The Water Quality Of The CÉrtima River Basin (Central Portugal)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the water quality of the Cértima River basin (Central Portugal). For that purpose, surface water samples were collected in March, May and July 2003, at 10 selected sampling sites, and were analysed for physicochemical parameters, namely temperature, conductivity, pH, total suspended solids, dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD₅), Kjeldahl nitrogen and total phosphorus. Results revealed an acceptable water quality during the spring season. Maxima of 64 mg dm⁻³ for BOD₅, 39 mg dm⁻³ for Kjeldahl nitrogen, and 5.2 mg dm⁻³ for total phosphorus, were recorded during summer, indicating a significant degradation of the water quality in a river stretch located downstream of the town of Mealhada. These values, which did not comply with the objectives of minimum quality for surface waters prescribed by the Portuguese legislation, were related to domestic wastewater discharges and runoff waters from a cattle farm. Besides their effects on the middle stretch of the river, these pollution sources were the most likely cause of the high nutrient load in downstream waters, and thus may have a major impact on the trophic status of Pateira de Fermentelos, a sensitive wetland area located in the lower Cértima basin.     

Evaluation of Water Quality in the Chillán River (Central Chile) Using Physicochemical Parameters and a Modified Water Quality Index

The Chillán River in Central Chile plays a fundamental role in local society, as a source of irrigation and drinking water, and as a sink for urban wastewater. In order to characterize the spatial and temporal variability of surface water quality in the watershed, a Water Quality Index (WQI) was calculated from nine physicochemical parameters, periodically measured at 18 sampling sites (January–November 2000). The results indicated a good water quality in the upper and middle parts of the watershed. Downstream of the City of Chillán, water quality conditions were critical during the dry season, mainly due to the effects of the urban wastewater discharge. On the basis of the results from a Principal Component Analysis (PCA), modifications were introduced into the original WQI to reduce the costs associated with its implementation. WQI_DIR2 and WQI_DIR, which are both based on a laboratory analysis (Chemical Oxygen Demand) and three (pH, temperature and conductivity), respectively, four field measurements (pH, temperature, conductivity and Dissolved Oxygen), adequately reproduce the most important spatial and temporal variations observed with the original index. They are proposed as useful tools for monitoring global water quality trends in this and other, similar agricultural watersheds in the Chilean Central Valley. Possibilities and limitations for the application of the used methodology to watersheds in other parts of the world are discussed.     

An Evaluation of Selenium Concentrations in Water, Sediment, Invertebrates, and Fish from the Republican River Basin: 1997–1999

The Republican River Basin of Colorado,Nebraska, and Kansas lies in a valley which contains PierreShale as part of its geological substrata. Selenium is anindigenous constituent in the shale and is readily leached intosurrounding groundwater. The Basin is heavily irrigated throughthe pumping of groundwater, some of which is selenium-contaminated, onto fields in agricultural production. Water,sediment, benthic invertebrates, and/or fish were collected from46 sites in the Basin and were analyzed for selenium to determinethe potential for food-chain bioaccumulation, dietary toxicity,and reproductive effects of selenium in biota. Resultingselenium concentrations were compared to published guidelines orbiological effects thresholds. Water from 38% of the sites (n = 18) contained selenium concentrations exceeding 5 g L^-1, which is reported to be a high hazard for selenium accumulation into the planktonic food chain. An additional 12 sites (26% of the sites) contained selenium in water between 3–5 g L^-1, constituting a moderate hazard. Selenium concentrations in sedimentindicated little to no hazard for selenium accumulation fromsediments into the benthic food chain. Ninety-five percent ofbenthic invertebrates collected exhibited selenium concentrationsexceeding 3 g g^-1, a level reported as potentially lethal to fish and birds that consume them. Seventy-five percent of fish collected in 1997, 90% in 1998, and 64% in 1999 exceeded 4 g g^-1selenium, indicating a high potential for toxicity andreproductive effects. However, examination of weight profilesof various species of collected individual fish suggestedsuccessful recruitment in spite of selenium concentrations thatexceeded published biological effects thresholds for health andreproductive success. This finding suggested that universalapplication of published guidelines for selenium may beinappropriate or at least may need refinement for systems similarto the Republican River Basin. Additional research is needed todetermine the true impact of selenium on fish and wildliferesources in the Basin.     

