淮河流域水污染防治与生态经济思考

淮河流域水环境严重污染的形成,既有历史社会经济发展中忽视环境保护、欠帐过多的问题,也有水资源条件差、环境容量较小的问题。淮河流域水环境污染多种多样,既有工业点源,又有农业和农村面源,还有人口迅速膨胀及城镇迅速发展所带来的污染。淮河流域水环境污染是生态经济问题。因此,解决淮河流域水环境污染问题,仅仅做到治理工业污染源、建立城市污水处理厂,是远远不够的。要从根本上解决淮河流域水环境问题,则应当在１９９５ 年淮河流域对工业污染源和城市生活污水治理进行规划的基础上,就人口、资源、环境、社会、经济进行综合考虑,从生态经济角度进一步做好全面的水环境规划。在规划中尤其要突出可持续发展,并在实施可持续发展中解决污染问题,要在工业、农业中普遍实行清洁生产,要注意节约水资源和合理利用水资源,注意控制人口增长并提高人口素质,在农村城镇化水平迅速提高的同时做好城镇生活污水利用和处理。     

广东省水资源问题及可持续利用对策

论述了广东省的水资源状况和水资源利用中存在的主要问题，提出了水资源可持续利用的对策。认为水质性缺水、水利工程老化失修、水资源浪费严重、管理体制不健全是水资源利用中存在的主要问题；应加强水污染的防治，健全防洪防旱体系，建立健全水资源统一管理运作饥制，提高全民节水观念，发展节水农业，走兴林治水之路，使水资源可持续利用。     

广东省节水与旱作农业基本情况调查报告

全省节水与旱作农业基本情况调查结果表明：干旱缺水是影响旱坡地作物产量提高的主要因子.近年来.我省采用节水灌溉技术、节水耕作技术、优化种植结构等措施,提高了水资源的利用率.今后,在旱坡地上开发节水高效农业大有潜力.     

天津市地表水水质变化趋势及对策

水资源短缺和水体严重污染,是天津市的主要水环境问题。通过对天津市主要水体水质变化趋势及产生原因分析,揭示天津地区水污染的发生规律,并提出了改善水环境质量的相应对策。     

天津可持续发展的水资源约束与对策

天津是资源型缺水城市，水资源严重短缺、水质污染以及过量开采地下水导致的地面沉降等问题成为天津社会经济快速发展的制约因素。在对天津水资源现状及相关问题分析基础上，提出建立节水型经济结构、建立健全水资源行政管理体系等水资源可持续利用的对策。     

淮河流域水污染防治与生态经济思考

淮河流域水环境严重污染的形成，既有历史社会经济发展中忽视环境保护，欠帐过多的问题，也有水资源条件差，环境容量较小的问题。淮河流域水环境污染多种多样，既有工业点源，又有农业和农村面源，还有人口迅速膨胀及城镇迅速发展所带来的污染。     

水管理和工业:匈牙利的实例

匈牙利复杂的水资源问题涉及严重污染的地表水和危险性不断增加的地下水。因此在匈牙利及其邻国,有效的节水和污染控制方法至关重要。为节水和污染控制服务的活动最有效的是工业管理,包括厂内管理。在过去二十年中,这一活动已得到了发展。 由于认识到工业水管理的重要性,国家水主管部门已建立了一个覆盖法律和经济方面以及技术法规的体制框架,并引入了教育和培训课程。环境和水管理部的设立,以及此前不协调的水管理和环境保护职能的一体化,将为水资源管理、污染控制、工业水管理、废物管理和空气污染控制领域之间的合作提供新的机会。     

