吹扫捕集-GC/MS-SIM法测定海水中挥发性有机污染物

采用吹扫捕集 -GC/MS -SIM法测定水中挥发性有机物 ,具有定量准确、操作简便等特点 ,检测限可达ng/L级 ,适合环境水中低浓度挥发性有机物的测定。测定实际海水样品 ,其浓度范围在 0 4ng/L～ 1 0 0 0ng/L之间。     

对TH_PKU-300B挥发性有机物快速在线监测系统的改进

针对现有TH_PKU-300B挥发性有机机物快速在线监测系统在测定含氧挥发性有机化合物(OVOCs)、含氮挥发性有机物(NVOCs)和高沸点挥发性有机物时存在灵敏度低、精密度差、线性响应较差、记忆效应明显等不足,根据其原理,对其GC-MS通道的部分气路进行改进。通过实验对比分析,证明改进后的仪器系统响应更加灵敏、线性拟合度更高、精密度及解析效率均显著提高,同时检出限也由改进前的体积分数0.1×10~(-9)~1.0×10~(-9)降低至0.02×10~(-9)~0.08×10~(-9),并解决了记忆效应问题。改进后的系统在OVOCs、NVOCs和高沸点挥发性有机物测定方面要优于原系统。     

室内空气有机污染的研究现状

主要讨论了室内空气中有机物污染的研究现状。重点介绍了室内空气中多环芳烃 (PAHs)、挥发性有机物(VOCs)、醛类化合物等的污染状况及来源。简要叙述了室内空气污染的影响因素及对人体的健康风险评价。     

GC／MS在环境水域监测中的应用及进展

介绍了GS/MS在水域中的油污染、农药和难挥发性有机物监测方面的应用及进展.对超临界流体萃取分离复杂环境中PAH、PCB的新技术作了综述.     

便携式傅里叶红外分析仪测定水中挥发性有机污染物

发明了一种利用GASMET FTIR Dx4020便携式傅里叶红外分析仪测定水中挥发性有机物的实用方法,该方法可以定性定量25个水中挥发性有机物.该方法具有简便快捷、灵敏度高等特点,以苯系物中各单组分物质为例,方法检测限为11 ～45μg/L,相对标准偏差为3.4％ ～ 6.6％,加标回收率为98％ ～ 109％,在浓度范围内具有良好的线性.但对苯系物混合物定量准确性还需进一步研究提高.     

兰州市城区夏季大气挥发性有机物污染特征及来源解析

2020年7月对兰州市城区大气挥发性有机物进行连续24 h测定,研究其污染特征和臭氧生成潜势等,并进行来源解析。结果表明:兰州超级站点 VOCs的平均质量浓度为99.59 μg/m³,各类挥发性有机物中烷烃占比最大,占总挥发性有机物浓度的33.81%;对挥发性有机物进行臭氧生成潜势分析,排名靠前的物种为甲苯、乙烯、乙酸乙烯酯;利用PMF模型对挥发性有机物进行源解析,结果显示VOCs来源贡献为机动车源(31.30%)、油气挥发或泄漏(24.10%)、溶剂使用源(18.60%)、燃烧和化工工艺源(17.20%)、天然源(8.80%)。建议将控制机动车排放、油气挥发和泄漏、溶剂使用等作为消减城市大气挥发性有机物和臭氧污染的重点。     

食品企业周边空气中异味挥发性有机物测定方法比较

以1个典型食品生产企业(酱菜厂)周边的异味挥发性有机物监测为例,介绍了罐采样-GC/MS、便携式GC/MS、SPME-GC/MS以及SPME-异味分析系统等4种监测方法的实际应用,从定性、定量监测结果等方面,比较了4种监测方法的特点。罐采样-GC/MS、便携式GC-MS 2种方法适用于定性、定量检测,在有标准样品的前提下,定量结果总体可比;SPME-GC/MS以及SPME-异味分析系统2种方法更适用于定性检测。     

便携式气相色谱—质谱联用仪应急现场测定空气中54种VOCs

采用Inficon公司的HAPSITE四级杆气质联用仪,建立便携式气相色谱—质谱联用仪应急现场测定空气中54种挥发性有机物。对各种化合物的线性、加标回收率(56.3%~141.1%)、精密度(3.80%~22.69%)、检出限进行了测定,并将该方法运用到实际样品测定中。结果表明,该方法准确可靠、灵敏度好、分析速度快、操作简便,适用于空气中54种挥发性有机物的现场测定。     

