韩国南汉河的浮游植物及营养水平

对韩国南汉河的浮游植物进行了周年的调查,结果显示,该河浮游植物的种类组成以绿藻为主,占总种类数的５１．４％,其次为硅藻和蓝藻,分别占总种类数的２６．７％和１２．４％,其它４门藻类共计仅发现１０种,占９．５％。细胞密度以蓝藻的贡献最大,占总细胞密度的３６％￣７０．７％,绿藻次之,硅藻居第三位。相反,蓝藻的生物量却远不及硅藻和绿藻,硅藻对总生物量的贡献最高时可达９３．７％。各站平均,浮游植物的细胞密度     

金沙江干流浮游植物群落结构特征及其时空变化

为研究金沙江干流浮游植物群落结构及其时空分布特征,于2017～2018年春秋两季对干流14个断面进行调查分析。调查结果显示:金沙江干流水域共分布浮游植物8门100种(含变种),主要由硅藻(56%)、蓝藻(22%)、绿藻(11%)组成,浮游植物密度变化范围为0.019 3×10~6～0.341 0×10~6cells/L,浮游植物生物量变化范围为0.016～0.434 mg/L,各江段存在显著性差异。Shannon多样性指数变化范围1.168～2.519,Pielou均匀度指数变化范围为0.559～0.876,Margalef指数变化范围为1.573～3.36,各江段多样性指数变化各异,金沙江干流水环境综合评价为中污染状态。等级聚类和排序结果表明,2017、2018年的春秋两季样本点群落均分为3组。上中下游在不同季节、年份里表现出不同程度的相似性,由于不同断面的环境差异造成了浮游植物群落的时空差异。时间上,金沙江干流浮游植物群落结构上每个季节演替明显,既有延续也有交替;空间上,采样点从上游至下游浮游植物群落越均匀旺盛,具有较明显的空间趋异性,聚类和排序较好的揭示了金沙江干流各江段浮游植物分布组成、种类数量和生境的相似性。     

Accumulation of Am by suspended matter, diatoms and aquatic weeds of the Yenisei River

In this work we experimentally estimated the capacities of the key components of the Yenisei River (Russia): particulate suspended matter (seston), diatom microalgae, and submerged macrophytes for accumulating ²⁴¹Am from water. In our experiments large particles of seston (>8 μm), comparable in size with diatoms, took up most of americium from water. The accumulation of americium by isolated diatom algae (Asterionella formosa and Diatoma vulgare) was lower than by total seston. The concentration factors (CFs) of ²⁴¹Am for seston of the Yenisei River in our experiments were (2.8-6.9)·10⁵; for diatoms - (1.5-4.2)·10⁴. The CFs for aquatic plant Elodea canadensis were within the same order of magnitude as those for diatoms. Activity concentration and CFs of ²⁴¹Am were nearly the same in experiments under dark and light conditions. This is indicative of an energy independent mechanism of americium uptake from the water by diatoms and submerged macrophytes.     

Influence of macroalgal diversity on accumulation of radionuclides and heavy metals in Bulgarian Black Sea ecosystems

Radionuclides and heavy metals were studied in green, brown and red Black Sea macroalgae by low-level gamma spectrometry and atomic absorption spectrometry. The samples were collected along the whole Bulgarian coast from 1996 to 2004. The levels have been depending on algae species, locations and year of sampling. The highest ¹³⁷Cs levels were found in red Ceramium rubrum species from all studied locations, while ²²⁶Ra and ²¹⁰Pb were up to three orders of magnitude higher in Bryopsis plumosa. The data showed that the red algae species (Rhodophyta) accumulate more heavy metals than the other phyla (except for Fe whose values were higher in green algae). The data confirmed that algae are valuable indicators of the environmental contamination. The observed elevated levels were mainly due to Danube, Dnieper and Dnester inputs in the NW corner of the Black Sea.     

