胜利油田含油污泥的植物修复研究

胜利油田滨一污水站产生的含油污泥经俄罗斯菌剂修复后含油量仍较高,为进一步降低其含油量,采用了植物修复技术.在总面积为1 000 m2的含油污泥修复场地上,分别种植了高羊茅、苜蓿、大豆、玉米和高粱,进行了120 d的植物修复.检测了植物修复前后含油污泥的含油量、基本理化性质、生物毒性、微生物数量和代谢功能多样性.对比发现,植物修复后含油污泥的石油降解率最高可达34.09%,持水率提高,生物毒性下降,微生物数量增加及代谢功能多样性增强.实验说明,植物修复是处理含油污泥的有效方法之一.     

生物法修复废弃钻井泥浆和含油污泥的研究进展

废弃钻井泥浆和含油污泥是石油工业产生最多的含油固体废弃物。它们是一种含有多种复杂成分的悬浊液,包括石油烃(PHCs)、水、重金属、化学处理剂和固体泥沙颗粒。由于其具有环境危害性,且产量逐渐增加,对其有效地处理和处置引起世界各国的广泛关注。综述了废弃钻井泥浆和含油污泥的性质、对环境的影响和生物修复方法,并介绍了生物修复PHCs的影响因素,同时初步探讨了两者中除PHCs之外其他污染物的处理方法。目前的生物修复方法都有不同的优势和局限性,未来应该进一步关注对现有处理技术的改进和不同技术的结合,使废弃钻井泥浆和含油污泥的处理既能达到无害化、资源化,又能节省处理成本。     

堆肥法处理含油污泥研究进展

含油污泥是炼油厂和石油化工厂的日产固体废弃物 ,是当前石化行业所面临的污染问题。本文给出了近期国内外对含油污泥的处理方法 ,并对堆肥法处理含油污泥进行了综述。含油污泥的堆肥处理需提供氧气、菌种和营养 ,为保持油泥的疏松状态 ,还需加入填充剂。本文对高速生物反应器的结构、运行、调控进行了详细介绍 ,并从经济核算角度指出了其运营可行性     

炼厂"三泥"的生物处理研究

从大港油田筛选和分离出3株以原油为碳源的石油降解菌,初步鉴定为假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas sp.),用这3株菌混合处理某炼厂的"三泥",在适宜的降解条件下,仅需投加混合菌液,无需添加营养物(N,P),可使含油污泥A的残油量从67g/kg降至7.7g/kg,混合油泥试样AB的残油量从19.7g/kg降至3.1g/kg,平均去除率为84%以上,可以实现含油污泥的较为经济的、有效的处理.经生物处理后含油污泥的恶臭味完全消失.     

含油污泥脱水性能试验

通过添加絮凝剂处理含油污泥 ,研究了影响含油污泥脱水性能的主要因素 ,试验结果表明 ,用 PAC和 CPAM絮凝剂处理含油污泥 ,可将污泥比阻从处理前的 8.9× 10 1 4 m/kg降至 1.0 9× 10 1 2 m/kg和 0 .11× 10 1 2 m /kg,助滤剂 Ca O与絮凝剂复配使用可进一步降低污泥比阻。污泥比阻随着污泥含油量的减少而减少。     

含油污泥处理技术进展

对国内外含油污泥的处理技术作一简述,介绍了含油污泥的调质－机械分离处理技术,高温处理技术,溶剂萃取处理技术和综合利用技术。     

基于GA-BP算法的含油污泥处理 工艺参数优化

在含油污泥进行资源化处理过程中,针对处理目标受多个因素影响的实际,为了解决工艺之间的耦合问题,采用正交实验的方法来解决,并把主要参数作为优化对象,把含油污泥的脱水率作为评价目标,通过采用GA-BP算法对含油污泥耦合工艺正交实验参数进行了线性与非线性分析.在采用遗传算法优化神经网络的权值和阈值的基础上,用优化后的权值和阈值对测试样本和训练样本进行了预测.预测结果表明,预测误差都有明显减小,分别由0.34211减少到0.031549和0.15476减少到0.040682,可见耦合参数趋向于非线性优化.     

