江苏湖泊富营养化特征、成因及解决途径

应用湖泊营养类型评价标准对江苏省主要湖泊富营养化进行了评价,以区域环境特征对苏南和苏北湖群及城郊湖泊富营养化现状、发生原因及对策进行了探讨,分析表明：城郊湖泊全部为富营养和重富营养水平,苏北湖群营养程度已接近苏南湖群,呈中富营养中期,太湖东部营养程度较之太湖西部高出一个营养级别以上。苏北湖群多为过水性湖泊,易受高浓度工农业污水脉冲式入湖影响;苏南湖群污染成因则相对较复杂,主要受城镇生活和工农业生产高污染负荷的氮磷排放影响。严格控制流域内各类污染源的源头污染物排放量、充分利用河网湿地净化功能、适度进行湖内污染底泥疏浚和生态重建工程,对控制江苏湖泊富营养化将是较有效的途径。     

Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans pollution in China: sources, environmental levels and potential human health impacts

This review represents an assessment of the pollution status of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) in China (the mainland, Hong Kong and Taiwan). During the past decades, seven PCDD/Fs pollution hotspots have been found: (a). Ya-er Lake, Hubei Province, with 'total PCDD/Fs' level reaching 177,427 pg g(-1) (dry weight) in lake sediments; (b). Chinese Schistosomiasis affected areas of Jiangxi Province with 33,660 pg g(-1) in soil; (c). e-waste recycling area of Yangtze River Delta, with 2726 pg g(-1) in paddy soil; (d). e-waste recycling area of Guiyu (eastern part of Guangdong Province), with 967,500 pg g(-1) in mixture of burnt residue and soil (the highest level among all hotspots); (e). Pearl River Delta with 2630 pg g(-1) in coastal sediment. (f). Kwun Tong, Victoria Harbour, Hong Kong with 10,999 pg g(-1) in coastal sediment; and (g). southern Taiwan with 606,000 pg g(-1) in soil near the vicinity of a pentachlorophenol manufacturing factory. The main sources of PCDD/Fs in China were formed from impurities during the production of polychlorophenol, hexachlorobenzene, polychlorinated biphenyls, organic chlorinated pesticide and triclosan. In addition, sources of PCDD/Fs included municipal waste incineration, mineral fuel usage, open burning of electronic waste and crop residues, industrial waste discharge and vehicle exhaust emission. Due to potential human health risks from long-term exposure to PCDD/Fs at these hotspots, body loadings of these contaminants should be monitored.     

Pollution studies on Nigerian rivers: The onset of lead pollution of surface waters in Ibadan

Lead levels in the waters and sediments of the lake of the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Agodi Lake, Oba Lake, at three stations on Ogunpa stream, and at three stations on Ona River were measured from October 1977 to June 1978, using the combined APDC-MIBK-flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry technique. The lead levels recorded ranged from 0.2 to 46 μg/L for the aqueous phases; however, the levels in the sediments were much higher, ranging from about 18 to 85 mg/kg (dry weight). Although there is nothing alarming about these levels, the levels of lead in water bodies located in areas with high traffic density were consistently higher than levels for comparable waters in low traffic density areas. Similarly, lead levels were significantly higher in the fresh sediments of water bodies in areas with high traffic density, clearly indicating the onset of lead pollution for those high traffic density areas.     

黄浦江上游地区水环境污染负荷特征

通过调查黄浦江上游地区的水环境污染来源、污染负荷及其特征，为管理部门控制污染、提高上游地区水环境质量提供科学依据。调查中了解到污染源种类主要有4类：工业、事业、生活和畜禽污染源；水源保护区内年用水量为22196万t．污水量为17755万t／a，其中工业污染源352个，排放量占46．3％，事业污染源4108个。排放量占22．3％，生活污水排放量占30．6％．畜禽污水排放量占0．8％；黄浦江上游水源保护区污染源排放去向主要分4种：直排河道（占40．4％），进入市政泵站后排出（占3．9％）。经污水处理厂处理后排出（占20．5％），通过合流污水收集系统排出（占35．3％）。根据黄浦江上游地区水环境污染负荷特征，建议黄浦江上游区域进一步调整和完善不同区域的功能定位，优化产业结构和布局，构建利于水源保护的区域发展模式和格局；通过采取污染控制和生态环境建设并重的一系列措施，有效抑制生态环境恶化趋势，促进黄浦江上游上游水环境质量的改善。确保上海市的饮用水安全。     