Phytoplankton-nutrient relationships in years with various water levels in the Pasłęka River in the vicinity of the hydroelectric power station (North-east Poland)

Relationships between abundance of basic net phytoplankton taxonomic groups (cyanobacteria, diatoms, and chlorophytes) and nutrient concentrations in water were studied on the Pas??ka River in years with varied water levels. In high water level conditions, large amounts of orthophosphates and total nitrogen from the catchment could favor development of cyanobacteria and chlorophytes. The species could be allochthonic. At low water levels, the factor stimulating phytoplankton development could be nutrients coming from mineralization of accumulated organic matter. The highest nutrient concentrations could favor diatom development. In such conditions, dominant taxa were autochthonic. In terms of numbers, F. capucina was dominant, and in terms of biomass—genus Spirogyra sp. It could come from plant periphyton inhabiting the concrete drops of the dam included in the river’s development in the vicinity of the hydroelectric power station.     

Chemical and microbiological examination of well and Nile water

The chemical composition and microbiological contamination of well water and Nile River water used for drinking were investigated in localities around Khartoum, Sudan, to present baseline data. The chemical analyses results obtained indicated that public health hazards due to pH, Ca⁺⁺, CO₃^??, HCO₃^?, and NO₃^? are unlikely in all the samples studied, while Na⁺ and Cl^? ions concentrations in well water warrant some attention. Contamination from organic matter and suspended material is also negligible. Microbial contamination with coliform and fecal coliform is high in surface wells and in the Nile River, but negligible in deep bores, tap water, and mineral water. The logarithm of the colony count ranges from zero for mineral water to 6.8 for water from the White Nile. In addition to drawing further attention to the well water and Nile water used for drinking by a wide sector of the population, the microbial count data for water from the Nile disagreed with the generally held belief that the Nile, being one of the largest rivers of the world, carries no detectable fecal contamination. Our data also did not support the belief that the White Nile is more contaminated than the Blue Nile.     

古夫河着生藻类优势种生态位研究

采用Smith生态位宽度公式、Pianka生态位重叠指数公式和冗余分析（RDA）对古夫河22种优势种进行生态位计算和分析。结果表明，古夫河春夏季着生藻类优势种以硅藻门和蓝藻门的种类居多。根据不同月份的生态位宽度将古夫河着生藻类优势种分为5类，第一类优势种具有最宽的生态位且它们与蓝藻类优势种的重叠性指数最大。古夫河着生藻类优势种的分布受总氮、酸碱度、氨氮的影响较大。第一类优势种可反映古夫河总体水质情况，第五类优势种反映古夫河水体中某一个或几个水质因子的变化；生态位重叠值大小可反映古夫河水质是否受到外来因素干扰；结合RDA排序图和优势藻类种群变化可判断古夫河水体中总氮、氨氮及酸碱度含量的变化。     

Diversity and Nitrogen-Fixing Activity of Phototrophic Mycetobionts of Xylotrophic Fungi

It is shown that the basidiocarps of many wood-decomposing fungi are inhabited by taxonomically and biomorphologically various eukaryotic (Charophyta, Chlorophyta, and Ochrophyta) and prokaryotic (Cyanophyta/Cyanobacteria) algae. They represent widespread eurybiont species and do not include any specialized mycetobionts. The communities formed by them have a host preference and green algae are their basic and obligate component, while other organisms are facultative components. Basidiocarps in which mycetobionts include heterocytic cyanoprokaryotes (Anabaena sp., Calothrix parietina, Hassallia byssoidea, Nostoc commune, N. punctiforme, Nostoc sp., and Scytonema ocellatum) are capable of molecular nitrogen fixation. Its activity is 0.044–0.903 mg of C₂H₄/m²/h in the basidiocarps of Bjerkandera adusta, Cerrena unicolor, Gloeophyllum sepiarium, and Trametes ochracea and 0.001–0.008 mg of C₂H₄/m²/h in the basidiocarps of Onnia leporina, Phellinus chrysoloma, Ph. tremulae, and Trametes pubescens. Basidiocarps without algae and those inhabited only by eukaryotic algae have no nitrogenase activity.     

