黑河中游边缘荒漠-绿洲非饱和带土壤质地对土壤氮积累与地下水氮污染的影响

在灌溉农田生态系统,土壤剖面中硝态氮(NO-3-N)的积累、分布、运移及地下水氮污染不仅受灌溉、施肥的影响,也与土壤质地有密切联系.本研究在黑河流域中游临泽平川绿洲设置了黑河河漫滩-老绿洲农田-新垦绿洲农田-绿洲外围固沙带一个监测断面10个观测井,对地下水NO-3-N含量进行连续监测,并对不同景观单元非饱和带土壤质地和NO-3-N含量进行了分析,对不同质地土壤NO-3-N在剖面的运移变化和氮淋溶损失进行监测.结果表明老绿洲农田,0~300 cm土层土壤质地的垂向分布为上层砂壤土,下层为壤土和黏壤土;而新垦沙地农田在土壤剖面中也有洪积黏土层出现,但0~300 cm不同土层砂粒含量均在80%以上;绿洲外围固沙带土壤在160 cm以下出现黏土层分布;土壤NO-3-N含量与黏粉粒含量呈显著相关,显著程度固沙带>新垦绿洲农田>老绿洲农田.土壤黏粉粒含量显著影响氮的淋溶.老绿洲农田区域,地下水NO-3-N含量变动在1.01~5.17 mg·L-1,平均2.65 mg·L-1;新垦沙地农田区域地下水NO-3-N含量变动在6.6~29.5 mg·L-1,平均20.8mg·L-1,2013年5~10月平均含量为26.5 mg·L-1,较2012年同期平均值上升了9.5 mg·L-1;绿洲外围固沙带地下水NO-3-N含量呈明显的增加趋势.地下水浅埋区非饱和带土壤质地是土壤NO-3-N淋溶损失和地下水NO-3-N污染的关键控制因子.边缘绿洲新垦沙地农田是地下水氮污染的脆弱带和高风险区域,实施有效降低地下水氮污染的种植模式及施肥和灌溉管理是区域生态农业需考虑的问题.     

Nitrates leaching from agricultural land in Hamadan, western Iran

Nitrogen (N) is vital for plant and microbial growth and rather large amounts are required by most arable and horticulture plants. High nitrate (NO₃⁻) levels of water supplies have been attributed to leaching from the soil and into water systems. In the arid and semi-arid regions, irrigation water carries NO₃⁻ into groundwater. This study was conducted to investigate NO₃⁻ pollution of groundwater in Hamadan, western Iran. The water samples were mostly taken from domestic and community wells. In this area, the drinking water supply comes mainly from groundwater sources. Nitrate concentrations in the well samples varied from 3 to 252 with the average of 49 mg l⁻¹. Results showed that of 311 wells, 196 (63%) had levels less than 50 mg l⁻¹ and 115 (37%) had levels in excess of the 50 mg l⁻¹ NO₃⁻. Agriculture is the dominant land use in the area and application of N fertilizers clearly has an impact on groundwater. If agricultural losses remain stable, it could be expected that the concentration of NO₃⁻ in groundwater will reach or exceed the international recommendations for drinking water (50 mg l⁻¹) in the future. Irrigation with high NO₃⁻ groundwater can minimise the requirement for N fertilizers. To maintain yield increase and minimise NO₃⁻ pollution of the groundwater, best management practices, for N fertilizer use should be applied and excessive fertilizer application prevented.     