炼厂“三泥”的生物处理研究

从大港油田筛选和分离出3株以原油为碳源的石油降解菌，初步鉴定为假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas sp．)，用这3株菌混合处理某炼厂的“三泥”，在适宜的降解条件下，仅需投加混合菌液，无需添加营养物(N，P)，可使含油污泥A的残油量从67g／kg降至7．7g／kg，混合油泥试样AB的残油量从19．7g／kg降至3．1g／kg，平均去除率为84％以上，可以实现含油污泥的较为经济的、有效的处理。经生物处理后含油污泥的恶臭味完全消失。     

含油污泥微波热解工艺条件优化现场实验研究

采用自主设计的30 kW大功率微波设备开展了含油污泥微波热解的现场实验,考察了吸波剂种类和添加量、热解终温、微波辐照时间、污泥处理量等对微波热解处理效果的影响.结果表明,污泥热解残渣可以作为吸波剂提高含油污泥的微波热解处理效果,综合考虑热解效果和成本,其较佳的添加量为5％(质量分数),此时污泥的除油率可达99.84％；随着热解终温的升高,污泥的除油率逐渐升高,当热解终温达到500℃时,处理后污泥的含油率降为0.200％(质量分数,下同),满足《农用污泥中污染物控制标准》(GB 4284-84)的限值标准(石油类限值为0.3％(质量分数))；微波辐照时间对含油污泥的热解效果影响较显著,当微波辐照时间达到180 min时,处理后污泥含油率仅为0.230％；含油污泥处理量低于20 kg/次时,单位质量含油污泥完成热解消耗的电量随着处理量的增加而减少,而超过20 kg/次时,耗电量随着处理量的增加而增加,因此本实验所用设备较经济的含油污泥处理量为20 kg/次.     

油田含油污泥超声脱油的研究

在油田含油污泥的热洗处理中引入超声辐照处理技术，研究考察了超声脱油技术中超声强度，超声辐照时间，含油污泥预热温度，清洗液用量和清洗液回用4个试验操作条件对污泥脱油的影响，认为在优化条件（超声发生器输出电压175 V，辐照时间15 min，预热温度55 ℃，清洗液和含油污泥以质量比8∶1）下，超声脱油技术可以把污泥的干基油含量由0.35 g/g降低到0.14 g/g，同时也证明清洗液可以反复使用。根据简单的经济核算，处理1 t含油污泥可以产出66元的效益。研究表明，使用超声处理可以有效地提高含油污泥的污油脱除效率，明显降低污泥清洗的操作温度。     

Pesticides in rainfall in Europe

Papers and published reports investigating the presence of pesticides in rainfall in Europe were reviewed. Approximately half of the compounds that were analysed for were detected. For those detected, most concentrations were below about 100 ng/l, but larger concentrations, up to a few thousand nanograms per litre, were detected occasionally at most monitoring sites. The most frequently detected compounds were lindane (gamma-HCH) and its isomer (alpha-HCH), which were detected on 90-100% of sampling occasions at most of the sites where they were monitored. For compounds developed more recently, detection was usually limited to the spraying season. A classification of pesticides according to their deposition pattern is proposed.     

Differences in Cu content in selected mushroom species growing in the same unpolluted areas in Poland

The aim of the study was to estimate copper (Cu) accumulation efficiency in whole-fruiting bodies of 18 edible and non-edible wild growing mushrooms collected from 27 places in the Wielkopolska Voivodeship. Mushrooms were collected each time from the same places to estimate the diversity in Cu accumulation between tested mushroom species within 3 consecutive years of study (2011–2013). The study results revealed various accumulation of Cu in the whole-tested mushroom fruiting bodies. The highest mean accumulation of Cu was observed in Macrolepiota procera (119.4 ± 20.0 mg kg^?1 dm), while the lowest was in Suillus luteus and Russula fellea fruiting bodies (16.1 ± 3.0 and 18.8 ± 4.6 mg kg^?1 dm, respectively). Significant differences in Cu accumulation between mushroom species collected in 2011 and in the two following years (2012 and 2013) were observed. The results indicated that sporadic consumption of these mushrooms was not related to excessive intake of Cu for the human body (no toxic influence on health).     