山东省经济发展与环境保护关系的计量分析

经济增长与环境污染之间的关系常用环境库兹涅茨曲线（EKC）来描述。典型的EKC一般量倒U形。本文选取1988-2002年的山东省环境与经济数据．建立单位GDP污染排放量横型和人均GDP污染排放量模型,对山东省经济发展与环境保护之间的关系进行了计量与分析。通过单位GDP污染负荷模型分析发现。单位GDP的污染负荷量下降态势。这说明山东省产业结构调整已产生明显成效。通过人均GDP污染排放量模型发现．山东省的EKC不完全符合典型的库兹涅茨曲线特征。呈显着的三次曲线特点。其中,工业废水曲线为“U＋倒U”形．两个转折点的理论计算值分别为3416元和9975元。废气与固废曲线近似于倒U形EKC的左半部分．尚来到达转折点。由此可见．环境质量的改善并非随着收入水平的提高而自动发生。除了收入因素。影响山东省EKC的因素还有国家或地区的环境政策、工业化进程等。     

南京市典型工业区耕地中多环芳烃源解析

多环芳烃作为重要的环境激素类物质，对环境和人类健康具有严重危害而受到人们的广泛重视。选择南京市某一大型钢铁集团周边耕地土壤为研究对象，对研究区域内多环芳烃（PAHs）残留量进行调查，并对其污染来源进行解析，为该区域土壤PAHs的综合防治提供参考依据。结果表明：PAHs总残留量范围为312.2~27 580.9 ng/g，且以4环以上多环芳烃组分为主。单一污染物以芘、屈、荧蒽、苯并［a］芘、蒽、菲、苯并［a］蒽、苯并［k］荧蒽、茚并［1,2,3 cd］芘、苯并［g,h,i］苝为主。不同样区土壤PAHs残留量受常年风向影响明显。推测工业区的气体性排放物是本研究区域土壤中PAHs的主要来源。大气沉降可能是导致本研究区PAHs污染的重要途径之一。另外，地表径流、固体废弃物排放、生活燃煤等导致部分采样点含量较高。在对下风向区域中距中心污染源不同距离采样点PAHs含量分析时发现，高环PAHs总量总体表现出随污染源距离的增加，污染程度递减的规律。在对多环芳烃源成分谱轮廓特征的分析基础上，利用各种参数，从分子量优势度、环数相对丰度、特征指数等方面，分别对各区域土壤中多环芳烃来源进行比较分析，据此推断，四区域PAHs污染均在不同程度上受化石的燃烧所致，但各区域的PAHs污染源不同。钢铁企业内的炼焦厂是该区域多环芳烃主要污染源之一.     

太湖水质的时空分异特征及其与水华的关系

在大量调查数据的基础上,分析了太湖水质的时空分异特征,探讨了太湖不同湖区、不同季节水质差异的原因。研究结果显示：北部的入湖河口区、几个湖湾、湖心区、西南湖区、东部湖区水体的透明度、高锰酸盐指数、氮、磷、叶绿素等富营养化指标差异显著。入湖河口区的高锰酸盐指数和营养盐含量高于南部湖区数倍,也明显高于北部湖湾区,这反映出太湖西北部入湖河道污染对太湖影响显著。不同季节太湖水质指标也差异显著,冬春期(12～次年5月份)水体的氮含量高于夏秋季(6～11月份)近1倍。水质季节性的显著差异进一步说明了外源输入对太湖水质的影响。研究表明太湖水质的时空异质性既受太湖湖泊形态特征本身的影响,也更多受到外源污染的影响,解决太湖的蓝藻水华问题,首先要在太湖的外源污染控制方面取得突破.     

Lead isotopes in environmental sciences: a review

Lead (Pb) isotopic analyses proved to be a very efficient tool for tracing the sources of local and global Pb pollution. This review presents an overview of literature published on the use of Pb isotopic analyses of different environmental matrices (atmospheric aerosols, lichens, tree rings, peat deposits, lake, stream, marine sediments, soils, etc.). In order to gain more insight, the isotopic compositions of major sources of Pb in the environment as determined by several authors are described in detail. These include, above all, the former use of leaded gasoline, coal combustion, industrial activities (e.g., metallurgy) and waste incineration. Furthermore, this review summarises analytical techniques (especially ICP-MS) used for the determination of Pb isotopes in environmental samples.     