The Quality of Water in the Buško Blato Reservoir

The article presents the results of chemical andmicrobiological measurements of the water quality in theBuko Blato reservoir, the largest in Europe, in the period 1989 to 1998.The aim was to observe possiblechanges in water quality during the past decade and itsinfluence on the downstream section of the Cetina River andits numerous tributaries and reservoirs, where there are twolarge regional water supply systems. This reservoir wasbuilt in order to exploit the high hydro-electric potentialof small streamflows in the karst fields of south-westernBosnia. It has strongly influenced the hydrologicconditions of the downstream section of the Cetina River.Buko Blato is a relatively shallow reservoir with the meandepth of 5 m. It covers an area of 57 km². The waterexchange in the reservoir is slow, occurring from one toseveral years. When the water inflow exceeds the hydroelectric plant demands the excess water is delivered by a reversible channel and pre-pumped into the Buko Blato reservoir. The total and carbonate water hardness in thereservoir is lower than in the Cetina River and in typicalkarst streamflows, since the water in this reservoir comesmainly from surface sources including numerous springs withhigh capacity oscillations, torrents and rainfall.Measurements, carried out during the past years, showed asignificant increase in nitrate content as well as in thecoli bacteria and a less significant increase in totalphosphorus content. The water quality was evaluated asmezotrophic according to the total phosphorus content basedon the Carlson index of trophic level, a lower quality thanin the Perua reservoir, upstream on the Cetina River. Thelatter contains a smaller phosphorus content and wasclassed between oligotrophic and mezotrophic. According tothese data, employing the Vollenweider equation, the totalphosphorus content in this water should not exceed the meanof 20 mg m^-3 P. The results indicate that the water inthe Buko Blato reservoir did not deteriorate the waterquality on the downstream section of the Cetina River.     

Status of Heavy Metals in Water and Bed Sediments of River Gomti – A Tributary of the Ganga River, India

The concentrations of cadmium, chromium, copper, iron, lead, manganese, nickel, and zinc in water and bed sediments of river Gomti have been studied in a fairly long stretch of 500 km from Neemsar to Jaunpur. Grab samples of water (October 2002–March 2003) and bed sediments (December 2002 and March 2003) were collected from 10 different locations following the standard methods. The river water and sediment samples were processed and analyzed for heavy metals viz., Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Pb, Mn, Ni, and Zn, and using ICP-AES. The heavy metals found in the river water were in the range: Cd (0.0001–0.0005 mg/L); Cr (0.0015–0.0688 mg/L); Cu (0.0013–0.0.0043 mg/L); Fe (0.0791–0.3190 mg/L); Mn (0.0038–0.0.0973 mg/L); Ni (0.0066–0.011 mg/L); Pb (0.0158–0.0276 mg/L); and Zn (0.0144–0.0298 mg/L) respectively. In the sediments the same were found in the range: Cd (0.70–7.90 g/g); Cr (6.105–20.595 g/g); Cu (3.735–35.68 g/g); Fe (5051.485–8291.485 g/g); Mn (134.915–320.45 g/g); Ni (13.905–37.370 g/g); Pb (21.25–92.15 g/g); and Zn (15.72–99.35 g/g) of dry weight respectively. Some physico-chemical parameters viz., pH, total solids, total dissolved solids, total suspended solids, dissolved oxygen, biological oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, hardness etc. were estimated as these have direct or indirect influence on the incidence, transport and speciation of the heavy metals. Based on the geoaccumulation indices, the Gomti river sediments from Neemsar to Jaunpur are considered to be unpolluted with respect to Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn. It is unpolluted to moderately polluted with Pb. In case of Cd it varies from moderately polluted to highly polluted. As far as Ni is concerned the sediment is very highly polluted at Barabanki and Jaunpur D/s. No correlation was found between enrichment factor and geoaccumulation index.     