基于GIS的华北高产粮区地下水硝态氮含量时空变异特征

集约化农业生产区地下水的硝酸盐污染是一个十分普遍的问题.选取华北平原典型高产粮区桓台县为研究对象,分别在2002年和2007年同一季节对该县境内的394个潜水水样和283个承压水水样的硝态氮含量进行了取样分析,应用地质统计学与GIS技术相结合的方法对其时空变异规律进行了分析.结果表明,2002年和2007年潜水硝态氮的平均含量分别为8.08 mg·L~(-1)和14.68 mg·L~(-1),承压水硝态氮的平均含量分别为3.87 mg·L~(-1)和7.19 mg·L~(-1),2007年比2002年含量增幅均接近1倍.2个时期承压水硝态氮含量的空间相关距离均远大于潜水硝态氮含量的相关距离.2007年与2002年相比,潜水硝态氮含量各等级(0～5、 5～10、 10～15、 15～20、 20～30和>30 mg·L~(-1))的面积变化幅度分别为-28.87%、 -14.63%、 13.06%、 14.37%、 12.23%和3.85%;承压水中前4个等级的面积变幅分别为-37.82%、 28.01%、 9.33%和0.48%.通过对地下水硝态氮含量的垂向分析发现,2个时期的承压水硝态氮含量与取样井深存在显著负相关关系,并且深层承压水的硝酸盐含量呈现上升趋势.     

长江上游典型山地农业小流域浅层地下水硝态氮时空变异特征及影响因素

长江上游山区以浅层地下水作为主要供水水源,但其极易受到农业生产等活动所导致的硝态氮（NO₃^--N）污染.本文选取长江上游典型山区农业小流域作为研究对象,对土地利用与管理强度和水文地质条件等进行了野外调查,阐明其浅层地下水NO₃^--N时空变异特征并分析其影响因素.结果表明,研究小流域地下水中NO₃^--N质量浓度变化范围为0.40~12.51 mg ·L^-1,超标率近30%.受降雨和管理强度影响,丰水期降雨量和施肥量增加,土壤中氮素在降雨驱动下淋溶流失进入浅层地下水,呈现出丰水期NO₃^--N质量浓度（6.73 mg ·L^-1）高于枯水期NO₃^--N质量浓度（6.28 mg ·L^-1）的时间变异特征.在空间上,小流域地下水中NO₃^--N质量浓度呈现坡耕地和居民区集中分布的截留和大兴子流域中地下水NO₃^--N质量浓度（截留子流域：6.58mg ·L^-1;大兴子流域：6.34 mg ·L^-1）高于苏荣子流域（5.20 mg ·L^-1）的特征,主要由不同子流域地下水埋深和土地利用类型的空间分异特征导致.此外,浅层地下水NO₃^--N质量浓度与Cl^-、NH₄⁺-N、DOC和SO₄^2-质量浓度呈正相关,而与pH值呈负相关,表明地下水化学因子亦是其不可忽略的影响因素.因此,加强山地农业小流域浅层地下水NO₃^--N时空变异特征及其影响因素研究对防控山区农村浅层地下水硝态氮污染和保障饮用水安全十分必要.     

三峡库区小流域不同土地利用类型“土壤-水体”氮磷含量特征及其相互关系

利用长期田间监测数据,分析了三峡库区典型农业小流域不同土地利用类型土壤、浅层地下水氮磷含量分异特征,剖析了坡面土壤氮磷含量与浅层地下水、坡面地表径流氮磷浓度的相互关系.结果表明梯田的土壤TN平均含量显著(P0.05)高于坡耕地,水田梯田平均含量1.49 g·kg~(-1)最高;旱地坡耕地和桑树套种坡耕地土壤TP平均含量显著高于其它地类;旱地梯田土壤NO_3~--N平均含量最高,离散程度最大.坡面土地利用类型对浅层地下水TN、NO_3~--N浓度影响较大,但对TP浓度影响较小;流域浅层地下水TN浓度与NO_3~--N浓度呈极显著正相关,不同坡面浅层地下水NO_3~--N对TN平均贡献率在67.82%~78.51%之间;浅层地下水TN、NO_3~--N月平均浓度变化规律基本一致,春秋两季农作物施肥后均呈现明显上升趋势.坡面土壤TN平均含量与浅层地下水TN浓度呈显著指数关系,坡面土壤NO_3~--N平均含量与浅层地下水NO_3~--N浓度呈对数关系,但与坡面地表径流TN、NO_3~--N浓度无显著相关性;当坡面地表径流TP浓度0.1 mg·L~(-1)时,坡面土壤TP平均含量与其呈显著线性相关;坡面地表径流与浅层地下水TN、NO_3~--N浓度均呈显著幂函数关系,且NO_3~--N相关性更好.     