大气中半挥发性有机物的测定与来源分析

研究了大气中半挥发性有机物(SVOC)在滤膜、聚氨基甲酸酯泡膜(PUF)和XAD-2三层上的分布,青岛市大气中SVOC的组分和主要有机物的浓度。大气中的SVOC部分四环和五环以上的多环芳烃主要吸附在滤膜层,而大部分SVOC吸附在PUF层,XAD-2吸附的有机物主要是三甲苯和单体萘。冬季大气中主要的有机物是四环以下PAHs的烷基取代物和多种烷基酚,酚类化合物在冬夏两季的变化最大,夏季中检不出酚类化合物,酚类化合物主要来源于燃煤,而PAHs及烷基取代物来源于燃煤和交通。冬夏两季大气中均能检出与交通有关的己内酰胺。     

TH_PKU-300B挥发性有机物快速在线监测系统常见故障及解决

针对TH_PKU-300B挥发性有机物快速在线监测系统运行中常见的FID谱图基线不稳定、丙烷峰展宽拖尾、高沸点组分响应下降、GC/MS一直停留在预运行状态、热解析过程中GC进样口压力报警、控制软件温度显示故障、采样体积达不到设定值等故障,分析其产生原因,并提出相应的解决办法和预防措施,同时对TH_PKU-300B系统运维工作提出相关建议。     

A New Mathematical Approach in Environmental and Life Sciences: Gene–Environment Networks and Their Dynamics

An important research area in life sciences is devoted to modeling, prediction, and dynamics of gene-expression patterns. As clearly understood in these days, this enterprise cannot become satisfactory without acknowledging the role of the environment. To a representation of past, present, and most likely future states, we also encounter measurement errors and uncertainties. This paper surveys and improves recent advances in understanding the foundations and interdisciplinary implications of the newly introduced gene–environment networks, and it integrates the important theme of carbon dioxide emission reduction into the networks and dynamics. We also introduce some operational and managerial issues of practical working and decision making, expressed in terms of sliding windows, quadrants (modules) of parametric effects, and navigating (controlling) between such effects and directing them. Given data from DNA microarray experiments and environmental records, we extract nonlinear ordinary differential equations that contain parameters that have to be determined. For this, we employ modern (Chebychevian) approximation and (generalized semi-infinite) optimization. After this is provided, time- discretized dynamical systems are studied. A combinatorial algorithm with polyhedra sequences allows to detect the region of parametric stability. Finally, we analyze the topological landscape of gene–environment networks with its structural (in)stability. By embedding as a module and investigating CO₂ emission control and figuring out game theoretical aspects, we conclude. This pioneering work is theoretically elaborated, practically devoted to health care, medicine, education, living conditions, and environmental protection, and it invites the readers to future research.      

微波消解-原子吸收光度法测定土壤中铜锌铅镉镍铬

用微波消解－原子吸收光度法测定土壤中铜，锌，铅，镉，镍和铬。通过硝酸－氢氟酸－过氧化氢体系消解液对土壤样品消解，选择出微波最佳消解条件。对硝酸－盐酸－过氧化氢体系消解液和硝酸－氢氟酸－过氧化氢体系消解液进行消解对比试验，发现前者不能将土壤样品完全消解，后者能将样品消解完全，但需将消解液中剩余的酸赶尽，否则测定结果将明显偏低。微波消解土壤与传统电热消解相比，操作简便快速，可提高工作效率。     

Topsoil and Housedust Metal Concentrations in the Vicinity of a Lead Battery Manufacturing Plant

The aim of the study was to determine the extent of heavy metal pollution in the vicinity of a lead battery manufacturing plant in the Czech Republic, both in the general environment and within homes. Topsoils (0–5 cm) were sampled from 100 sites along 4 transects which crossed the battery factory, the town centre and outlying rural areas. Housedust samples were collected from 15 plant-workers' homes and 15 non plant-workers' homes located at various distances from the factory. Samples were analysed for levels of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, As and Sb, using ICP-AES. Soil concentrations of Pb, Cd, As and Sb peaked at the perimeter fence of the battery factory with Pb levels of up to 12 650 g g> ^-1. Concentrations of these metals decreased exponentially within 500 m of the plant. Whilst the battery factory does appear to be a source of all the metals with the exception of Zn, emissions do not appear to be transported to any great extent over distances of more than 0.5 km. Topsoil and housedust concentrations of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, As and Sb in the general Mlada Boleslav area do not appear to be significantly different from those recorded in a large scale survey of urban soils in the United Kingdom. A comparison of housedust Pb concentrations in homes of plant workers and non-plant workers suggests that there may be a small input of Pb into the home environment by battery plant employees.     

