我国挥发性有机污染地块调查评估中存在的问题及对策建议

基于多年研究和实践经验,总结了我国挥发性有机污染地块调查评估方面存在的6个问题.从科学机制角度,通过分析实际地块案例,阐述了产生这些问题的原因.最后,针对这6方面的问题分别提出了改进建议,以期为我国VOCs类污染地块调查评估和修复治理提供参考.     

基于层次分析法-熵权法的污染地块异味污染物优先度评价方法——以农药类污染地块为例

土壤中异味污染物的风险管控已成为我国农药化工等行业污染地块环境管理的迫切需求。为筛查土壤优先控制异味污染物,研究基于土壤中挥发性异味污染物的迁移、暴露过程和危害效应的系统量化与分析,建立了污染地块异味污染物优先度评价指标体系;采用层次分析法-熵权法确定指标综合评价权重,分析了异味污染物优先度的影响因素,并选取3个农药类案例地块进行验证性评价。结果表明,构成地块异味污染物优先度排序指标体系第二层次的4个准则中,影响程度从高到低为：危害性、迁移性、防护性与暴露性;第三层次15个要素主客观综合权重范围为0.033 6～0.149 6,其中嗅阈值权重最高。案例地块异味污染物基于层次分析法-熵权法的优先度评价等级与基于实测数据通过异味活度值和健康风险影响评价的等级具有一致性。本研究结果可为异味污染地块优先控制异味污染物的筛查提供参考。     

工业区总悬浮颗粒物和挥发性有机物浓度特征的研究

随着经济快速发展,诸多工业区暴露出污染严重的问题,针对这一现象,选择上海的典型工业区,监测并分析总悬浮颗粒物(TSP)和挥发性有机物(VOCs)的浓度特征。设置6个点位,全年收集TSP样品112个和VOCs样品104个。TSP、VOCs年均值分别为0.174mg/m~3、223.8μg/m~3。通过分析污染物的浓度、时间变化特征、气候影响规律,并与其他城市研究进行比对,发现TSP和VOCs月均值呈现夏低冬高的趋势,且该工业区VOCs的主要来源为挥发性溶剂。研究结果为工业区的污染源整治指明方向。     

环境技术验证在污染土壤修复领域的应用——以原位热脱附-水平井-化学氧化耦合修复技术为例

环境技术验证评价方法能够科学、客观地评价生态环境创新技术,促进新技术的推广应用。基于焦化污染地块修复技术验证评价方法,对原位热脱附-水平井-化学氧化耦合修复技术在山西某焦化污染地块上应用的可行性、绿色性、资源能源消耗等方面进行了验证评价。结果表明,该技术可以在一个修复周期内(3个月)将焦化污染地块中多环芳烃质量浓度降低到修复目标值,达到修复效果。修复系统运行过程中产生的废气、废水、噪声等污染物经处理后均满足相应排放要求。通过对修复过程中固废产生量、耗水量、耗电量、运行成本等指标的核算,可知该技术具有资源能源消耗较少、处理成本较低、针对不可开挖地块的修复具有较强适用性等特点。原位热脱附-水平井-化学氧化耦合修复技术可应用于焦化污染地块包气带污染土壤的修复治理工作。     

某聚氯乙烯树脂厂退役场地土壤汞污染特征分析

场地重金属污染是工业化进程的产物,污染来源多为原料及副产物的泄漏或不达标排放,给人类和环境造成不同程度的危害。本文以武汉某退役聚氯乙烯(PVC)树脂厂为研究对象,结合氯化汞催化工艺特点,探究场地土壤重金属汞的污染来源及分布特征,为同类型场地土壤重金属汞的污染调查、防治、修复提供案例支撑。研究结果表明:1)参与调查的33个点位中有27.3%已达到相当严重的污染水平,潜在生态风险单项指数Ei值最高达57 900,污染分布范围主要集中于氯化汞催化乙炔生产氯乙烯(VCM)工艺段,水平迁移扩散能力不强;2)重金属汞的垂直迁移受土壤性质影响,粘土对重金属汞的截留效果佳,粘土层中0.8~1.0 m至1.8~2.0 m最大汞浓度衰减量达2 040 mg·(kg·m)~(-1),衰减率达97.2%,而疏松的杂填土则有利于汞的垂直下渗;3)调查区域受重金属汞污染呈现典型点源污染特征。     

天津某复杂有机污染地块原位热脱附修复技术中试研究

针对受到挥发性有机物、农药污染形成的复杂有机污染地块,采用原位热脱附修复技术开展中试试验,研究该技术在低渗透区(以粉质黏土/黏土为主)、污染程度复杂、污染严重条件下的技术有效性,同时研究该技术使用过程中的升温规律及影响半径。结果表明,原位热脱附前期,位于加热井所构成正三角形的中心点的测温井以5℃/d的速率升温,当土壤温度到达95～100℃,进入潜热阶段,此时土壤中水分大量汽化,当升温达到100℃左右时,土壤中毛细水未完全去除,升温进入瓶颈期;综合考虑该地块原位热脱附的影响半径为1.5 m。     