2004～2009年我国典型陆地生态系统地下水硝态氮评价

利用中国生态系统研究网络（CERN）2004～2009年31个典型陆地生态系统38个浅层地下水井硝态氮（NO 3--N）的监测数据,评价我国典型陆地生态系统地下水NO 3--N污染状况.结果表明,农田（4.85 mg.L-1±0.42 mg.L-1）、绿洲农田（3.72mg.L-1±0.42 mg.L-1）、城市（3....     

Field scale interaction and nutrient exchange between surface water and shallow groundwater in the Baiyang Lake region, North China Plain

Fertilizer input for agricultural food production, as well as domestic and industrial surface water pollutants in the North China Plain, increases pressures on locally scarce and vulnerable water resources. In order to: (a) understand pollutant exchange between surface water and groundwater, (b) quantify nutrient loadings, and (c) identify major nutrient removal pathways by using qualitative and quantitative methods, including the geochemical model PHREEQC, a one-year study at a wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and maize (Zea mays L.) double cropping system in the Baiyang Lake area in Hebei Province, China, was undertaken. The study showed a high influence of low-quality surface water on the shallow aquifer. Major inflowing pollutants into the aquifer were ammonium and nitrate via inflow from the adjacent Fu River (up to 29.8 mg/L NH₄-N and 6.8 mg/L NO₃-N), as well as nitrate via vertical transport from the field surface (up to 134.8 mg/L NO₃-N in soil water). Results from a conceptual model show an excess nitrogen input of about 320 kg/ha/a. Nevertheless, both nitrogen species were only detected at low concentrations in shallow groundwater, averaging at 3.6 mg/L NH₄-N and 1.8 mg/L NO₃-N. Measurement results supported by PHREEQC-modeling indicated cation exchange, denitrification, and anaerobic ammonium oxidation coupled with partial denitrification as major nitrogen removal pathways. Despite this current removal capacity, the excessive nitrogen fertilization may pose a future threat to groundwater quality. Surface water quality improvements are therefore recommended in conjunction with simultaneous monitoring of nitrate in the aquifer, and reduced agricultural N-inputs should be considered.     

Determination of nitrogen reduction levels necessary to reach groundwater quality targets in Slovenia

Within a collaborative project between Slovenian Environment Agency （ARSO） and Research Center Jfilich （FZJ）, nitrogen reduction levels necessary to reach groundwater quality targets in Slovenia were assessed. For this purpose the hydrological model GROWA- DENUZ was coupled with agricultural N balances and applied consistently to the whole territory of Slovenia in a spatial resolution of 100 x 100 m. GROWA was used to determine the water balance in Slovenia for the hydrologic period 1971-2000. Simultaneously, the displaceable N load in soft was assessed from agricultural Slovenian N surpluses for 2011 and the atmospheric N deposition. Subsequently, the DENUZ model was used to assess the nitrate degradation in soil and, in combination with the percolation water rates from the GROWA model, to determine nitrate concentration in the leachate. The areas showing predicted nitrate concentrations in the leachate above the EU groundwater quality standard of 50 mg NO3/L have been identified as priority areas for implementing nitrogen reduction measures. For these ＂hot spot＂ areas DENUZ was used in a backward mode to quantify the maximal permissible nitrogen surplus levels in agriculture to guarantee a nitrate concentration in percolation water below 50 mg NO3/L. Model results indicate that additional N reduction measures should be implemented in priority areas rather than area-covering. Research work will directly support the implementation of the European Union Water Framework Directive in Slovenia, e.g., by using the maximal permissible nitrogen surplus levels as a framework for the derivation of regionally adapted and hence effective nitrogen reduction measures.     

