电阻加热条件优化及其对污染土壤中苯并(a)芘的去除

电阻加热(electrical resistance heating, ERH)是处置挥发性、半挥发性有机污染土壤极具应用潜力的技术之一。基于实验室模拟电阻加热和热传导加热(thermal conductive heating, TCH)小试装置,研究了土壤电阻加热的优选条件及其对土壤中苯并(a)芘(benzo(a)pyrene,BaP)去除率的影响以及土壤中BaP在电阻加热和热传导加热过程中的热脱附动力学。结果表明:土壤水分、盐分、电场强度显著影响土壤ERH升温速率与最高加热温度;在ERH最优条件为8 V·cm~(-1)的电场强度下,添加6 mL的0.1%NaCl溶液,每30 min须补水6 mL,最终BaP去除率为51.56%;在ERH过程中温度变化与电流变化基本同步,土壤水分和持温时间是去除土壤中BaP的重要影响因素;BaP在土壤中去除过程符合抛物线扩散模型,说明BaP在土壤中的去除以微孔扩散为主,去除率受加热时间影响大。本实验结果可为电阻加热技术修复BaP污染土壤提供参考。     

原位热修复过程中土壤内热质传递研究现状与展望

近年来,原位热修复技术因其具有修复周期短、可靠性高、适用性强、二次污染可控等优点,已被广泛应用于有机污染地块修复领域.概述了国内外原位热修复技术研究进展,对比了蒸汽强化抽提技术(SEE)、电阻加热技术(ERH)和热传导加热技术(TCH)3种典型原位热修复技术的优缺点和适用条件,并分析了污染物性质、土壤非均质性、含水率及...     

土壤电阻加热技术原位修复有机污染土壤的关键问题与展望

为解决我国近年来重污染企业搬迁遗留的有机污染土壤问题,土壤电阻加热修复技术(electrical resistance heating,ERH)等热处置技术日益受到重视。ERH是目前修复挥发性、半挥发性有机污染土壤最具有潜力的原位热修复技术之一,其污染物去除率及土壤性质变化是用以评估该土壤修复技术的核心指标。在查阅文献的基础上,系统分析了热处置及电阻加热技术相关原理与适用范围,并对ERH处置过程中土壤性质可能发生的变化进行了深入讨论,以期为我国有机污染土壤原位热修复技术的推广和应用提供参考。     

射频加热强化土壤气相抽提技术的应用

热强化土壤气相抽提技术是一种高效的土壤治理技术,广泛应用于包气带土壤中挥发性有机污染物的去除。在天津某有机污染场地开展射频加热强化土壤气提技术应用研究,研究了射频阳极连接方式对场地加热效果的影响,并考察了该技术对实验场地的实际修复效果。结果表明,射频阳极采用并联方式连接对场地的加热效果较好,加热10 d后,场地温度升高约40℃;随着SVE系统工作时间的延长,场地温度逐渐下降,土壤气中TVOCs的浓度逐渐下降;经过约2个月的修复,中浅层土壤中污染物的总去除率约90%,氯仿去除率达95%,深层土壤中的污染物去除率约64%。     

PAHs污染土壤的热修复可行性

以某煤制气厂污染场地中16种US EPA优先控制多环芳烃(Σ16 PAHs)为目标污染物进行了热修复批量实验和可行性实验。热修复批量实验结果表明,当热修复温度为400℃、加热时间为8 h时,土壤中的Σ16 PAHs去除率达99.9%。热修复可行性实验选择重污染、中污染和轻污染土壤以400℃作为目标温度,恒温72 h进行实验。热修复前后不同程度污染土壤的Σ16 PAHs的总去除率均可达到99.9%,但重污染土壤浓度非常高,部分苯并类物质未达到修复目标值,需进一步延长加热时间或提高加热温度保证达到修复目标值。土壤土工参数影响分析结果表明,热修复后土壤颗粒粒径呈增大趋势,土壤稳定性、抗压强度均增强。此外,土壤中可溶性盐含量增多,盐渍化程度增大。     

对二氯苯污染土壤的植物修复研究

采用种植物的方法.对以对二氯苯(PDCB)为代表的多氯代有机污染物(PCOPs)污染土壤的植物修复进行了研究.以黑麦草、紫花苜蓿和大蒜作为供试植物.在PDCB为1 856μg/kg的污染土壤中种植90 d,研究了不同植物条件下土壤中PDCB的降解情况.结果表明,与空白对照相比.种植物大大提高了土壤中微生物的数量和酶的活性.试验结束后,种植黑麦草、紫花苜蓿和大蒜后,PDCB分别降低82.44%、62.82%和59.59%.种植黑麦草时PDCB降解最快,对PDCB污染土壤修复的效果最好.     