Estrogenic activity in extracts and exudates of cyanobacteria and green algae

Here is presented some of the first information on interactions of compounds produced by cyanobacteria and green algae with estrogen receptor signaling. Estrogenic potency of aqueous extracts and exudates (culture spent media with extracellular products) of seven species of cyanobacteria (10 different laboratory strains) and two algal species were assessed by use of in vitro trans-activation assays. Compounds produced by cyanobacteria and algae, and in particular those excreted from the cells, were estrogenic. Most exudates were estrogenic with potencies expressed at 50% of the maximum response under control of the estrogen receptor ranging from 0.2 to 7.2 ng 17β-estradiol (E₂) equivalents (EEQ)/L. The greatest estrogenic potency was observed for exudates of Microcystis aerigunosa, a common species that forms water blooms. Aqueous extracts of both green algae, but only one species of cyanobacteria (Aphanizomenon gracile) elicited significant estrogenicity with EEQ ranging from 15 to 280 ng 17β-estradiol (E₂)/g dry weight. Scenedesmus quadricauda exudates and extracts of Aphanizomenon flos-aquae were antagonistic to the ER when coexposed to E₂. The EEQ potency was not correlated with concentrations of cyanotoxins, such as microcystin and cylindrospermopsin, which suggests that the EEQ was comprised of other compounds. The study demonstrates some differences between the estrogenic potency of aqueous extracts prepared from the same species, but of different origin, while the effects of exudates were comparable within species. The observed estrogenic potencies are important namely in relation to the possible mass expansion of cyanobacteria and release of the active compounds into surrounding water.     

Actual evapotranspiration and canopy resistance measurement of the savannah in the Kouilou basin (Congo-Brazzaville)

The aim of this work is to study the actual evapotranspiration and surface resistance of the savannah using the Bowen-ratio method for two contrasted periods, dry and rainy season. The reliability of this method has been assessed by comparison with the Monteith equation and the soil-water balance method in a 90% Loudetia arundinacea dominated savannah (Pointe Noire, Congo). Our results relate to the period from 18 September to 11 October 1998 (24 days): (a) from 18 to 29 September (“dry season”), the soil-water content was less than 70% of the soil-water content at field capacity (63–70% of R _FC; large soil-water stress; T/E _P from 0.2 to 0.4); (b) from 30 September to 11 October (“rainy season”) soil-water content close to 90–92% of RFC; no soil-water stress; T/E _P from 0.73 to 0.77). The mean daily surface resistance reulting from the Bowen-ratio method was 317 s m^?1, 355 s m^?1 during the “dry season” and 279 s m^?1 during the “rainy season”. The total actual evapotranspiration (E _a) resulting from the Bowen-ratio method, Penman-Monteith equation and soil-water balance method were, respectively of 58.6–57.8 and 56.2 mm, with the mean daily E_a of 2.4–2.4 and 2.3 mm day^?1 (2.4–1.5 and 2.2 mm day^?1 in “dry season” and of 2.5–3.4 and 2.5 mm day^?1 in “rainy season”). The Bowen-ratio method was used for the assessment of the actual evapotranspiration from the temperature and specific humidity differences, net radiation and the soil heat flux measurement: its advantages are a rapidity of installation, a temporal resolution of measurement in less than one hour and a good integration of the heterogeneousness of the savannah’s latent flux of vaporization. This method is adapted to eco-physiological studies in tropical conditions with reduced teams.     

嘉陵江下游江段春季浮游藻类特征及污染现状

2006年春季,通过水质分析和浮游藻类调查,应用污生谱分析法及生物多样性指数法,对嘉陵江下游江段春季浮游藻类特征及污染现状进行了研究。结果发现,该江段共有浮游藻类7门42属85种（包括变种）;优势种群并不单一,以黄藻、绿藻和硅藻占优势,优势种为黄藻门中的黄丝藻,绿藻门中的小球藻和硅藻门中的小环藻。5月份藻类的种类和个数均比4月份有所减少,可能与5月份降雨量比4月份多有关;流速最快的石门大桥具有最低的藻类细胞密度,流速最慢的化龙桥具有较高的藻类细胞密度,说明流速对浮游藻类种类和数量产生一定的影响。嘉陵江下游沿岸一带的氨氮含量都很高,氨氮已经形成全江段水系的主要污染,磷酸盐含量也较高,均超过水体富营养化的氮、磷含量最低限制标准,该江段水质污染较严重。污生谱分析法及生物多样性指数法的评价结果表明,该江段整体污染状况为中度污染,农业和工业污染不容忽视。〖     