Water Quality Index (WQI) of Jaguari and Atibaia Rivers in the region of Paulínia,São Paulo,Brazil

Environmental Monitoring and Assessment - Due to the concern with the quality of hydric resources, the monitoring is essential to evaluate and identify the anthropogenic and environmental...     

The Influence of Dioxide Chloride on Water Quality of Balneário Camboriú Beach, Brazil

Since February 1999, the Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant (MWTP) of Balneário Camboriú, Brazil, started a complementary treatment with ClO₂ application on its effluent. It was realized to minimize its impacts caused by increase of the population during summer. This study was realized in order to verify the influence of this compound in the water quality and the environmental evaluations. Samples of surface water were collected in this environment between January 1997 and June 2001 for chemical and microbiological surveys. The results had shown that after application of ClO₂, fecal coliforms were decreased about six times in the beach (2.3 × 10³ to 3.5 × 10² MPN/100 ml) and three times in the river (3.3 × 10⁴ to 1.0 × 10⁴ MPN/100 ml), during summer time. NH₄ ⁺ showed an increase of about four times and 1.5 times, respectively, to beach and river. These results are showing the influence of ClO₂ on chemical and microbiological parameters.     

Assessment on Seasonal Variation of Groundwater Quality of Phreatic Aquifers – a River Basin System

Spatial distribution of pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), fluoride and total iron content of ground water samples collected from the muvattupuzha river basin, Kerala, India, has been studied for pre monsoon and post monsoon periods of year 2001. Results showed the groundwater of the basin is acidic for which the pH values ranged between 5.5 and 8.0. Average EC was found to be less than 100 μS/cm, for most of the study region. The pre monsoon minimum and maximum TDS were found as 25.6 and 227.84 mg/L respectively, where as post monsoon values ranged between 16 and 162.56 mg/L. The relatively low EC and TDS values found both during the seasons in the lateritic terrain of the river basin signifies the lower residence time of ground water with the country rock. This makes the groundwater quality of this river basin as good. Pre monsoon season samples showed high total iron content than that during the post monsoon period. During the study period values of the fluoride contents were found to be within the permissible limits.     

Water quality of the Ribeirão Preto Stream, a watercourse under anthropogenic influence in the southeast of Brazil

It is known that Brazil still has a privileged position of water quantity and quality, but water use has not proceeded in a responsible manner and often results in impairment of quality. This study aims to evaluate limnological parameters, parasites and bacteria, and concentrations of heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Cu, Cr, Mn, Hg, and Zn) in surface water of Ribeirão Preto Stream. The Ribeirão Preto Stream is located in urban areas under anthropogenic influence. The results showed that the levels of dissolved oxygen values were lower than those established by the National Environmental Council (CONAMA Resolution No 357/2005). The reading of electrical conductivity showed values typical of impacted environments. The parasitological analysis revealed the presence of nematode larvae. The bacteriological analysis showed higher values for total coliform and Escherichia coli than those set by the Brazilian National Environment Council (CONAMA). The heavy metals Cd, Pb, Cu, Cr, Mn, Hg, and Zn showed concentrations in accordance with the guidelines established by CONAMA. The results provide data on the quality of these waters and showed the necessity to protect the watercourse from point sources of contamination, recommending their continued monitoring.     

长江源区河流及典型湖泊丰水期水质与鱼类群落分析

为加强长江源区水生态研究,于2017年丰水期调查了长江源区5个湖泊、5条河流的水质和鱼类资源状况,并研究了其空间格局.水质综合指数(WQI)计算结果显示,长江源区WQI范围为41～87,评价等级介于差到良好之间,大部分采样点的水质评价等级为一般,其中,班德湖的水质评价等级为良好.主成分分析结果显示,长江源区河流、淡水湖...     

