MnOX/ACF低温选择性催化还原烟气中的NO

进行了MnOX/ACF(活性炭纤维)对低温选择性催化还原(SCR)NO的影响研究.实验表明,ACF先经浓酸预氧化,然后再负载MnOX催化剂,对NO脱除率的提高较明显,并且以20%(质量分数)HNO3预氧化处理的效果最佳.比较了相同制备条件和相同负载量下的MnOX/ACF和V2O5/ACF的催化效果,认为在同等条件下MnOX的活性高于V2O5.考察了不同负载量的MnOX对NO脱除率的影响,较理想的MnOX负载量为12%(质量分数).在此基础上就不同的催化剂质量和烟气流速比(W/F)对NO脱除率的影响进行了研究,结果表明,在低温、W/F为2～3 mg/(mL·min-1)时NO的去除率较高.     

催化氧化还原吸收法脱除工业含湿废气中NOx

基于精细化工、制药行业排出 NOx 废气氧化度低、氧气含量高的特点,提出以改性活性炭(MAC)为催化剂的催化氧化-还原吸收脱除 NOx 的方法.考察了相对湿度、氧化温度、氧化时间对 NO 催化氧化以及还原液种类对 NOx 吸收的影响.结果表明,随着相对湿度的增加 NO 转化率急剧下降,但随着氧化时间的延长有所提高;干气条件下,随着温度升高,NO 转化率下降;湿气条件下,NO 氧化反应最佳反应温度范围为 50～70℃,实验条件下的 NO 最高转化率可达 51%;还原液种类中以尿素-碱液对 NOx 和 NO 的吸收效果最好,亚硫酸铵-碱液对 NOx 的吸收效果最好.通过催化氧化-还原吸收的多级组合可实现 NOx 的有效脱除与达标排放.     

Mn-La-Ce-Ni-O_x/P84一体化滤布的低温脱硝影响因素

将550℃煅烧的Mn-La-Ce-Ni-O_x(Mn/La/Ce/Ni=2.5∶2.5∶1∶1)粉体均匀分散在蒸馏水中,采用P84滤料浸渍吸附复合氧化物分散液,经干燥、喷洒聚四氟乙烯乳液固定化,制备除尘脱硝一体化Mn-La-Ce-Ni-O_x/P84滤布。研究了Mn-La-Ce-Ni-O_x/P84滤布低温选择性催化还原(SCR)NO的活性。分别考察了反应温度、NH_3/NO摩尔比、O_2体积分数、复合氧化物负载量和SO_2等因素对Mn-La-Ce-Ni-O_x/P84滤布NH3-SCR脱除NO活性的影响。结果表明,当催化剂负载量大于250 g·m-2时,在100~200℃温度范围内一体化滤布催化活性均大于90%,200℃时脱硝活性达98.3%。当氧含量6%、NH3/NO≤1.0时,一体化滤布脱硝活性随NH3/NO摩尔比的增大而增大,NH_3过量与氧过量时无影响。200℃时,通入300×10-6SO_2对Mn-La-Ce-Ni-O_x/P84滤布脱硝活性有一定地抑制作用,脱除NO_x效率最低下降到88.6%,停止通入SO_2后,脱硝活性逐渐恢复。     

活性炭负载CuO催化过硫酸盐去除活性艳红X-3B染料

利用活性炭吸附法及基于SO-4·的高级氧化技术,以活性炭和过渡金属氧化物Cu O为催化剂,催化过硫酸盐产生SO-4·降解活性艳红X-3B染料。结果表明,活性炭负载Cu O催化过硫酸盐可有效去除活性艳红X-3B,色度去除率达90%以上,显著优于活性炭(21.53%)、过硫酸盐(46.88%)、活性炭催化过硫酸盐(53.67%)(P0.05)。活性艳红X-3B的催化降解效果受Cu O负载量、pH、过硫酸盐投加量、温度的影响。单因素法研究表明,各因素最佳条件为:负载量活性炭与Cu O质量比为1∶5,投加量0.2 g,pH为3,过硫酸钠投加量0.2 g,反应温度40℃,活性艳红X-3B的色度去除率分别达到91.34%、95.57%、98.54%和98.81%,COD去除率分别为82.73%、88.89%、87.60%和93.46%。     