Decrease of NH4+-N by bacterioplankton accelerated the removal of cyanobacterial blooms in aerated aquatic ecosystem

We used aerated systems to assess the influence of the bacterioplankton community on cyanobacterial blooms in algae/post-bloom of Lake Taihu, China. Bacterioplankton community diversity was evaluated by polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis(PCR-DGGE) fingerprinting. Chemical analysis and nitrogen dynamic changes illustrated that NH4+-N was nitrified to NO2-N and NO3-N by bacterioplankton. Finally, NH4+-N was exhausted and NO3-N was denitrified to NO2-N, while the accumulation of NO2-N indicated that bacterioplankton with completely aerobic denitrification ability were lacking in the water samples collected from Lake Taihu. We suggested that adding completely aerobic denitrification bacteria(to denitrify NO2-N to N2)would improve the water quality. PCR-DGGE and sequencing results showed that more than 1/3 of the bacterial species were associated with the removal of nitrogen, and Acidovorax temperans was the dominant one. PCR-DGGE, variation of nitrogen, removal efciencies of chlorophyll-a and canonical correspondence analysis indicated that the bacterioplankton significantly influenced the physiological and biochemical changes of cyanobacteria. Additionally, the unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic means revealed there was no obvious harm to the microecosystem from aeration. The present study demonstrated that bacterioplankton can play crucial roles in aerated ecosystems, which could control the impact of cyanobacterial blooms in eutrophicated fresh water systems.     

Effect of nitrate concentration on filamentous bulking under low level of dissolved oxygen in an airlift inner circular anoxic-aerobic incorporate reactor

This laboratory research investigated a possible cause of filamentous bulking under low level of dissolved oxygen conditions (dissolved oxygen value in aerobic zone maintained between 0.6-0.8 mgO2 /L) in an airlift inner-circular anoxic-aerobic reactor. During the operating period, it was observed that low nitrate concentrations affected sludge volume index significantly. Unlike the existing hypothesis, the batch tests indicated that filamentous bacteria (mainly Thiothrix sp.) could store nitrate temporarily under carbon restricted conditions. When nitrate concentration was below 4 mg/L, low levels of carbon substrates and dissolved oxygen in the aerobic zone stimulated the nitrate-storing capacity of filaments. When filamentous bacteria riched in nitrate reached the anoxic zone, where they were exposed to high levels of carbon but limited nitrate, they underwent denitrification. However, when nonfilamentous bacteria were exposed to similar conditions, denitrification was restrained due to their intrinsic nitrate limitation. Hence, in order to avoid filamentous bulking, the nitrate concentration in the return sludge (from aerobic zone to the anoxic zone) should be above 4 mg/L, or alternatively, the nitrate load in the anoxic zone should be kept at levels above 2.7 mg NO-3N/g SS.     

Groundwater conditions under a reconstructed prairie chronosequence

Chronosequences are useful to evaluate long-term changes in ecosystem services but assessing groundwater quality changes using this approach has rarely been done. In this study, groundwater level and quality comparisons were made in a watershed-scale reconstructed prairie chronosequence that extended back in time approximately 13 years at the Neal Smith National Wildlife Refuge (NSNWR) near Prairie City, Iowa. Our objectives were to determine whether groundwater conditions varied significantly across the chronosequence and quantify the rate of nitrate concentration reduction when row crop fields are replaced by prairie. We installed 19 groundwater wells at upland locations selected to provide similar soil type, landscape position and slope. Water samples were collected on five occasions in 2006 and 2007 and analyzed for field parameters, anions and NO₃-N, NH₄-N and PO₄-P. Significant groundwater changes were primarily associated with groundwater levels, and groundwater nitrate and chloride concentrations. The groundwater was deeper under the older prairie plantings but fluctuated similarly among all well sites. Groundwater nitrate and chloride concentrations decreased 0.58 and 0.52 mg/l per year over the 13-year chronosequence, respectively. Results are seen to provide some guidance to land managers regarding possible nitrate concentration reductions achievable from converting cropland to perennial land cover in similar geomorphic settings.     