涨渡湖湿地保护与渔业生产优化模式探讨

涨渡湖湿地渔业进行人力的利用起始于1952年,渔业生产主要是以人工投放、天然生长为主,鱼类资源自然增殖为辅的粗放型管理模式。1992～2004年每年平均投放大规格鲢、鳙鱼种量为279 014.8 kg,平均捕捞量为755 439 kg,平均捕捞收入为3 329 143.52元,产量变幅范围为36 691～506 135 kg,其中有9个年份变幅在100 000 kg以上。涨渡湖湿地渔业利用存在产权与经营权分离、沉水植物急剧消退、菱角资源未加合理利用、灌江纳苗与分洪调蓄不能协调等方面问题。从常规鱼类放养型渔业、名优鱼类精养型渔业以及综合型渔业方面对涨渡湖湿地生态渔业可持续发展生产模式进行了相关探讨,提出了建立江湖联系机制的4点建议;并在优化生产模式、合理利用资源、调整产业结构、促进经济发展、严格控制污染、搞好综合治理、加强宣传管理、促进湿地恢复等方面提出了针对涨渡湖湿地的一系列保护对策。     

湖域工业点源初始排污权配置定额模型与算法研究

针对湖域工业点源初始排污权定额配置问题，以“公平、效率、可行”为配置原则，通过引入权重系数的字典序最小化最大值方法，构建了基于多主体多种初始排污权多期配置的字典序定额模型，并给出求解算法。进而以江苏省太湖流域27类主要工业行业的初始氨氮排污权单期配置为例，从行业初始排污权短缺率与行业治污效益两方面，对比分析了基于等短缺率定额模型、等环境容量比例定额模型、字典序定额模型计算得到的3种定额配置方案效果。结果表明：相对于另外两种定额模型，字典序定额模型所得配置方案可实现平均行业短缺率最小(4613%)，平均行业治污效益最大。研究也表明在“公平、效率、可行”配置原则下，字典序定额配置方法能够更为有效的促进企业治污技术提标升级和区域产业结构升级     

城镇化过程中的流域面源污染时空变化

以斧头湖流域为研究对象，在野外调查的基础上，借助遥感和GIS技术，对2008年、2015年斧头湖流域土地利用格局、人畜排放进行分析，利用输出系数模型解析斧头湖的面源污染负荷时空分布及主要来源。结果表明:斧头湖流域2008～2015年面源总氮（TN）和总磷（TP）负荷输出分别从由原来的 2 915 和 178 t 增长至 3 252 和 202 t。城镇化发展使得农村耕地面积减少，耕地对TN的输出贡献比例降低，但是耕地化肥使用依然是TN最主要来源。城镇化使得居民区对面源贡献增大，特别是TP的贡献显著增加。随着人们生活水平的提高，畜禽养殖对面源污染的贡献也显著增加，应予以足够重视     

Residues and source identification of persistent organic pollutants in farmland soils irrigated by effluents from biological treatment plants

Sewage and industrial effluents from biological treatment plant have been widely used for agricultural irrigation in north part of China. However, effluents after biological treatment still contain heavy metals and persistent organic contaminants. The persistent organic contaminants accumulated in soil may transfer through the food chains and cause adverse health effects on human or biological effects on soil fauna and flora after long-term application. In present study, field surveys were carried out in the farmlands irrigated by effluents from biological treatment plants that receive sewage wastewater and industrial discharges. Residues of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in the soils irrigated using both ground water and effluents were compared. The origins of PAHs in the soils were discussed. The results showed that wastewater irrigation could cause accumulation of PAHs in soils close to the pollution discharge. Significantly higher concentrations of PAHs were observed in the sampling sites close to the entrance of main channel in contrast to those along branches and the reference sites. There was no significant relationship between the accumulation of persistent organic pollutants and organic matter content in soil (TOC). Soil contamination of these persistent organic pollutants as affected by effluent irrigation was characterized by the dominant accumulation of high-molecular-weight PAHs (HMW-PAHs). In the case study, concentration of benzo[a]pyrane (BaP, 45.6 ng/g), indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene (IcP, 86.3 ng/g), benzo[g,h,i]perlene (BgP, 66.9 ng/g) could exceed the limits of the soil quality standard for biodegraded soils. In identification of the sources, the IcP/BgP values of PAHs in soils were more close to that in air particulates from coal/coke source (1.09+/-0.03 ng/g) [Dickhut RM, Canuel EA, Gustafson KE, Liu K, Arzayus KM, Walkers E, et al. Automotive sources of carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons associated with particulate matter in the chesapeake bay region. Environ Sci Technol 2000;34:4635-40]. Therefore, both of the PAHs residues in effluents and emission from a nearby coal/coke plant were responsible. Also in this case study, low levels of the OCPs were observed and were not of significant concern in this wastewater irrigation area. Among the different OCPs analyzed, DDTs (mean 8.41 ng/g) and HCHs (mean 2.91 ng/g) were the major components. From the ratios of DDT/DDTs and beta-HCH/HCHs, it indicated that OCPs residues should be from historical usage.     