LaxCe1-xMnO/γ-Al2O3催化剂的制备及其催化燃烧甲苯的性能

为了研究镧、铈2种稀土元素共掺金属氧化物催化剂对甲苯的去除效果,采用等体积浸渍法制备了LaxCe1-xMnO/γ-Al2O3稀土改性催化剂。考察了活性组分负载量、焙烧温度对催化剂催化活性的影响,确定了催化剂的最佳制备工艺。同时对镧、铈两种稀土元素不同原子配比对催化活性的影响进行研究。实验结果表明,LaxCe1-xMnO负载量为12%,催化剂的焙烧温度为450℃,La、Ce物质的量比为4∶1,制得的催化剂催化活性最强,催化效率最高,在6 000 h-1空速下,反应温度为320℃时即可将甲苯气体完全燃烧。运用BET、XRD、SEM、XRF等方法对催化剂的结构进行表征,结果表明,催化剂表面活性组分具有高分散性,氧化物颗粒粒径均一且分散均匀。稀土共掺催化剂与单一稀土改性催化剂相比,活性组分易于负载在载体表面,负载效果有着显著的提高。     

炭基磷钨酸催化剂的脱硝性能

以活性炭为载体,采用等体积浸渍法制备了负载型磷钨酸催化剂,并将其应用于NH3-SCR法低温脱硝。研究了磷钨酸(HPW)负载量和焙烧温度对脱硝性能的影响,通过BET、XRD和FT-IR等方法对催化剂进行了表征和机理研究。研究结果表明,HPW与载体活性炭之间存在着键合作用,且其在活性炭上存在的物相状态与负载量有关;研究焙烧温度时发现,负载在活性炭上的HPW随着焙烧温度的升高而逐渐发生分解;在NH3-SCR法脱硝反应中,催化剂的焙烧温度和HPW负载量对催化剂的脱硝性能有很大影响,通过XRD和FT-IR表征发现,活性炭上HPW晶相的出现和HPW的分解均不利于反应的进行。实验得到炭基HPW制备的最佳焙烧温度为400℃,负载量为30%,用于NH3-SCR法脱硝在反应温度为200℃时,NO转化率可达80.8%。     

Fe负载量对xFe/ZSM-5催化剂氨选择性催化还原NO的影响

采用旋转蒸发法,将过渡金属Fe负载到ZSM-5分子筛上,控制Fe负载量的变化,制备一系列xFe/ZSM-5(x为Fe负载量,x=0.1%(质量分数,下同)、0.7%、1.4%、2.1%,省略%)分子筛催化剂。对所制备xFe/ZSM-5的氨选择性催化还原(NH_3-SCR)NO活性进行评价,并通过不同表征技术对催化剂的结构和理化性质进行了测定。结果表明,Fe负载量对xFe/ZSM-5的NH_3-SCR活性影响较大。其中1.4Fe/ZSM-5取得最宽的活性温度窗口,在250～530℃的NH_3-SCR活性达到80%以上(以NO转化率计)。孤立Fe~(3+)物种为xFe/ZSM-5催化剂低温段的主要活性物种,而低聚态Fe_2O_3物种会促进高温段NH_3的非选择性氧化,造成高温段NH_3-SCR活性下降;负载Fe物种后催化剂的强酸位数量减少,中酸位数量增加,中酸位有利于提高催化剂NH_3-SCR性能。     

煤基活性炭表面改性对稀土负载型CeO_2/AC低温脱硝性能的影响

以煤基活性炭(AC)为载体,在不同温度下分别采用空气热氧化和硝酸浸渍对其进行预氧化表面改性处理,然后将稀土金属Ce3+负载在预氧化改性后的活性炭载体上,经煅烧而制得改性Ce O2/AC低温SCR脱硝剂。并采用N2等温吸附脱附测试、X射线光电子能谱等表征手段考察了2种不同预氧化改性方式对基炭孔结构和表面物化性质的影响。同时研究了不同预氧化方式、稀土负载量、煅烧温度对脱硝剂的低温脱硝性能的影响。结果表明:空气热氧化预处理的AC相对于原炭而言,比表面积没有明显损失,且基炭表面官能团得到了明显丰富;而经硝酸氧化的活性炭,比表面积有明显下降。制备Ce O2/AC低温脱硝剂的最佳工艺为:在350?C下,采用空气热氧化预处理,稀土负载量为5%(质量分数),500?C N2保护煅烧温度下,所得到的Ce O2/AC脱硝剂具有最佳低温脱硝活性。该脱硝剂在脱硝温度为150?C即可达到100%的脱硝率。     

