratory sensitivity in humans. Support for the interpretation comes from many studies, including three linking asthma symptoms to methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) and the observation that a POA has not been seen in regions without ether in gasoline. We also note that studies in southern California show a historical trend from more significant to less significant ozone-health associations. The timing of those changes is consistent with the known timing of the introduction of gasoline oxygenated with MTBE in that region.     

Prognosis of the spatiotemporal dynamics of ecosystems by means of universal kriging

The use of quantitative data for constructing prognostic maps of the dynamics of ecosystem degradation and restoration by nonlinear simulation methods is a topical field of landscape ecology. This method of dynamic cartography is based on fiberwise comparison of data on the state of Chernye Zemli (the Kalmyk Republic, Russia) in different years and the detailed analysis of the period on which the prognosis was based. For this purpose, materials of repeated aerial and satellite photography obtained during a long period (1954–1993) were used. Comparison of maps characterizing the dynamics of Chernye Zemli between 1958 and 1993 allows prognostic electronic maps for the next 10–15 years (with a five-year interval) to be drawn and land prognosis for the next 20–30 years (1998–2023) to be obtained. Deceased     

Household water in rural asia: a case study of the construction of a piped water system in Bangui,Ilocos Norte,Philippines

In early 1980 an extension agent was assigned to the rural municipality of Bangui, Ilocos Norte, Philippines to work on development projects – in particular the improvement of the supply of safe water for drinking and sanitation. After many months of visiting spring sites and meeting with community leaders, a small part of the municipality was selected to build a gravity fed piped water system. Although the system took many months to plan, identify funding and construct, the 600 community members were ultimately rewarded with house to house connections that enabled them to achieve per capita water consumption levels above the minimum levels recommended by the World Health Organization. Of course, money was critical to ensure the project’s success, but many other factors played an equally critical role. For instance, without the active participation of the community and the unwavering support of the community leadership the project would not have survived the initial planning stage. Also, the extension agent played a critical role by acting as a conduit between funding agencies, the Bureau of Public Works and the community. The primary lesson to be learned from this experience is that the success of rural development projects is largely driven by the synergy between the community, technical support, financial support, and agents of change such as extension agents. If any of these ingredients had been lacking, the project result would likely have been far different.     

Distributions of personal VOC exposures: a population-based analysis

Information regarding the distribution of volatile organic compound (VOC) concentrations and exposures is scarce, and there have been few, if any, studies using population-based samples from which representative estimates can be derived. This study characterizes distributions of personal exposures to ten different VOCs in the U.S. measured in the 1999-2000 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Personal VOC exposures were collected for 669 individuals over 2-3 days, and measurements were weighted to derive national-level statistics. Four common exposure sources were identified using factor analyses: gasoline vapor and vehicle exhaust, methyl tert-butyl ether (MBTE) as a gasoline additive, tap water disinfection products, and household cleaning products. Benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, xylenes chloroform, and tetrachloroethene were fit to log-normal distributions with reasonably good agreement to observations. 1,4-Dichlorobenzene and trichloroethene were fit to Pareto distributions, and MTBE to Weibull distribution, but agreement was poor. However, distributions that attempt to match all of the VOC exposure data can lead to incorrect conclusions regarding the level and frequency of the higher exposures. Maximum Gumbel distributions gave generally good fits to extrema, however, they could not fully represent the highest exposures of the NHANES measurements. The analysis suggests that complete models for the distribution of VOC exposures require an approach that combines standard and extreme value distributions, and that carefully identifies outliers. This is the first study to provide national-level and representative statistics regarding the VOC exposures, and its results have important implications for risk assessment and probabilistic analyses.     

Geographic Variation in the Seasonal Reproductive Strategy of the Mite Varroa jacobsoni in the Honeybee Nest

Variation in the reproduction of Varroa jacobsoni mite was studied in relation to the expansion of the range of its parasitism on the honeybee. Geographic differences in the seasonal dynamics of mite reproduction in the nests of bee families were revealed. Variation in the sex ratio of mites and the factors inhibiting their reproduction at the northern boundary of the honeybee range are considered. The forms of parthenogenetic reproduction in V. jacobsoni are discussed.