Large-scale spatial variation in mercury concentrations in cattle in NW Spain

Mercury (Hg) is a highly toxic environmental contaminant and man-made emissions account for between a quarter and a third of total atmospheric levels. Point discharges, particularly coal-burning power stations, are major sources of atmospheric Hg and can result in marked spatial variation in mercury deposition and subsequent uptake by biota. The aims of this study were to quantify the extent to which major point and diffuse sources of atmospheric Hg emissions affected accumulation of Hg by biota throughout Galicia and Asturias, two of the major regions in northwest Spain. We did this by relating renal Hg concentrations in locally reared cattle (n=284) to the proximity of animals to point and diffuse sources of Hg emissions. Mercury residues in calf kidneys ranged between non-detected and 89.4 g/kg wet weight. Point discharges from coal-fired power plants in Galicia had the most dominant impact on Hg accumulation by calves in Galicia, affecting animals throughout the region and explaining some two-thirds of the variation in renal residues between animals located directly downwind from the plants. The effects of more diffuse emission sources on Hg accumulation in calves were not distinguishable in Galicia but were detected in cattle from neighbouring Asturias. The impact of both point and diffuse sources in elevating environmental levels of bioavailable Hg and subsequent accumulation by cattle extended to approximately 140-200 km downwind from source.     

Mercury in fish in Swedish lakes

The aim of this work has been to try to obtain a picture of the past, present and future mercury situation in fish in Swedish lakes, to make an estimate of the number of lakes threatened by 'blacklisting', and to see if the data can be used to reveal anything about the impact of liming on the Hg content in pike. The register contains a broad set of data from 1456 lakes. The main results are as follows. Trend analyses indicate that the Hg content in 1-kg pike seems to increase with time. This is interesting since there has been a significant decrease in mercury emissions from Swedish industries during the last two decades. High Hg contents in 1-kg pike appear in a very characteristic pattern, linked to specific sources of Hg emission. The data indicate that old Swedish 'sins' are still causing a lot of problems. The factors governing the leakage of Hg from soils to water ought to be a very important topic for further studies. The Hg content in pike shows the highest correlation with the following parameters: Hg in surficial sediments, pH, distance from point source and water hardness, lake water alkalinity and conductivity, water retention time, size of drainage area and lake surface. A formula which provides the best possible degree of explanation (r2 = 0.78) has been derived. At present there are about 250 lakes 'blacklisted' in Sweden due to high Hg content in fish. Our data show that there are at least 9400 lakes that ought to be 'blacklisted' today. A successful liming operation will alter the chemical conditions in lakes and also decrease the Hg content in fish.     

Trends in summer sulphate in Europe

A trend analysis of the sulphate concentration in Europe in the summer half-year was performed. Data from various measuring networks were analysed, but only stations with quality assured sampling methods and a record of more than 10 years were included in the study. 1978 served as the reference year for the trend, because in that year most stations started operation. The relatively dense network in Belgium provided the most valuable data, as evidenced by the fact that two sites at a distance of only 10 km apart correlated better than 95% over a month. The two sites also show a correlation of better than 90% over a season with two other stations at distances of 45 and 95 km. The relative decrease in summer-sulphate at the four stations in Belgium, as analysed by linear regression, was 3.3% per year which corresponds to an absolute decrease of 0.42 μgm⁻³ per year. In the Netherlands the average yearly decrease in summer-sulphate at two stations was 3.5% (−0.34 μgm⁻³). In other countries stations were further apart or only a single site wits in use, which limits the representativeness of the data. In northwestern Germany, a region with several monitoring stations, a yearly averaged decrease of 3.0% occurred. The lower absolute decrease (0.25 μgm⁻³) per year compared to that in the two neighbouring countries reflects the lower summer-time sulphate concentrations. In the remainder of Germany the average decrease was 1.6%. In South-Scandinavia the yearly relative decrease at two sites was 2.6% (0.13 μgm⁻³ absolute). There was no significant trend in the U.K. Al the Polish station the levels increased, it decreased at the Hungarian and Austrian station and remained constant at the Czechoslovakian site. Reasons for omission of the data from France from the trend analysis are discussed.     