热强化气相抽提法修复半挥发性石油烃污染土壤的影响因素

热强化气相抽提技术(T-SVE)在修复半挥发性石油烃污染土壤方面极具应用潜力。本文基于实验室模拟T-SVE装置,研究了加热温度及土壤含水量、有机质对4种半挥发性石油烃(正十三烷、正十四烷、正十五烷和正十六烷)去除效率的影响,并对石油烃去除动力学进行了拟合。结果表明,温度决定性地影响了石油烃污染土壤的修复效率,污染土壤残留率与加热温度基本呈反比。石油烃去除过程符合Elovich和Freundlich热脱附动力学方程。加热温度为140℃时,土壤含水量(5%~30%)的增加降低了石油烃去除效率;当温度上升到180℃,石油烃去除率在土壤含水量5%~20%时也表现出降低趋势,但在土壤含水量为30%时反而达到最高值。土壤有机质含量增加明显降低了石油烃去除率,尤其对于辛醇-水分配系数值高的石油烃;当加热温度从140℃升高到220℃,土壤有机质对石油烃污染去除的限制明显降低。实验获得结果可为T-SVE技术修复石油烃污染的工程设计提供参考。     

氯化铁和硫酸铁对酸性土壤中有效态镉和铅污染的修复作用

采用浸泡实验法研究了氯化铁和硫酸铁对酸性土壤中有效态镉和铅污染的修复效果,结果表明,氯化铁和硫酸铁均能有效去除土壤有效态镉和铅污染,Fe(Ⅲ)用量为50～100 mmol/kg时,有效态Cd和Pb的去除效果可达70％～96％.氯化铁和硫酸铁能去除土壤中的水溶态、碳酸盐结合态、腐殖酸结合态、铁锰氧化物结合态和强有机结合态Cd和Pb及交换态Cd.氯化铁和硫酸铁对Cd均既有洗脱修复作用又有固定修复作用,且洗脱修复作用的贡献稍大;氯化铁用量较小时(50 mmol/kg)对Pb既有固定修复又有洗脱修复作用,固定修复作用稍大;用量较大时(100 mmol/kg),对Pb只有洗脱修复作用.硫酸铁对Pb的修复作用则以固定修复作用为主,洗脱修复作用很小.     

环境胁迫因子对固定菌修复污染土壤效果的研究

通过对环境胁迫因子参数的不同设定,对固定菌修复污染土壤效果进行了研究.结果显示,当环境胁迫因子温度(高温40 ℃和低温15 ℃)、酸碱度(pH＝4和pH＝9)及重金属(Cd和Pb)存在时,对固定菌降解污染物的影响并不大,而游离菌降解率却有一定的下降趋势.进一步观察了固定化载体内部微观结构,为固定菌用于有机污染土壤的异位修复提供了一定的理论基础.     

土壤有机农药污染的降解机理与生物修复技术

通过对有机农药在土壤中的环境行为与迁移转化规律综合分析研究,探讨了有机农药污染土壤的生物修复技术,并对生物修复技术进行了前瞻性研究.     

Optimization of Height of Release of Air Pollutants

A number of key projects in the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) particulate R&;D program having applicability to industry are presented. For electrostatic precipitators (ESP) there is presented the result of work on large diameter discharge electrodes which provide a decrease in penetration of up to a factor of 4 when compared to conventional small diameter electrodes. Also discussed is the multistage ESP which provides a collection efficiency that would require a collecting plate area 4 or 5 times larger with conventional ESP technology. The E-SOX technology makes use of the multistage concept to free up space in the ESP for SO₂ removals of up to 90%. Electrostatically augmented fabric filtration provides a reduction in pressure drop of about 5 0% as compared to conventional fabric filtration. Wind tunnel modeling of windbreaks for material storage piles indicates a potential for providing engineering design data that would allow significant emission reduction caused by wind erosion     

Investigation of the characteristics of the reflectivity of clouds

This paper investigates some of the reflectivity characteristics that clouds (when modelled as solid bodies) must exhibit to be compatible with observations that the reflecting surface of a cloud (i) appears almost equally bright across its face, (ii) is brightest when the cloud is opposite to the Sun but decreases in brightness as the cloud moves to other positions and (iii) increases in brightness with increasing optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight. These observations, respectively, are shown to imply that the peak value of the bidirectional total reflectivity from a cloud surface (i) increases in inverse proportion to the cosine of the angle between the Sun and the normal to the cloud surface, as the incident angle increases, (ii) appears to be directed back in the direction of the incident radiation, and (iii) increases as optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight increases. The results could have application in many fields (e.g. modelling diffuse radiance distributions for cloudy skies).     