河套灌区浅层地下水NO3--N时空变化及驱动因素

为探明河套灌区地下水硝酸盐污染现状、时空演变特征和主要影响因素,选择乌拉特灌域为研究区,采用统计分析、 Piper三线图、相关分析和离子比值等方法,探究了该地区地下水硝酸盐质量浓度时空变化格局和主要驱动因素.结果表明,乌拉特灌域地下水氮素主要以NO^-₃-N为主,ρ（NO^-₃-N）存在极高值(60.00 mg·L^-1),超标率达10.50%;时间分布：8月地下水ρ（NO^-₃-N）最高(平均值为6.61 mg·L^-1), 10月(6.22 mg·L^-1)和11月(6.25 mg·L^-1)次之,3月(平均值为1.77 mg·L^-1)最小,土壤中NO^-₃-N在降雨和灌溉驱动作用影响下,下渗至地下水,呈现出丰水期和灌溉集中期高于其它时期的特征;空间分布：灌域西南部(8.87 mg·L^-1)&g...     

快速城镇化进程中珠江三角洲硝酸型地下水赋存特征及驱动因素

随着经济的发展,我国地下水硝酸盐污染日趋严重,城镇化和工业化是硝酸型地下水频繁显现的主要驱动力.本文以城镇化快速发展的珠江三角洲为研究区,运用数理统计、主成分分析及"双因子"等方法探讨了研究区浅层硝酸型地下水的赋存环境特征和驱动因素.结果表明,珠江三角洲地区地下水硝酸盐含量总体较高,全区1538组地下水样品中,硝酸盐浓度大于地下水Ⅲ类水质标准（88.6 mg·L^-1）87组,超标率为5.7%;硝酸型水284组,占样品总数的18.5%.研究区硝酸型水分布广泛,主要分布于丘陵区及其与平原区交界处.其中广州、东莞、佛山和珠海等地区受城镇化和工业化影响出现了条带状的高溶解性总固体（TDS）硝酸型水,而在周边丘陵河谷区分布低TDS硝酸型水.西江、东江平原区,受工业废水及海咸水入侵影响,地下水TDS明显升高,该区域地下水NO₃^-质量浓度超Ⅲ类水标准但未影响水化学类型,然而工业化导致该区域硫酸型水频繁显现.研究区硝酸型水赋存于酸性或弱酸性环境,通常具有TDS和总硬度含量较低,Cl^-、SO₄^2-和K⁺浓度较高等特征.硝酸型水的形成主要受生活污水、工业废水、农业氮肥、化粪池和垃圾渗滤液泄漏等影响.通常,高TDS硝酸型水的污染负荷高于低TDS硝酸型水.硝酸型水尤其是低TDS硝酸型水的圈定有利于识别出人类活动影响更为强烈的地下水,能够尽早识别出硝酸盐含量低但已具有潜在污染风险的地下水,对地下水的污染防控具有重要意义.     

埃格草(Egeria densa)对铵氮胁迫的生长和生理响应

为了解富营养水体中NH₄+-N胁迫对埃格草（Egeria densa）的影响,通过室外模拟试验,研究了埃格草在不同ρ（NH₄+-N）（0、0.5、2.0 mg/L）下的RGR（relative growth rate,相对生长率）、R/S（root/shoot ratio,根冠比）、w（SC）（SC为可溶性糖,soluble sugar）、w（淀粉）、w（蔗糖）、w（FAA）（FAA为游离氨基酸,free amino acid）、w（NH₄+-N）和w（NO₃--N）的变化.结果表明:随着外源ρ（NH₄+-N）的增加,埃格草的RGR和R/S呈降低的趋势,并且在ρ（NH₄+-N）为2.0 mg/L时显著降低（RGR为P < 0.001,R/S为P < 0.05）;埃格草中w（SC）和w（淀粉）在ρ（NH₄+-N）为0.5和2.0 mg/L下有不同程度显著降低[w（SC）为P < 0.01和P < 0.001,w（淀粉）为P < 0.001和P < 0.05],w（蔗糖）在ρ（NH₄+-N）为2.0 mg/L时显著降低（P < 0.001）;w（FAA）和w（NH₄+-N）有随外源ρ（NH₄+-N）升高而升高的趋势,并且在ρ（NH₄+-N）为2.0 mg/L时升高显著[w（FAA）为P < 0.01,w（NH₄+-N）为P < 0.05];w（NO₃--N）在ρ（NH₄+-N）为0.5和2.0 mg/L下有不同程度显著降低（P < 0.01和P < 0.001）.相关分析表明,w（SC）、w（淀粉）和w（蔗糖）之间呈显著正相关,三者与w（FAA）和w（NH₄+-N）之间均呈显著负相关,而与w（NO₃--N）呈显著正相关;w（FAA）和w（NH₄+-N）呈显著正相关,而二者与w（NO₃--N）均呈显著负相关.研究显示,NH₄+-N影响埃格草的生长,导致C-N代谢的不平衡.      