新型Cu-Co-O_x催化剂的制备及其催化燃烧甲苯的性能研究

采用浸渍法制备自制载体负载复合金属氧化物Cu-Co-Ox催化剂。研究了Cu-Co-Ox催化剂催化燃烧甲苯的活性。分别考察了Cu-Co-Ox负载量、Cu/Co(摩尔比)及焙烧温度对催化燃烧甲苯活性的影响,并采用X射线衍射(XRD)及扫描电镜(SEM)等表征技术,分别对复合金属氧化物Cu-Co-Ox的晶型与结晶形貌进行了分析。结果表明,焙烧温度为600℃,Cu-Co-Ox负载量为5%(质量分数),Cu/Co为1∶2时,Cu-Co-Ox催化燃烧甲苯的活性最高。当反应温度为250℃,甲苯的转化率达到95%以上。XRD分析表明,Cu-Co-Ox催化剂主要活性相为CuCo2O4尖晶石。     

制备方法对Mn-Ce/TiO2催化剂低温选择性催化还原活性的影响

采用溶胶凝胶法、浸渍法以及两者相结合的方法制备了Mn-Ce/TiO2催化剂.运用XRD、BET和SEM等技术对催化剂进行了表征,发现溶胶凝胶法制备的Mn-Ce/TiO2催化剂为锐钛矿结构,具有较大的比表面积,中孔结构丰富,Mn、Ce活性组分在载体表面高度分散或形成了无定形结构.实验研究了催化剂对氨选择性催化还原NO反应的催化性能,结果表明,用溶胶凝胶法制备的Mn-Ce/TiO2催化剂脱硝活性最好,当Mn、Ce负载量为20％,NH3/NO摩尔比为1.1,空速为9 436 h-1,烟气温度为240℃时,NO转化率大于90％.     

二氧化钛载银抗菌剂的研究进展

介绍了二氧化钛系和银系无机抗菌剂在国内外的研究现状、杀菌机理以及存在的问题,论述了二氧化钛载银改性杀菌材料的最新进展,并就其研究开发亟需解决的关键问题提出了可行性建议。     

Evaluation of PCDD/F oxidation catalysts: confronting studies on model molecules with tests on PCDD/F-containing gas stream

Titania supported vanadium oxide is a renowned catalyst for the abatement of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans (PCDD/Fs) from gas effluents. To develop more active formulations, researchers mainly rely on lab-scale experiments on “PCDD/Fs-mimicking substances”, like (chloro)-benzene. Using such model compounds is convenient whereas handling PCDD/Fs in the laboratory is potentially hazardous and complicated. Recent studies, however, challenged some foremost conclusions of model compound based studies, starting from the observation that different model compounds gave contrasted results. Thus the present work aims at confronting some of these dubious conclusions with direct experimental tests on PCDD/Fs. One reference V₂O₅/TiO₂ catalyst and three modified formulations (V₂O₅/TiO₂-SO₄, V₂O₅-MoO₃/TiO₂, and V₂O₅-WO₃/TiO₂) have been evaluated. A dedicated apparatus was used which allows safe and reliable tests on a mixture of PCDD/Fs congeners. Some of the previously proposed catalyst improvement strategies actually prove to be disadvantageous in the removal of PCDD/Fs. In particular, MoO₃- and WO₃-modified catalysts were significantly less active than the reference catalyst. These observations show that conclusions from model compound based studies must be drawn with care and should ideally be confronted with tests on the actual target pollutants.     

ACF负载复合金属氧化物催化还原NO的研究

为了研究活性碳纤维（ACF）负载复合金属氧化物催化还原NO的效果，采用浸渍法制备了系列负载氧化铈和氧化铜的ACF，在微型反应器中进行程序升温反应，通过正交试验，确定催化反应的最佳条件，考察了反应温度和复合金属氧化物的不同含量对催化活性的影响，并与ACF负载单金属氧化物作了比较，同时对催化剂进行了扫描电镜和傅里叶红外光谱分析实验。实验结果表明，在氨氮比是1.1∶1，氧气体积比为5%，体积流速为4 000 h^-1的条件下，负载复合金属氧化物的ACF低温活性相差很大，随着温度的升高，催化效率持续提高。当氧化铈与氧化铜的含量分别为10%和30%，在120～300℃区域内去除率维持80%以上，是低温催化中理想的催化剂。     

Toxicity of TiO2, ZrO2, Fe,Fe2O3, and Mn2O3 nanoparticles to the yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae

The growing application of engineered nanomaterials is leading to an increased occurrence of nanoparticles (NPs) in the environment. Thus, there is a need to better understand their potential impact on the environment. This study evaluated the toxicity of nanosized TiO₂, ZrO₂, Fe⁰, Fe₂O₃, and Mn₂O₃ towards the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae based on O₂ consumption and cell membrane integrity. In addition, the state of dispersion of the nanoparticles in the bioassay medium was characterized.     