耦合流域模型及在中国环境规划与管理中的应用进展

流域水环境模型是研究流域水体黑臭、水体富营养化和水质超标问题的重要工具,流域水环境模型从概念上可以分为(半)机理模型和经验型模型,前者通过方程式和函数关系来刻画流域水动力和迁移转化规律,并通过实测数据校准获取本土化的参数系数,后者力图寻求大数据量间的统计学规律。按照模拟对象的不同,流域水环境模型还可以划分为陆域的污染负荷模拟模型、水域的受纳水体模拟模型,以及水-陆耦合模拟模型。模型对整个流域系统及其内部发生的复杂地球化学过程进行定量化描述,污染负荷模型一般用来估算点源及非点源产生的污染负荷量,并计算出进入河道的污染负荷量,作为受纳水体模型的污染源边界输入条件;受纳水体模型一般用来模拟沉积物或污染物在河流、湖泊、水库、河口、沿海等水体中的运动和衰减转化过程,是水质预测、评价、分析的重要工具。传统的流域模型多用评价自然活动以及人类活动对水环境造成的影响,而当前越来越多的学者将水环境模型与经济学模型进行耦合,开展基于水环境模型的环境政策设计和优化研究。文章从系统控制的视角,主要总结了水量水质耦合流域模型在水资源管理政策、水环境管理政策中的应用,例如水资源有效分配、排污交易产生的水环境影响、基于成本-效益的水污染控制策略优化等。在此基础上文章对流域水环境模型的发展方向和应用前景进行了的展望,流域水环境容量控制策略、目标总量控制策略的水环境影响比较分析以及水环境模型的不确定性研究将是未来关注的重点所在,尤其不确定性问题经常存在于水污染物产排放预测和水环境质量模拟预测过程中,对于提升环境规划与管理的科学性、有效性具有十分重要的现实意义。     

河南省水环境质量评价

水环境质量评价可为水环境质量管理和规划提供科学的决策依据。利用河南省环境状况公报水质监测数据,参考水质评价标准《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838─2002)和《地下水环境质量标准》(CB/T 14848─93),评价了河南省18个省辖市和10个省直管县(市)地表水、城市地下水、集中式饮用水源地及水库水质的环境质量。结果表明,2014年河南省化学需氧量和氨氮排放量分别比2013年减少了2.62%和3.61%,降幅高于全国平均同比下降值。全省废水排放量增加趋势明显,2014年和2013年全省废水排放量分别同比增加了2.48%和2.16%。全省地表水水质总体呈现中度污染,主要污染因子是化学需氧量、五日生化需氧量、氨氮和总磷。其中,省辖海河流域水质一直处于重度污染级别;省辖长江流域水质相对较好。全省城市地下水水质基本稳定,水质级别为Ⅱ类,但是开封市和濮阳市城市地下水污染比较严重;全省集中式饮用水源地水质均为Ⅱ类。全省水库水质常年保持在Ⅱ类标准,但是石漫滩水库、昭平台水库、孤石滩水库、宿鸭湖水库水质退化比较严重,主要的污染因子为高锰酸盐、总磷、五日生化需氧量和石油类等。尽管河南省水环境质量有了很大改善,但是河南省地表水环境质量令人担忧,特别是省辖海河流域水污染一直位居全省河流污染之首,严重制约了河南省社会经济的可持续发展和美丽河南建设。     

城市节制用水的理论与方法

分析了我国的水污染状况，论述了节水的系统工程理论、水夹点技术、水平衡测试理论及水价格政策，总结了国内外节水实践经验，探讨了我国城市节制用水的措施与方法，指出污水深度处理与回用、清洁生产、利用雨水与海水、发展节水农业、提高建筑物节水效率是促进城市水环境恢复的有效途径，提出了城市节水的研究方向。     

水资源危机与节水农业

论述了当今世界水资源危机的现状，引起水资源危机的主要原因；认为发展节水农业是缓解水资源危机的重要举措，并概述了节水农业的技术现状和节水农业今后的发展趋势．     

广东省农业生态环境问题与对策

随着社会经济和城市化的快速发展，以及人口的剧增，广东省的农业发展正面临一系列严重的生态环境问题。这些问题包括耕地资源日益缺乏，农业环境污染日益严重，土壤肥力退化和水土流失仍未遏止，地区性的洪旱灾害频繁，森林生态系统简单而脆弱，外来物种入侵猖獗，等等。文章对这些问题进行了讨论，并提出了若干治理对策。认为要使广东省农业可持续发展，必须合理开发利用农业自然资源，严格控制非农业用地与人口增长，加强农业环境污染的防治，加强土壤肥力退化和水土流失的综合治理，发展节水农业，改善林分结构和生态服务功能。此外，认为还应加强外来物种的安全防范工作和科学研究，防止外来物种对农业生态系统的组成、结构和功能的破坏。     