An Overview of Contaminant-Related Issues Identified by Monitoring in San Francisco Bay

The San Francisco Estuary Regional Monitoring Program for Trace Substances (RMP) began in 1993 and is sponsored by 74 local, state, and federal agencies and companies through their discharge or Bay use permits. The RMP monitors water, sediment, toxicity, and bivalve bioaccumulation at 25 sites in the Bay that are considered to represent "background" conditions. Several major environmental issues have been identified by the RMP. Polychlorinated biphenyls and mercury were often above water quality guidelines, and often occurred in fish tissues above U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) screening values. Concentrations do not appear to be decreasing, suggesting continuing inputs. Episodes of aquatic toxicity often occurred following runoff events that transport contaminants into the Bay from urbanized and agricultural portions of the watershed. Sediment toxicity occurred throughout the Bay, and has been correlated with concentrations of specific contaminants (chlordanes, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons) at some locations; mixtures of contaminants were probably also important. Since the RMP does not monitor all ecosystem components, assessments of the overall condition of the Bay cannot be made. However, in terms of contamination, the RMP samples suggest that the South Bay, and North Bay sites are moderately contaminated.     

Biomagnification factors (fish to Osprey eggs from Willamette River,Oregon, U.S.A.) for PCDDs,PCDFs, PCBs and OC pesticides

A migratory population of 78 pairs of Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) nesting along the Willamette River in westernOregon was studied in 1993. The study was designed to determinecontaminant concentrations in eggs, contaminant concentrationsin fish species predominant in the Ospreys diet, andBiomagnification Factors (BMFs) of contaminants from fish specieseaten to Osprey eggs. Ten Osprey eggs and 25 composite samplesof fish (3 species) were used to evaluate organochlorine (OC)pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinateddibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), and polychlorinated dibenzofurans(PCDFs). Mercury was also analyzed in fish. Geometric meanresidues in Osprey eggs were judged low, e.g., DDE 2.3 g g^-1 wet weight (ww), PCBs 0.69 g g^-1, 2,3,7,8-TCDD 2.3 ng kg^-1, and generally well below known threshold values for adverse effects on productivity, and the population was increasing. Osprey egg residue data presentedby River Mile (RM) are discussed, e.g., higher PCDDs were generally found immediately downstream of paper mills and eggsfrom the Willamette River had significantly elevated PCBs and PCDDs compared to reference eggs collected nearby in the CascadeMountains. Prey remains at nest sites indicated that the Largescale Sucker (Catostomus macrocheilus) and NorthernPikeminnow (Ptychocheilus oregonensis) accounted for an estimated 90.1% of the biomass in the Osprey diet, and composite samples of these two species were collected from different sampling sites throughout the study area for contaminant analyses. With the large percentage of the fishbiomass in the Osprey diet sampled for contaminants (and fisheaten by Ospreys similar in size to those chemically analyzed),and fish contaminant concentrations weighted by biomass intake, a mean BMF was estimated from fish to Osprey eggs for the largeseries of contaminants. BMFs ranged from no biomagnification(0.42) for 2,3,7,8-TCDF to 174 for OCDD. Our findings for themigratory Osprey were compared to BMFs for the resident HerringGull (Larus argentatus), and differences are discussed. Webelieve a BMF approach provides some basic understanding ofrelationships between contaminant burdens in prey species offish-eating birds and contaminants incorporated into their eggs,and may prove useful in understanding sources of contaminants inmigratory species although additional studies are needed.     