CuO/γ-Al2O3烟气联合脱硫脱氮技术研究进展

燃烧等带来的SO2 和NOx 是酸雨的主要来源 ,开发能联合控制SO2 与NOx 污染的技术具有极大的应用前景。本文对国内外研究的干法CuO/γ Al2 O3烟气联合脱硫脱氮技术的研究历史与现状进行了详细的评述 ,并指出了该项技术在实际运行中存在的问题     

Nitric oxide and nitrous oxide emission from Hungarian forest soils; linked with atmospheric N-deposition

Studies of forest nitrogen (N) budgets generally measure inputs from the atmosphere in wet and dry deposition and outputs via hydrologic export. Although denitrification has been shown to be important in many wetland ecosystems, emission of N oxides from forest soils is an important, and often overlooked, component of an ecosystem N budget. During 1 year (2002–03), emissions of nitric oxide (NO) and nitrous oxide (N₂O) were measured from Sessile oak and Norway spruce forest soils in northeast Hungary. Accumulation in small static chambers followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry detection was used for the estimation of N₂O emission flux. Because there are rapid chemical reactions of NO and ozone, small dynamic chambers were used for in situ NO flux measurements. Average soil emissions of NO were 1.2 and 2.1 μg N m⁻² h⁻¹, and for N₂O were 15 and 20 μg N m⁻² h⁻¹, for spruce and oak soils, respectively. Due to the relatively high soil water content, and low C/N ratio in soil, denitrification processes dominate, resulting in an order of magnitude greater N₂O emission rate compared to NO. The previously determined N balance between the atmosphere and the forest ecosystem was re-calculated using these soil emission figures. The total (dry+wet) atmospheric N-deposition to the soil was 1.42 and 1.59 g N m⁻² yr⁻¹ for spruce and oak, respectively, while the soil emissions are 0.14 and 0.20 g N m⁻² yr⁻¹. Thus, about 10–13% of N compounds deposited to the soil, mostly as and , were transformed in the soil and emitted back to the atmosphere, mostly as greenhouse gas (N₂O).     

Enhancement of phosphorus sorption onto light expanded clay aggregates by means of aluminum and iron oxide coatings

Phosphorus (P) loading from non-point or point sources increases the eutrophication risk of natural waters. The functioning of constructed wetlands (CWs) used as natural water treatment systems can be improved by means of additional materials adsorbing soluble P. In this study, light expanded clay aggregates (LECA) and LECA coated with aluminum (Al) oxide (Al-LECA) or iron (Fe) oxide (Fe-LECA) were tested for their efficiency as P sorbents in the pH range 3–8. The oxide coatings duplicated the actual sorption capacity calculated from the sorption isotherms at the P concentration in the equilibrium solution of 20 μg L⁻¹, assumed to be the allowable P level in purified water. In the oxide-coated LECAs the sorption was fast and followed both the first- and second-order Lagergren kinetic models, suggesting that the formation of a binuclear surface complex was feasible. In LECA, sorption was markedly slower and followed the first-order kinetic model, indicating that retention occurred through a monodentate attachment. These findings were in harmony with the degree of P saturation (DPS) of the sorbent surfaces at the highest P addition level (200 μg L⁻¹), DPS being decisively higher for LECA than for the oxide-coated sorbents. Accordingly, at higher pH values the competition by hydroxyl ions diminished the sorption in LECA relatively more than that in the coated sorbents. In agreement with the acidity of Al³⁺ being 100 times lower than that of Fe³⁺, at elevated pH the sorption by Al-LECA proved to be less reversible than that by Fe-LECA. The results provide evidence that in CWs Al-coated sorbents are superior to Fe-coated ones that are also redox-sensitive and may lose their sorption properties in anoxic conditions.     

Emissions of gaseous nitrogen species from manure management: a new approach

A procedure for the assessment of emissions of nitrogen (N) species (ammonia, nitrous oxide, nitric oxide, di-nitrogen) from the manure management system is developed, which treats N pools and flows including emissions strictly according to conservation of mass criteria. As all relevant flows in the husbandry of mammals are depicted, the methodology is considered a Tier 3 approach in IPCC terminology or a detailed methodology in UN ECE terminology. The importance of accounting for all N species is illustrated by comparing emission estimates obtained using this approach with those obtained from the application the present detailed/Tier 2 methodology.     

N_2O直接分解催化剂的研究进展

本文详细综述了用于Ｎ２Ｏ直接分解催化剂的研究进展情况。Ｎ２Ｏ分解催化剂大致可以分作以下几类，即：（１）稀土氧化物及相关氧化物；（２）复合金属氧化物；（３）沸石催化剂；（４）水滑石热分解产物催化剂。前两类催化剂注重探讨催化分解Ｎ２Ｏ的机理；而后两类催化剂主要研究催化分解Ｎ２Ｏ的活性。