Estimation of uncertainty of sampling for analysis of pesticide residues

Abstract

A computer model was used to take random samples from primary sample populations obtained from field trials to simulate the uncertainty of sampling for residue analysis of plant commodities and soil. The results indicate about 40%, 30% and 20% relative uncertainty when random samples of size 5, 10 and 25 are taken respectively, from a single lot. Therefore the sample size should be the same for establishing and enforcing legal limits.     

扬中生态环境建设的思考与实践

结合扬中生态环境的基本情况和存在的不足，进行了具体分析，对扬中未来生态建设的发展方向提出了建议及实施措施。     

实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实施

在实施ISO／IEC17025：1999标准《检测和校准实验室能力的通用要求》过程中，通过实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实践与系统分析，识别出内部审核实施阶段的关键环节，提出召开首次会议、收集审核证据、确定审核发现和召开末次会议的技术方法，对提高内部审核的质量和有效性、获得可靠的审核结论具有重要意义。     

次氯酸钠发生器的研制

介绍了电解法生产次氯酸钠的原理 ,并在原有生产工艺的基础上进行了重新设计和对设备的重新选择、改造 ,得出了各个工艺参数的最佳值 ,生产出高品质的次氯酸钠     

An application of the theory of kinematics of mixing to the study of tropospheric dispersion

The most common technique used for numerical simulations of tracer mixing is that of the numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation with the unresolved fluxes parameterized using the similarity theory. Despite correct predictions of the overall directions of transport, models based on a numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation lack sufficient accuracy to correctly reproduce the coupling of mixing with small scale processes which are sensitive to the microstructure of the tracer distribution. The objective of this paper is to revisit the basic formalism employed in numerical models used to investigate atmospheric tracers. The main mathematical method proposed here is the theory of kinematics of mixing which could be applied effectively for simulations of atmospheric transport processes. At the beginning of the paper, we introduce simple mathematical transformations in order to demonstrate how complex topological structures are created by mixing processes. These idealistic flow systems are essential to explain transport properties of much more complex three-dimensional geophysical flows. An example of the application of the kinematics of mixing to the analysis of tracer transport on a planetary scale is presented in the following sections. The complex filamentary structures simulated in the numerical experiment are evaluated using some commonly applied statistical measures in order to compare the results with the data published in the literature. The results of the experiment are also analysed with the help of simple conceptual models of fluid filaments. The microstructure of the tracer distribution introduced in the paper is essential to increase our understanding of atmospheric transport and to develop more realistic parameterizations of small-scale mixing. The presented results could also be used to improve calculations of the coupling between microphysical processes and tracer mixing.     

Comparison of methods for evaluation of activity of photocatalytic films

Objective

This work aims to investigate the correlation between the photocatalytic activity determined by methylene blue bleaching (DIN 52980), stearic acid degradation, and degradation of acetone in gas phase.

Method

The photocatalytic TiO₂ coatings included in this investigation ranged from thin commercially available coatings (Activ^TM and BioClean^TM) and ready to use suspensions (Nano-X PK1245) to lab-produced PVD and sol?Cgel coatings. XRD analysis of the photocatalytic coatings showed that all the coatings consisted of nanocrystalline anatase, although the thickness and porosity varied considerably.

Results

The study showed that the reproducibility of the activity measurements was good. However, more importantly, the investigation showed that there is a good correlation between the activities determined by the different methods even though the characteristics of the photocatalytic coatings and the organic probe molecules varied considerably.

Conclusion

The overall findings of this work suggest that there is a good correlation between the investigated methods. These results are promising for the future work concerning standardization of methods for determination of the activity of photocatalytic films.     

Impact of overexploitation of shellfish: northeastern coast of India

India has a very extensive coastline of about 7515 km, rich in diverse living resources. These resources continue to deteriorate with rampant harvesting or are altered for other uses such as aquaculture and fisheries. The present paper deals with degrading coastal habitats in northeastern India, and projects the intensity of the stress arising from the collection of tiger prawn seeds (Penaeus monodon) for aquacultural farms and molluskan shells for poultry feed and edible lime. Indiscriminate exploitation of these resources leads to a heavy reduction of the species concerned and other associated marine communities. The magnitude of such destruction has been quantified. The impacts of biodiversity loss and their after-effects on the ecobalance of this coastal system have become a matter of great concern to ecologists to maintain security and sustainability. The authors propose a public awareness program on themes relating to the importance of biodiversity for human livelihoods.