太湖水质的时空分异特征及其与水华的关系

在大量调查数据的基础上,分析了太湖水质的时空分异特征,探讨了太湖不同湖区、不同季节水质差异的原因。研究结果显示：北部的入湖河口区、几个湖湾、湖心区、西南湖区、东部湖区水体的透明度、高锰酸盐指数、氮、磷、叶绿素等富营养化指标差异显著。入湖河口区的高锰酸盐指数和营养盐含量高于南部湖区数倍,也明显高于北部湖湾区,这反映出太湖西北部入湖河道污染对太湖影响显著。不同季节太湖水质指标也差异显著,冬春期(12～次年5月份)水体的氮含量高于夏秋季(6～11月份)近1倍。水质季节性的显著差异进一步说明了外源输入对太湖水质的影响。研究表明太湖水质的时空异质性既受太湖湖泊形态特征本身的影响,也更多受到外源污染的影响,解决太湖的蓝藻水华问题,首先要在太湖的外源污染控制方面取得突破.     

太湖流域湖泊水环境问题、成因与对策

综合分析了太湖流域存在的的湖泊水环境问题,主要表现为水质全面恶化、洪涝灾害加剧、湖泊生态系统与生物资源破坏和底质污染严重。造成湖泊水环境问题的自然因素与流域地势平缓、亚热带季风气候和地面沉降有关;人为因素如围垦、污水排入湖泊、过量使用农药化肥和湖泊淤积加剧了太湖流域水环境问题的发展。针对当前存在的湖泊水环境问题,提出湖泊水环境整治对策是：树立可持续发展观念,加强流域污染源的控制;重视湖泊水环境的科学研究;加强湖泊水环境水资源的规划与管理;因地制宜地实施湖泊水环境整治工程。     

Atmospheric Mercury Pollution in Beijing

Abstract

The atmospheric mercury pollution in Beijing is a serious problem. Atmospheric mercury has three sources: natural emission, anthropogenic emission and previously deposited mercury reemission or recycling, composing elemental mercury, divalent mercury and particulate-phase mercury. Many studies showed that mercury in Beijing’s air was higher than the general level of mercury concentration in the atmosphere. Mercury emission sources were discussed. Industrial emissions, coal burning, vehicle exhaust emissions and waste incineration were thought to be the main sources of atmospheric mercury pollution in Beijing. And also meteorology has an effect on atmospheric mercury concentration in Beijing. Measures have been taken to control the emission of mercury into the air in recent years.     

洪湖历史时期人类活动的湖泊沉积环境响应

以洪湖北部和南部两个短柱钻孔(HN和HS)研究湖泊沉积,采用137Cs定年,沉积速率为0.155 cm/a。沉积物的总有机碳、总氮、磷以及元素和磁化率等指标分析表明：1840年前洪湖地区人类活动较弱,在湖泊沉积物中基本没有早期的人类活动信号的记录;1840年以后由于人口大量增加,人类活动增强,湖泊的营养水平有所增加,尤其是1950年以来沉积物中营养元素急剧增加;近50年来的湖泊营养程度的加重主要与流域内大量营养物质进入湖泊,以及大面积的围垦造成湖泊面积减小、自我调节能力降低有关。洪湖两孔的对比研究表明,不同区域之间存在着差异,可能与洪湖湖流作用及人类活动的影响差异有关。     