沙颍河流域典型癌病高发区水体硝态氮污染及健康风险

分别在雨季和旱季对癌病高发区地表水和地下水进行采样分析,探讨该区域地表水和地下水NO~-_3-N和NO~-_2-N污染状况、季节变化和空间分布特点,以及相应的健康风险.结果表明,雨季地表水和地下水NO~-_3-N含量明显高于旱季.受污染沙颍河水的影响,沿岸癌病高发村庄饮水井雨季NO~-_3-N污染严重,平均含量达到38.32 mg·L~(-1),超标近3倍,而旱季则存在NO~-_2-N污染,平均含量达到0.69 mg·L~(-1).研究区癌病高发村庄居民存在饮水NO~-_3-N暴露的健康风险,其年平均健康总风险达到1.02×10~(-8) a~(-1),为其他村庄居民的6倍以上,饮水NO~-_3-N污染是癌病高发村庄居民的健康危害因素.     

生物膜对纳米铁-微生物去除地下水中NO-3-N的影响

采用液相还原法制得纳米Fe<'0>,并采用自制恒化器从活性污泥中驯化出自养反硝化细菌.对比单独投加纳米Fe<'0>与投加纳米Fe<'0>及微生物时硝酸盐培养液体系的脱氮效果,包括采用分光光度法监测三氮(NO<'-><,3>-N、NO<'-><,2>-N、NH<,3>/NH<'+><,4>-N)的浓度变化,使用pH计监测...     

Effects of cathode potentials and nitrate concentrations on dissimilatory nitrate reductions by Pseudomonas alcaliphila in bioelectrochemical systems

The effects of cathode potentials and initial nitrate concentrations on nitrate reduction in bio- electrochemical systems （BESs） were reported. These factors could partition nitrate reduction between denitrification and dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium （DNRA）. Pseudomonas alcaliphilastrain MBR utilized an electrode as the sole electron donor and nitrate as the sole electron acceptor. When the cathode potential was set from -0.3 to -I.1 V （vs. Ag/AgC1） at an initial nitrate concentration of 100 mg NO~-N/L, the DNRA electron recovery increased from （10.76 ± 1.6）% to （35.06 ± 0.99）%; the denitrification electron recovery decreased from （63.42 ± 1,32）% to （44.33 ± 1.92）%. When the initial nitrate concentration increased from （29.09 ± 0.24） to （490.97 ± 3.49） mg NO3-N/L at the same potential （-0.9 V）, denitrification electron recovery increased from （5.88 ± 1.08）% to （50.19 ±2.59）%; the DNRA electron recovery declined from （48.79 ±1.32）% to （16.02 ± 1.41）%. The prevalence of DNRA occurred at high ratios of electron donors to acceptors in the BESs and denitrification prevailed against DNRA under a lower ratio of electron donors to acceptors. These results had a potential application value of regulating the transformation of nitrate to N2 or ammonium in BESs for nitrate removal.     