长江上游曲麻莱至玉树段春秋季浮游植物群落结构及多样性评价

于2012年春季（4月）和秋季（10月）对长江上游曲麻莱至玉树段的浮游植物进行初步研究。结果显示：浮游植物共3门62种（属），以硅藻门最多，42种（属），占678%，其次是绿藻门11种（属），占177%，蓝藻门9种（属），占145%。浮游植物优势种为普通等片藻（Diatoma vulgare）、长等片藻（Diatoma elongatum）、尖针杆藻（Synedra acus）、曲壳藻（Achnanthes sp）、舟形藻（Navicula sp）、桥弯藻（Cymbella sp）、脆杆藻（Fragilaria sp）、直链藻（Melosira sp）、异极藻（Gomphonem sp）、菱形藻（Hantzchia sp）、小环藻（Cyclotella sp）、小颤藻（Oscillatoria tenuis）、席藻（Phormidium sp）和小球藻（Chlorella sp）14种，其中硅藻门12种（属），占优势种类的786%。浮游植物种类组成的季节变化不明显，春季（4月）和秋季（10月）均以硅藻为优势种群。浮游植物平均数量3487×104 cells/L，平均生物量0138 8 mg/L，硅藻数量和生物量分别占8786%和9668%,为优势种群。浮游植物现存量表现为春季高于秋季，支流高于干流。Shannon Wiener指数平均值251，Pielou指数平均值070，Marggalef指数平均值089，Shannon Wiener指数、Pielou指数和Marggalef指数是秋季高于春季。结合浮游植物各项评价指标，得出长江上游曲麻莱至玉树段浮游植物群落结构比较稳定，种类分布较为均匀，水体属贫营养型，水域生态环境良好     

Radioecological Studies on the Plankton of the Cooling Water Reservoir of the Beloyarsk Nuclear Power Plant

In the zone of heated water discharge and at the control site of the Beloyarsk Reservoir, the phytoplankton was characterized by dominance of blue-green, green, and pyrrophyte algae, and the zooplankton, by the prevalence of crustaceans over rotifers. The study sites differed in the species and quantitative composition of the dominant complex, but the total abundance and biomass of the phytoplankton in the heated zone and the control site did not differ significantly. In Teplyi Bay, the zooplankton was inhibited, which was manifested in the decrease of its abundance and biomass by four and seven times, respectively, in comparison with the control. Radionuclide concentrations in the plankton of the cooling reservoir in the period between 1986 and 1988 were determined. It was found that radionuclide concentration in the plankton is higher in the zone of heated water discharge than beyond it.     

Role of hydrological factors in species diversity of algal communities: A case study of the Komarovka River, Primorye, Russia

Studies on the Komarovka River, flowing in the zone of mixed conifer-broadleaf forests in the southwestern Sikhote-Alin Mountains (Primorye, Russia), have shown that the formation of river flow and multispecific phytobenthos communities takes place mainly within 60–70 km² of its catchment area. The summer-autumn runoff rate and taxonomic composition of algae in this river segment are closely correlated with the catchment area. The relative water content of the river decreases downstream because of decrease in the number of tributaries, while changes in the taxonomic diversity of algae depend on river flow velocity and water temperature.     