南四湖水质空间分布监测分析与水环境问题解析

南四湖作为南水北调东线工程重要的输水通道和调蓄湖泊,其水质状况一直受到人们的广泛关注。根据南四湖水质空间分布监测数据,按平均综合污染指数Pj>2的标准共筛选出29个重污染测点,其中有19个处于重污染河口外混合区,说明南四湖污染物主要来自于重污染河流;南四湖2006年秋和2007年春监测的总体平均综合污染指数分别为2.12和1.98,表明南四湖污染依然相当严重,而且秋季比春季水质更差,按湖区南阳湖、微山湖岛北、小北湖的水质最差,特别是南阳湖水质四项主要指标平均超标2倍以上。南四湖两次监测CODcr、TP、TN的单项污染分摊率平均值依次为30.6%、36.0%、33.4%,表明南四湖的主要污染物是TP、TN、CODcr。因此,在调整区域内重污染企业工业结构的同时,应实行管辖区内工业和城市生活等污水的深度处理和截蓄导用,严格执行水污染物排放标准和总量控制指标。     

Groundwater contamination by microbiological and chemical substances released from hospital wastewater: Health risk assessment for drinking water consumers

Contamination of natural aquatic ecosystems by hospital wastewater is a major environmental and human health issue. Disinfectants, pharmaceuticals, radionuclides and solvents are widely used in hospitals for medical purposes and research. After application, some of these substances combine with hospital effluents and, in industrialised countries, reach the municipal sewer network. In certain developing countries, hospitals usually discharge their wastewater into septic tanks equipped with diffusion wells. The discharge of chemical compounds from hospital activities into the natural environment can lead to the pollution of water resources and risks for human health. The aim of this article is to present: (i) the steps of a procedure intended to evaluate risks to human health linked to hospital effluents discharged into a septic tank equipped with a diffusion well; and (ii) the results of its application on the effluents of a hospital in Port-au-Prince. The procedure is based on a scenario that describes the discharge of hospital effluents, via septic tanks, into a karstic formation where water resources are used for human consumption. COD, Chloroform, dichlomethane, dibromochloromethane, dichlorobromomethane and bromoform contents were measured. Furthermore, the presence of heavy metals (chrome, nickel and lead) and faecal coliforms were studied. Maximum concentrations were 700 NPP/100 ml for faecal coliforms and 112 mg/L for COD. A risk of infection of 10^? 5 infection per year was calculated. Major chemical risks, particularly for children, relating to Pb(II), Cr(III), Cr(VI) and Ni(II) contained in the ground water were also characterised. Certain aspects of the scenario studied require improvement, especially those relating to the characterisation of drugs in groundwater and the detection of other microbiological indicators such as protozoa, enterococcus and viruses.     

汉阳湖群底栖动物群落及其对环境质量的指示

汉阳地区湖汊纵横、水系丰富，是汉阳地区工业和生活废水的主要纳污水体，水质多为劣V类。底栖动物已被广泛用于监测湖泊有机污染，因此，为探明汉阳地区湖泊群（三角湖、墨水湖、龙阳湖、月湖、后官湖）的污染状况和污染分布格局，于2002~2005年全面调查了各湖泊的底栖动物群落，并分析了其对环境的指示作用。除后官湖发现软体动物外，其他各湖泊均以耐污的颤蚓科寡毛类(霍甫水丝蚓，苏氏尾鳃蚓)和摇蚊科幼虫(长足摇蚊、红裸须摇蚊、羽摇蚊)占绝对优势。统计分析表明，颤蚓类和摇蚊幼虫的密度与水体氮、磷、叶绿素含量呈显著正相关（〖WTBX〗p<005），且颤蚓类密度对水体氮、磷水平的预测能力（R2）〖WTBZ〗优于摇蚊幼虫。K 优势曲线和多样性指数的污染评价结果显示，墨水湖和龙阳湖属重污染，月湖和三角湖属中度污染，后官湖属轻度污染，这与理化指标表征的营养状况基本吻合，特别是在受苯酚化工废料污染的龙阳湖东片没有采集到底栖动物，这是底栖动物能够监测污染物长期效应的例证。进一步应用颤蚓类密度的水平分布指示了各湖泊的沉积物污染分布，结合湖体周边环境分析论证了这种指示作用的可信度