无定河流域地表水硝酸盐浓度的时空分布特征及来源解析

无定河流域作为黄河的一级支流,其水生态环境质量深刻影响着黄河流域生态保护与高质量发展.为识别无定河流域硝酸盐污染来源,对2019～2021年期间无定河的地表水样品进行了采集,探究了流域地表水体硝酸盐浓度的时空分布特征及影响因素,借助水化学方法、氮氧同位素示踪技术以及MixSIAR模型定性和定量地确定了地表水硝酸盐各来源及其贡献率.结果表明,无定河流域硝酸盐浓度存在显著时空差异.时间上,丰水期地表水NO^-₃-N浓度均值高于平水期;空间上,下游地表水NO^-₃-N浓度均值高于上游.地表水硝酸盐浓度的时空差异主要受降雨径流、土壤类型以及土地利用类型的影响.无定河流域地表水丰水期硝酸盐的主要来源是生活污水及粪肥、化学肥料和土壤有机氮,其贡献率分别为43.3%、 27.6%和22.1%,降水的贡献率仅占7.0%.不同河段地表水硝酸盐污染源贡献率存在差异,上游土壤氮贡献率明显高于下游,为26.5%;而下游生活污水及粪肥的贡献率明显高于上游,为48.9%.可为无定河乃至干旱及半干旱地区的河流硝酸盐来源解析和污染治理...     

紫色土坡耕地氮淋溶过程及其环境健康效应

本研究通过观测3场不同降雨强度及不同施肥方式处理下氮素随紫色土坡耕地的壤中流迁移过程,并对氮素淋溶效应的环境健康效应进行风险评价,进而为控制紫色土地区氮素非点源污染及建立合理施肥制度提供科学依据.结果表明,不同降雨强度下,氮素随壤中流输出形态差异较大,溶解态氮(DN)的比重为53.74%~99.21%,其中硝酸盐(NO-3-N)的比重约为35.70%~93.65%,而在中雨强度下硝酸盐比重高达84.09%~93.65%;对于不同降雨强度,中雨强度下(降雨量为24.7mm)壤中流各形态氮素输出通量最高,总氮(TN)、DN、颗粒态氮(PN)、铵态氮(NH+4-N)和亚硝态氮(NO-2-N)输出通量分别可高达737.17、711.12、26.06、12.70和0.46 mg·m-2,而NO-3-N输出通量可高达686.12 mg·m-2,对地下水环境存在巨大污染隐患.通过对地下水氮素进行污染风险评价,表明秸秆还田能够有效缓解施肥带来的氮淋溶效应,降低地下水氮素污染风险,特别是有机-无机肥配施能有效减缓地下水污染状况,达到改善土壤肥力从而增加农作物产量的目的.     

基于δ15N和δ18O的农业区地下河硝酸盐污染来源

为研究岩溶区农业活动为主导的地下河流域硝酸盐污染来源,于2017年5~10月每24 d左右对重庆青木关流域6个采样点进行监测,利用~(15)N和~(18)O同位素技术对示踪硝酸盐来源进行解译,应用IsoSource模型计算出不同端元硝酸盐的贡献率.结果表明:(1)青木关农业区地下河系统存在较大的硝酸盐污染风险,大部分采样点出现不同程度NO_3~--N浓度超标现象.(2)空间上,青木关地下河中NO_3~--N浓度整体呈现由上游向下游升高的趋势.时间上,上游鱼塘和岩口落水洞以及下游姜家泉样点NO_3~--N浓度在5~6月因受农业施肥的影响,均呈上升趋势,6~9月受降水影响而出现不同程度升高或降低,9月之后随着农业活动减少而逐渐降低;中游土壤点NO_3~--N浓度保持较高值;中下游大鹿池NO_3~--N浓度较低且变幅不大.(3)通过硝酸盐~(15)N和~(18)O同位素分析,表明上游鱼塘和岩口落水洞的硝酸盐源于土壤有机氮、动物粪便及污废水混合;中游土壤点硝酸盐源于土壤有机氮、降水和肥料中NH_4~+;中下游大鹿池中硝酸盐来源于动物粪便及污废水、土壤有机氮、降水和肥料中NH_4~+的混合作用.地下河出口处姜家泉硝酸盐污染严重,其源于土壤有机氮、降水和肥料中NH_4~+、动物粪便及污废水、大气沉降的综合作用.(4)基于IsoSource模型对地下河出口处硝酸盐来源进行定量分析,发现动物粪便及污废水贡献率占46.4%,土壤有机氮占32.6%,降水与肥料中NH_4~+占18.6%,大气沉降仅占2.4%.