建筑给水排水节水节能方法探讨

建筑给水排水工程的节水节能不容忽视．因节约用水能给社会带来环境效益、经济效益和社会效益．本文从建筑给排水系统的设计、建筑污水处理回用等角度,研究探讨了建筑给水排水节水应采取的途征和方法,以获得最大的节水效果,表1,参4．     

人工快速渗滤法处理小城镇污水的模拟试验研究

小城镇污水既是水资源的主要污染源,同时也是可利用水资源的重要组成部分,高效率、低成本的小城镇污水处理技术是农业生态安全和工程节水的急需。研究采用人工快速渗滤方法处理小城镇污水,在湿干比一定（湿干比1∶3）的条件下设3种填料比[V（土）∶V（砂）=1∶1、2∶1和3∶1）和3种不同水力负荷周期[短周期（0.5 d进水,1.5 d落干）、中周期（1 d进水,3 d落干）和长周期（3 d进水,9 d落干）]进行交叉试验。跟踪测定处理后水中COD、总磷、凯氏氮和铵氮的去除率。结果表明,系统的COD和总磷去除效果较好,最高去除率分别达到73.19%和54.86%。COD的去除受水力负荷周期影响较大,在长水力负荷周期条件下去除效率高,总磷的去除受水力负荷周期的影响小。系统对凯氏氮和铵氮的去除效率偏低,两者的最高去除率分别为46.67%和40.67%,均在长周期条件下取得。     

Impact of coal industries on the quality of Damodar river water

Increasing demand for water in domestic, agricultural, and industrial sectors necessitates exploitation of water either in the form of groundwater or from natural resources. To safeguard the long-term sustainability of water resources and their utilization, the quality of water has to be periodically monitored and determined for various characteristics, especially when the sources are polluted, such as Damodar river. Central Institute of Mining and Fuel Research (CIMFR), Dhanbad, is carrying out research work on coal and its utilization and associated environmental concerns. The blood stream of life for the whole Jharia Coalfield is none other than the river Damodar. CIMFR's campus also depends exclusively on river Damodar for meeting its demand of drinking water. This study is a general survey toward the characteristics of Damodar river water, with special emphasis on the pollutant parameters, and evaluation of the treatment process being carried out at the institute for potability. Damodar river water is indeed affected by the disposal of the wastes without any pre-treatment by different coal-based industries established in its basin. The quantity of dissolved and suspended solids, total hardness, chemical oxygen demand, and coliform bacterial count are higher in Damodar water due to the disposal of the waste/effluents from coal-washing plants, coke ovens, cement, and other industries, but well within the permissible limit which is probably attributable to the high-carrying capacity of the river. The river is still not that much affected as it is usually apprehended, and it can be well utilized for potable and domestic purposes after simple treatment.     

Genotoxic potential of organic extracts from municipal reclaimed water in Tianjin,China

Despite increasing pressure to make more efficient use of water resources, the widespread use of reclaimed water still remains a contentious issue, primarily because of risks to human health arising from water pollution by organic compounds. Therefore, safety evaluation of reclaimed water is an urgent need. The aim of this study was to determine the genotoxic potential of reclaimed water during low and high water periods. Reverse phase C-18 solid-phase extraction (RP-C18SPE) was used for the extraction of organic compounds from water samples. The tests, namely, Ames, micronucleus and chromosome aberrations were used to determine the damage caused by water samples on genetic material. Ames tests showed that both influent and effluent reclaimed water, except influent after metabolism by S9 in high water period, induced mutation of TA98 and TA100 strains of Salmonella typhimurium in a concentration-response manner. There were no significant differences in micronucleus and chromosome aberration tests. Even after treatment, reclaimed water in Tianjin still showed mutational effects and new strategies for reduction of genotoxins need to be considered.     