朔州市市区环境空气PM_(10)中元素碳、有机碳分布特征

采集朔州市市区采暖季和非采暖季季PM10样品,测定其中元素碳(EC)和有机碳(OC)含量,并对碳组分的浓度水平、时空分布特征和主要来源进行了研究,结果表明:朔州市市区PM10中OC、EC平均浓度分别为(25.95±9.36)μg/m3和(26.58±10.36)μg/m3,总碳气溶胶(TAC)在PM10中的平均百分含量为30.1%;采暖季OC和EC浓度大于非采暖季,且OC、EC质量浓度大小在5个采样点位均呈现出点位5(工业开发区)点位2(居民区)点位1(商业、居民混合区)点位3(商业、文教混合区)点位4(相对清洁区)的变化规律,其中,点位5的OC、EC质量浓度最大,分别为(29.66±8.72)μg/m3和(31.40±10.42)μg/m3;PM10中OC/EC在采暖季和非采暖季比值均低于2,一次污染严重;OC和EC相关性较好,相关系数(R2)分别为0.85(采暖季)和0.69(非采暖季),说明PM10中的碳气溶胶主要来源于一次排放源,加强对燃煤烟尘、机动车尾气和生物质的燃烧等空气污染来源的控制对于改善朔州市环境空气质量有重要作用。     

耒水流域土壤重金属污染的时空变异对比

收集了研究区内2008年的历史数据和2018年采集的最新数据,共计278个样品,分析测试了土壤环境污染常提及的Cd、Hg、As、Pb、Cr、Cu、Ni、Zn共8类重金属元素,利用单因子指数评价法、内梅罗综合污染指数法以及土壤环境质量评估法评价研究区内西河和耒水2条河流周边的土壤环境质量类别,结合反距离空间插值法以及空间几何分析,直观地展示出研究区2008—2018年土壤重金属的时空变异特征。结果表明:采集的2期数据中除Cr外,Cd、Hg、As、Pb、Cu、Ni、Zn表层土壤重金属元素均存在点位超标的情况,说明该研究区中整体存在重金属污染;通过单因子指数评价可知,2期数据单因子指数平均值排前2位的均为Cd和Pb,Cr平均值最小,研究区内2期数据Cr超过98%点位均属于优先保护类点位,Cd、As、Pb均存在超过《土壤环境质量农用地土壤污染风险管控标准》(GB 15618-2018)管制值的点位;污染增强区主要分布于采矿及冶炼企业密度较大的西河中上游、耒水上游和耒水下游3个区。为防止今后土壤重金属污染进一步增强,建议对3个高值区采取恰当的管理措施。     

粤港澳大湾区典型化工地块地下水分层调查与风险评估

以粤港澳大湾区某典型有机化工地块为研究对象,采用丛式井分层调查不同深度地下水苯含量,并通过分层评估明确不同深度地下水的人体健康风险水平,确定苯的修复目标值、修复范围及相应策略.结果表明:该地块上层地下水苯最大质量浓度为7440.0μg/L,下层为30000.0μg/L,说明地下水受到苯污染,且下层地下水污染程度较上层更...     

上海城郊大气挥发性有机物污染特征、活性组分及风险评估

为了解上海城郊大气中挥发性有机物(VOCs)的时空污染特征及其对人体潜在健康风险,选取上海某城郊10个点位进行连续6年(2012—2017年)的采样分析。结果表明,上海该城郊大气VOCs平均质量浓度为(243.80±151.52)μg/m3,其中烷烃、卤代烃、芳香烃、含氧VOCs和不饱和脂肪烃依次占VOCs总浓度的45.72%、20.04%、18.84%、11.19%、4.21%。上海郊区不同功能区VOCs总浓度年际变化趋势较为一致,总体呈下降趋势;在空间上,化工区主干道路附近的两采样点VOCs质量浓度最高,分别为307.81、340.97μg/m~3。O3生成潜势和等效丙烯浓度计算结果显示,芳香烃为上海城郊大气中最主要的活性物种,且关键活性组分为甲苯、间/对-二甲苯和异丁烷等。上海城郊大气中27种风险VOCs的总致癌风险值为3.02×10~(-4),高于可接受限值(1.00×10~(-4)),长期暴露可能有致癌风险。     

Optimization of Height of Release of Air Pollutants

A number of key projects in the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) particulate R&;D program having applicability to industry are presented. For electrostatic precipitators (ESP) there is presented the result of work on large diameter discharge electrodes which provide a decrease in penetration of up to a factor of 4 when compared to conventional small diameter electrodes. Also discussed is the multistage ESP which provides a collection efficiency that would require a collecting plate area 4 or 5 times larger with conventional ESP technology. The E-SOX technology makes use of the multistage concept to free up space in the ESP for SO₂ removals of up to 90%. Electrostatically augmented fabric filtration provides a reduction in pressure drop of about 5 0% as compared to conventional fabric filtration. Wind tunnel modeling of windbreaks for material storage piles indicates a potential for providing engineering design data that would allow significant emission reduction caused by wind erosion     

Investigation of the characteristics of the reflectivity of clouds

This paper investigates some of the reflectivity characteristics that clouds (when modelled as solid bodies) must exhibit to be compatible with observations that the reflecting surface of a cloud (i) appears almost equally bright across its face, (ii) is brightest when the cloud is opposite to the Sun but decreases in brightness as the cloud moves to other positions and (iii) increases in brightness with increasing optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight. These observations, respectively, are shown to imply that the peak value of the bidirectional total reflectivity from a cloud surface (i) increases in inverse proportion to the cosine of the angle between the Sun and the normal to the cloud surface, as the incident angle increases, (ii) appears to be directed back in the direction of the incident radiation, and (iii) increases as optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight increases. The results could have application in many fields (e.g. modelling diffuse radiance distributions for cloudy skies).     