Experimental investigation of energy properties for Stigonematales sp. microalgae as potential biofuel feedstock

Microalgae has been considered potential biofuel source from the last decade owing to its versatile perspectives such as excellent capability of CO₂ capture and sequestration, water treatment, prolific growth rate and enormous energy content. Thus, energy research on microalgae is being harnessed to mitigate CO₂ and meet future energy demands. This study investigated the bioenergy potential of native blue-green microalgae consortium as initial energy research on microalgae in Brunei Darussalam. The local species of microalgae were assembled from rainwater drains, the species were identified as Stigonematales sp. and physical properties were characterised. Sundried biomass with moisture content ranging from 6.5% to 7.37% was measured to be used to determine the net and gross calorific value and they were 7.98 MJ/kg-8.57 MJ/kg and 8.70 MJ/kg-9.45 MJ/kg, respectively. Besides that, the hydrogen content, ash content, volatile matter, and bulk density were also experimented and they were 2.56%-3.15%, 43.6%-36.71%, 57–38%-63.29% and 661.2 kg/m³-673.07 kg/m³, respectively. Apart from experimental values, other physical bioenergy parameters were simulated and they were biomass characteristic index 61,822.29 kg/m³-62,341.3 kg/m³, energy density 5.27 GJ/m³-5.76G J/m³ and fuel value index 86.19–88.54. With these experimental results, microalgae manifested itself a potential source of biofuel feedstock for heat and electricity generation, a key tool to bring down the escalated atmospheric greenhouse gases and an alternation for fossil fuel.     

Analyzing the hydrologic effects of region-wide land and water development interventions: a case study of the Upper Blue Nile basin

In the drylands of the Upper Blue Nile basin, high climate variability and land degradation are rampant. To enhance adaptive capacity in the region, various soil and water conservation interventions have been implemented. Moreover, water resources development schemes such as the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam should be implemented by 2025. We modeled the effects of these interventions on surface runoff in the basin for both current and future (2025) basin conditions, using the runoff coefficient method in a spatially explicit approach. Under current conditions, we observed high spatial variability of mean annual runoff. The northeastern Blue Nile-1 sub-basin produces the highest mean annual runoff (391 mm or 10 × 10⁹ m³), whereas the northwestern Blue Nile-2 sub-basin produces the lowest mean annual runoff (178 mm or 0.2 × 10⁹ m³). The basin generates a total annual runoff volume of 47.7 × 10⁹ m³, of which about 54 % comes from cultivated land. The strong association between land use and topography masked the direct effect of rainfall on runoff. By 2025, total annual runoff yield could decrease by up to 38 % if appropriate basin-wide soil and water conservation interventions and the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam are implemented. However, the full effects of most physical structures will only last for 1 or 2 years without regular maintenance. The improved understanding of the dynamics of the Upper Blue Nile basin’s hydrology provided by the present study will help planners to design appropriate management scenarios. Developing the basin’s database remains important for a holistic understanding of the impacts of future development interventions.     

长江下游江段秋季浮游植物生态指标与理化指标评价

采用种类相似性指数、多样性指数等多项生物学指标分析2009年秋季长江下游段的浮游植物群落特征，并结合理化指标评价其水质营养状态。结果表明：2009年秋季，长江下游段共检出绿藻(Chlorophyta)、硅藻(Bacillariophyta)、蓝藻(Cyanophyta)、裸藻(Euglenophyta)、隐藻(Cryptophyta)5门27种，浮游植物细胞丰度变化在5.68×104～7.08×104 cells/L，平均为6.01×104 cells/L，浮游植物生物量变化在30.43～34.73 μg/L，平均为32.46 μg/L；各采样站位之间的浮游植物相似性指数变化在0.30～0.63，介于轻度相似至中度相似之间；多样性指数变化在2.38～2.73，多样性较好或丰富，显示出长江下游段的浮游植物群落处于较稳定的状态；水质CODMn、TN、TP和TLI（∑）分别变化在2.71～3.23 mg/L、1.24～1.35 mg/L、0.058～0.072 mg/L和44.87～45.96；综合水质生物学和化学评价结果可知2009年秋季长江下游段的水质较好；但从水质评定级别来看，化学评价得出的水质等级与生物学评价得出的水质等级有所不同，显示出两种方法的差异性，因此，生物监测应与理化监测相结合，以提高监测结果的准确性和可靠性。〖     

Effects of acute γ-irradiation on community structure of the aquatic microbial microcosm