Cyanobacterial Flora from Polluted Marine Shores

Citation of cyanobacterial cultures from the shores of south west coast of Gujarat, India and their relationship with sea water quality, influenced by extensive pollutant runoff is reported in this study. Intensity of pollution was evaluated by physico-chemical analysis of water. Higher load of suspended solids (60–1000 mg l⁻¹) and nutrients (PO₄ ⁻P: 1.3–4 μmole l⁻¹ and NO₃ ⁻N: 12.5–17.8 μmole l⁻¹) were persistent throughout the analysis. Community structure is seen to be influenced by such persistent pollution. Twenty nine cyanobacterial species were isolated belonging to 9 genera of 4 families, with an elevated occurrence of Oscillatoria and Lyngbya species. No heterocystous cyanobacteria were isolated throughout the study.     

An investigation on biological stability of product water generated by lab-scale and pilot-scale distillation systems

Material Disposal Area G is the primary low-levelradioactive waste disposal site at Los Alamos NationalLaboratory, New Mexico, and is adjacent to Pueblo of SanIldefonso lands. Pueblo residents and Los Alamos scientists areconcerned about radiological doses resulting from uptake of AreaG radionuclides by mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) andRocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus), then consumption ofdeer and elk meat by humans. Tissue samples were collected fromdeer and elk accidentally killed near Area G and were analyzedfor ³H, ⁹⁰Sr, total U, ²³⁸Pu, ^{239, 240}Pu,²⁴¹Am, and ¹³⁷Cs. These data were used to estimatehuman doses based on meat consumption of 23 kg y^-1. Humandoses were also modeled using RESRAD, and dose rates to deer andelk were estimated with a screening model. Dose estimates tohumans from tissue consumption were 2.9 × 10^-3 mSv y^-1and 1.6 × 10^-3 mSv y^-1 from deer and elk, respectively,and RESRAD dose estimates were of the same order of magnitude. Estimated dose rates to deer and elk were 2.1 × 10^-4 mGyd^-1 and 4.7 × 10^-4 mGy d^-1, respectively. Allestimated doses were significantly less than established exposurelimits or guidelines.     

The Draft of the New German Guideline VDI 3782/8 to Model Automobile Exhaust Dispersion

The draft of the German guideline to calculate automobile exhaust dispersion is explained. It contains a two-stage-system: For first quick estimates the guideline contains the simple models MLuS and STREET. In case these models are not applicable or their results shows concentration levels close to the air quality standards, the more complex models PROKAS_V and MISKAM are recommended. PROKAS_V is a Gaussian plume model, MISKAM is a 3-dimensional microscale non hydrostatic flow model for built-up areas with an Eulerian dispersion model. The guideline comprises cases in rural areas without or with few adjacent buildings as well as urban areas with buildings near the roads. The contribution gives information about the models, typical results and some of the problems showing up presently.     

Hydrocarbon Utilization in Yeast Isolates Found to Grow in Association with Petroleum in a Polluted Ultisol of Midwestern Nigeria

The population counts of hydrocarbon-utilising yeasts weremonitored at six sampling stations in the Benin City municipalarea over a four-week period. Although the population countswere relatively constant in each locality, the highest countsoccurred in areas heavily polluted by domestic and industrialeffluents. A total of thirty-five hydrocarbon-degrading yeastswere isolated from soil at the sampling stations usingn-hexadecane as sole carbon source. The isolates were identifiedas belonging to the genera Candida (27 strains), Endomycopsis (4 strains). All the organisms grew on long-chainn-alkane, kerosene, diesel oil and crude oil but failed to growon short-chain n-alkane, aromatic and alicyclic hydrocarbons.Measurement of growth attributes of the isolates usingn-hexadecane, diesel oil and crude oil as substrates showed thatthe Candida species were better utilizers of hydrocarbonsubstrates relative to Endomycopsis and Schizosaccharomyces species.     

Hydrologic–Economic Model for Managing Irrigation Intensity in Irrigation Areas under Watertable and Soil Salinity Targets

This paper gives mathematical details and sample applications of SWAGMAN Farm (SWAGMAN, Salt Water and Groundwater Management), a farm-scale hydrologic economic model that integrates agronomic, climatic, irrigation, hydrogeological and economic aspects of irrigated agriculture. The model is capable of determining optimum mix of land use to keep watertable and soil salinity within acceptable limits while maximising the economic returns. Alternatively, the model can simulate water and salt balance and economics of a given cropping preference. Web-based and Geographic Information Systems versions of the model are available for integration with the environmental reporting systems of the irrigation areas.