Estimation of uncertainty of sampling for analysis of pesticide residues

Abstract

A computer model was used to take random samples from primary sample populations obtained from field trials to simulate the uncertainty of sampling for residue analysis of plant commodities and soil. The results indicate about 40%, 30% and 20% relative uncertainty when random samples of size 5, 10 and 25 are taken respectively, from a single lot. Therefore the sample size should be the same for establishing and enforcing legal limits.     

扬中生态环境建设的思考与实践

结合扬中生态环境的基本情况和存在的不足，进行了具体分析，对扬中未来生态建设的发展方向提出了建议及实施措施。     

实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实施

在实施ISO／IEC17025：1999标准《检测和校准实验室能力的通用要求》过程中，通过实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实践与系统分析，识别出内部审核实施阶段的关键环节，提出召开首次会议、收集审核证据、确定审核发现和召开末次会议的技术方法，对提高内部审核的质量和有效性、获得可靠的审核结论具有重要意义。     

次氯酸钠发生器的研制

介绍了电解法生产次氯酸钠的原理 ,并在原有生产工艺的基础上进行了重新设计和对设备的重新选择、改造 ,得出了各个工艺参数的最佳值 ,生产出高品质的次氯酸钠     

An application of the theory of kinematics of mixing to the study of tropospheric dispersion

The most common technique used for numerical simulations of tracer mixing is that of the numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation with the unresolved fluxes parameterized using the similarity theory. Despite correct predictions of the overall directions of transport, models based on a numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation lack sufficient accuracy to correctly reproduce the coupling of mixing with small scale processes which are sensitive to the microstructure of the tracer distribution. The objective of this paper is to revisit the basic formalism employed in numerical models used to investigate atmospheric tracers. The main mathematical method proposed here is the theory of kinematics of mixing which could be applied effectively for simulations of atmospheric transport processes. At the beginning of the paper, we introduce simple mathematical transformations in order to demonstrate how complex topological structures are created by mixing processes. These idealistic flow systems are essential to explain transport properties of much more complex three-dimensional geophysical flows. An example of the application of the kinematics of mixing to the analysis of tracer transport on a planetary scale is presented in the following sections. The complex filamentary structures simulated in the numerical experiment are evaluated using some commonly applied statistical measures in order to compare the results with the data published in the literature. The results of the experiment are also analysed with the help of simple conceptual models of fluid filaments. The microstructure of the tracer distribution introduced in the paper is essential to increase our understanding of atmospheric transport and to develop more realistic parameterizations of small-scale mixing. The presented results could also be used to improve calculations of the coupling between microphysical processes and tracer mixing.     

Impact of overexploitation of shellfish: northeastern coast of India

India has a very extensive coastline of about 7515 km, rich in diverse living resources. These resources continue to deteriorate with rampant harvesting or are altered for other uses such as aquaculture and fisheries. The present paper deals with degrading coastal habitats in northeastern India, and projects the intensity of the stress arising from the collection of tiger prawn seeds (Penaeus monodon) for aquacultural farms and molluskan shells for poultry feed and edible lime. Indiscriminate exploitation of these resources leads to a heavy reduction of the species concerned and other associated marine communities. The magnitude of such destruction has been quantified. The impacts of biodiversity loss and their after-effects on the ecobalance of this coastal system have become a matter of great concern to ecologists to maintain security and sustainability. The authors propose a public awareness program on themes relating to the importance of biodiversity for human livelihoods.     

Comparison of methods for evaluation of activity of photocatalytic films

Objective

This work aims to investigate the correlation between the photocatalytic activity determined by methylene blue bleaching (DIN 52980), stearic acid degradation, and degradation of acetone in gas phase.

Method

The photocatalytic TiO₂ coatings included in this investigation ranged from thin commercially available coatings (Activ^TM and BioClean^TM) and ready to use suspensions (Nano-X PK1245) to lab-produced PVD and sol?Cgel coatings. XRD analysis of the photocatalytic coatings showed that all the coatings consisted of nanocrystalline anatase, although the thickness and porosity varied considerably.

Results

The study showed that the reproducibility of the activity measurements was good. However, more importantly, the investigation showed that there is a good correlation between the activities determined by the different methods even though the characteristics of the photocatalytic coatings and the organic probe molecules varied considerably.

Conclusion

The overall findings of this work suggest that there is a good correlation between the investigated methods. These results are promising for the future work concerning standardization of methods for determination of the activity of photocatalytic films.