To characterise indirect effects of ionising radiation on aquatic microbial communities, effects of acute γ-irradiation were investigated in a microcosm consisting of populations of green algae (Chlorella sp. and Scenedesmus sp.) and a blue-green alga (Tolypothrix sp.) as producer; a ciliate protozoan (Cyclidium glaucoma), rotifers (Lecane sp. and Philodina sp.) and an oligochaete (Aeolosoma hemprichi) as consumer; and more than four species of bacteria as decomposers. Population changes in the constituent organisms were observed over 160 days after irradiation. Prokaryotic community structure was also examined by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) of 16S rDNA. Principle response curve analysis revealed that the populations of the microcosm as a whole were not significantly affected at 100 Gy while they were adversely affected at 500-5000 Gy in a dose-dependent manner. However, some effects on each population, including each bacterial population detected by DGGE, did not depend on radiation doses, and some populations in the irradiated microcosm were larger than those of the control. These unexpected results are regarded as indirect effects through interspecies interactions, and possible mechanisms are proposed originating from population changes in other organisms co-existing in the microcosm. For example, some indirect effects on consumers and decomposers likely arose from interspecies competition within each trophic level. It is also likely that prey-predator relationships between producers and consumers caused some indirect effects on producers.     

长江源区浮游植物群落结构及分布特征

地处青藏高原腹地的长江源区是长江流域的水源涵养地和生态系统的天然屏障,同时也是自然生态系统最敏感、生态环境十分脆弱的地区,浮游植物作为水体生态系统中的初级生产者,其群落结构对反映水体质量具有重要的指示作用。为探究长江源区水环境特性和浮游植物群落特征,于2018年3月份与10月份对长江源区10个典型河段的水环境因子与浮游植物群落组成进行了系统调查。结果显示:10月份各调查河段流速、浊度、水温及电导率等水环境参数均比3月份高;同一月份中,楚玛尔河的浊度、盐度、电导率等水环境参数均显著高于其余河段;两个月份各调查河段的pH、溶解氧以及亚硝酸盐氮等指标差异不显著。采样调查共鉴定出浮游植物4门28属58种,其中以硅藻、绿藻和蓝藻物种数占优,分别占总数的79.3%、10.4%和8.6%。调查期间,长江源区浮游植物密度在6.06×10~4～39.90×10~4 cells·L~(-1)之间,平均生物量为0.59 mg·L~(-1)。浮游植物优势种有美丽颤藻(Oscillatoria formosa)、普通等片藻(Diatoma vulgare)、脆杆藻(Fragilaria sp.)、针杆藻(Synedra sp.)、舟形藻(Navicula sp.)、桥弯藻(Cymbella sp.)、小球藻(Chlorella sp.)等。两个月份Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H’)均值分别为3.06和3.12,Margalef丰富度指数(D)均值为1.17和1.52,Pielou均匀度指数(J)均值为0.90和0.82。结合水体营养盐指标、浮游植物密度及多样性指数等指标对水质评价,长江源区水质总体呈无污染或轻度污染状态。     

Gamma radioactivity in the Iberian Marine environment closest to the NEA dumping site

The distributions of caesium-137 and some naturally occurring gamma-emitters in a range of environmental samples, collected along the north-west Iberian coastline during April 1984, are presented. Samples, including surface waters, algae, sediments and fish, have been analyzed to establish accurate baselines for that region of the continental shelf closest to the NEA dumping site. Results indicate that caesium-137 levels were a factor of three lower than those typical of waters off the west coast of Ireland and are consistent with those expected from global fallout prior to the Chernobyl accident. The mean caesium-137 concentration in sea water at six well-separated stations near the coast was 3·85 ± 0·19 Bq m⁻³, whilst caesium-137 levels in widely consumed species of fish were in the range 1·1–6·2 Bq kg⁻¹ (dry wt). It is estimated that caesium-137, through one year's ingestion of fish and shellfish, generates a collective dose equivalent commitment to the adult Galician population of 0·78 man-Sv, which is approximately 3% of the total annula collective dose equivalent from non-medical sources of radiation.