Lead poisoning in swans in Japan

We investigated the occurrence, source and exposure time of lead poisoning in whooper swans (Cygnus cygnus cygnus) and Bewick's swans (Cygnus columbianus bewickii) in Japan during the winters of 1984-1987. Concentrations of lead in various tissues and physiological evidence of lead shot in some birds indicated that lead shotgun pellets were the source of lead, and exposure occurred after the birds arrived in Japan. Mortality probably occurred within 30 days after exposure to, and retention of, lead shot in the gizzard.     

Pesticide levels in surface waters in an agricultural-forestry basin in Southern Chile

Residues of five pesticides in surface water were surveyed during 2001 and 2003 in the Traiguen river basin in Southern Chile. Simazine, hexazinone, 2,4-D, picloram herbicides and carbendazim fungicide were selected through a pesticide risk classification index. Six sampling stations along the river were set up based on agricultural and forestry land use. The water sampling was carried out before and after the pesticide application periods and in correspondence to some rain events. Pesticides were analyzed by HPLC with DAD detection in a multiresidue analysis. During 2001, in the first sampling campaign (March), the highest concentrations of pesticides were 3.0 microg l(-1) for simazine and hexazinone and 1.8 microg l(-1) for carbendazim. In the second sampling (September), the highest concentration were 9.7 microg l(-1) for 2,4-D, 0.3 microg l(-1) for picloram and 0.4 microg l(-1) for carbendazim. In the last sampling period (December), samples indicated contamination with carbendazim fungicide at levels of up to 1.2 microg l(-1). In sampling carried out on May 2003, no pesticides were detected. In October 2003, the highest concentrations of pesticides were 4.5 microg l(-1) for carbendazim and 2.9 microg l(-1) for 2,4-D. Data are discussed in function of land use and application periods of the products, showing a clear seasonal pattern pollution in the Traiguen river. Risk assessment for these pesticides was calculated by using a risk quotient (RQ = PNEC/PEC). For picloram the calculated RQ < was 0, which indicates that no adverse effects may occur due to the exposure to this herbicide in the Traiguen river basin. For 2,4-D, simazine, hexazinone, carbendazim RQ > 1, meaning that adverse effects could occur and it is necessary to reduce pesticide exposure in surface waters. It is recommended to continue with a pesticide monitoring program and the implementation of ecotoxicological testing with local and standardized species in order to consider the probability of effects occurrence, with less uncertainty. Thus, it will be more feasible to make some recommendations to regulatory agencies regarding the pesticide use.     

大气中二（口/恶）（口/英）研究进展

二（口/恶）（口/英）是世界公认的强致癌物质,对人体健康危害极大.近年来,大气中二（口/恶）（口/英）的研究已成为各国环境化学家研究的热点.本文总结了近年来国际上有关大气中二（口/恶）（口/英）研究的进展情况,以及所取得的主要研究成果,并在此基础上指出了我国目前研究中存在的问题及以后所应开展的工作.     

Heavy metal contamination in bats in Britain

Toxic metals are bioaccumulated by insectivorous mammals but few studies (none from Britain) have quantified residues in bats. We measured renal mercury (Hg), lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) concentrations in bats from south-west England to determine how they varied with species, sex, age, and over time, and if they were likely to cause adverse effects. Residues were generally highest in whiskered bats (Myotis mystacinus). Compared with other species, pipistrelle (Pipistrellus spp) and Natterer's bats (Myotis nattereri) had significantly lower kidney Hg and Pb concentrations, respectively. Renal Hg increased over time in pipistrelles but the contributory sources are unknown. Kidney Pb did not decrease over time despite concurrent declines in atmospheric Pb. Overall, median renal metal concentrations were similar to those in bats from mainland Europe and 6- to 10-fold below those associated with clinical effect, although 5% of pipistrelles had kidney Pb residues diagnostic of acute lead poisoning.