基于生态足迹法的区域水资源生态承载力计算与评价——以珠海市为例

研究了人类社会对水资源的消耗、对自然生态环境的影响以及该影响的量化方法和量化指标,将生态足迹法引入区域水资源承载力系统,构建珠海市水资源生态承载力计算模型,分析计算水资源供给对区域经济社会发展的生态承载力,并对该地区的水资源生态承载力进行生态盈亏和敏感性评价.结果表明,总体上珠海市水资源系统呈现生态亏损,亏损率为37%,水资源生态承载呈现超载现象,珠海市城市化进程中流动人口增长对区域水资源的生态承载压力较大.研究结果还表明,将生态足迹模型运用到地区水资源承载力中具有较高的可信度,对地方尺度具有适用性.     

Water shortages and countermeasures for sustainable utilisation in the context of climate change in the Yellow River Delta region,China

With an increasing population and rapid development of the economy and society of the Yellow River Basin region, the Yellow River is at crisis point. The discrepancy between supply and demand of water resources is a key issue. In 2000–2006, the mean annual discharge of the Yellow River entering the delta was 13.2 billion m³, a reduction of 18.6 billion m³ compared with the 1980s, and 9 billion m³ less than in the 1990s. The water requirements of various sectors are increasing. Large amounts of water essential to maintain the health of the delta ecosystem have been diverted for other users. The lower river channel is shrinking and the threat of flooding is becoming severe. Moreover, water pollution is increasing to a serious level; the river mouth ecosystem is subject to degradation. Due to overall decreased flow into the delta, and almost no flow into the delta for much of the year except in wet periods, biodiversity is threatened and there has been degradation of the ecological environment. In view of the water scarcity and variation in water supply, particularly in the context of climate change, measures need to be taken to realise sustainable water use in the Yellow River Delta region. In view of the lack of a complete index system for sustainable utilisation of regional water resources in China, this paper examines the major countermeasures for sustainable water use in the region. A rational adjustment mechanism for water prices is needed. Adjustment of agricultural infrastructure and water saving need to be directed by water prices, and thus the reasonable exploitation of groundwater must also be directed by water prices. Participation of the public is to be encouraged, with the development of a water user association that will become involved in formulating water rights, water allocation and water prices. Decision-making, management and supervision of this association will be done in a democratic way to promote the social management of water saving.     

Scenarios of global bioenergy production: The trade-offs between agricultural expansion, intensification and trade

Increased future demands for food, fibre and fuels from biomass can only be met if the available land and water resources on a global scale are used and managed as efficiently as possible. The main routes for making the global agricultural system more productive are through intensification and technological change on currently used agricultural land, land expansion into currently non-agricultural areas, and international trade in agricultural commodities and processed goods. In order to analyse the trade-offs and synergies between these options, we present a global bio-economic modelling approach with a special focus on spatially explicit land and water constraints as well as technological change in agricultural production. For a global bioenergy demand scenario reaching 100 ExaJoule (EJ) until 2055 we derive a required rate of productivity increase on agricultural land between 1.2 and 1.4 percent per year under different land allocation options. A very high pressure for yield increase occurs in Sub-Saharan Africa and the Middle East, even without additional bioenergy demand. Moreover, we analyse the implicit values (shadow prices) of limited water resources. The shadow prices for bioenergy are provided as a metric for assessing the trade-offs between different land allocation options and as a link between the agricultural and energy sector.     

欧洲国家控制农业养分污染水环境的管理措施

近年来欧洲国家为控制农业养分污染水环境采取了一系列行政、法律和经济等环境管理措施,鼓励和刺激农民采取更加有利于环境的耕作方法,限制化肥、厩肥等养分投入,以最大限度地减轻氮、磷等养分流失对地下水和地表水体的污染,取得了显著的成效。本文对此作了详细介绍,以资借鉴。