汕头市练江流域景观格局与水质的关联分析

水环境对景观格局的变化极为敏感,水域(湿地)面积、分布格局、水质、水文特征等的变化,与土地变化和人类活动有着密切的关系,明确影响水质变化的关键景观因子,对于深入了解景观格局对水质的影响机制具有重要的研究价值.该研究选择广东省汕头市练江流域为研究对象,以2019年TM卫星影像、水质监测以及工业点源污染数据为基础,利用Sp...     

结合GIS探析吉林省东部生态建设分区战略

以地理信息系统(GIS)为技术支持,以生态系统组成和空间结构为指标,对吉林省东部的生态建设分区进行研究。借助AreView分析工具,从吉林省2000年的1:100000土地利用数字化地图中,提取东部山区土地利用数据,进行生态系统的结构研究,并在此基础上划分出东部山区生态系统的生态经济类型,为土地资源的有效利用和生产力的合理布局提供决策支持。     

连续纵向水质监测方法在温瑞塘河的应用

水质监测结果是水质评价与水污染防治的重要依据。针对常规定点水质监测方法无法完整再现水质指标的时空连续分布特征的问题,将船只搭载的水质实时监测设备与GPS同步形成基于GIS数据支撑的连续纵向水质监测方法。重点对水质监测仪及GPS空间数据集成问题进行了分析讨论,并在温瑞塘河流域进行了实验论证。结果表明,连续性纵向水质监测不但能进行连续时空水质监测,还能与GPS、GIS结合进行连续性时空分布特征的分析。     

基于形态空间格局分析方法和最小累积阻力模型的北京市平原区造林工程生态格局分析

为了科学评估北京市平原区造林工程的生态影响,利用高分卫星数据获取2018—2020年北京市平原区造林面积、分布及变化信息,分析了造林工程的空间格局特征,并采用形态空间格局分析(MSPA)方法及最小累积阻力(MCR)模型,构建了北京市平原区生态网络,通过情景模拟分析造林工程对生态源地、生态廊道产生的影响。结果显示,2018—2020年北京市平原区造林工程主要沿西北东南方向实施,实现了对原有林地资源分布不均衡问题的解决。热点建设区域为北部的延庆及东南部的通州、大兴,呈现由城市边界逐步向市中心蔓延的发展趋势。在不考虑其他因素对土地利用的影响的前提下,造林工程的实施使平原区林地面积增长了9.8%。通过情景模拟发现,造林工程的实施使生态网络向连通、完整、均衡方向发展。其中,生态源地面积增长了131.0 km²,主要生态源地连通性提升了41.1%,生态廊道的分布由主要分布在西北部山区向西北、东南两个方向均有密集分布转变。综上,造林工程的生态环境效应显著,造林工程的实施对生态环境质量改善具有重要意义。     

重点城市空气质量日报分析和图形表征技术研究

介绍了利用数据库管理系统和ArcGIS平台开发的全国重点城市空气质量空间查询、分析和图形表征系统,较好地利用全国重点城市空气质量日报数据分析全国空气质量时间变化趋势和空间区域分布.     

Modeling the spatial pattern of farmland using GIS and multiple logistic regression: a case study of Maotiao River Basin, Guizhou Province, China

Land use change is an important topic in the field of global environmental change and sustainable development. Land use change modeling has attracted substantial attention because it helps researchers understand the mechanisms of land use change and assists regulatory bodies in formulating relevant policies. Maotiao River Basin is located in the province of Guizhou, China, which has a developed agricultural industry in the karst mountain areas. This paper selected biophysical and social–economic factors as independent variables, and constructed a multiple logistic regression of farmland spatial distribution probability by random sampling. Then, by using GIS technology and integrating the 2000 data, this study predicted the farmland spatial pattern. When the predicted map was compared with the actual farmland map for 2000, we noted that 71% of the simulation is in accordance with the 2000 farmland pattern. The result satisfactorily proves the reasonability and applicability of our model.     

丹江口水库湖北库区水质分区及长期变化趋势

丹江口水库是南水北调中线工程水源地,准确地掌握丹江口水库水环境质量状况变化情况,对保障调水工程顺利进行有着极其重要的意义。基于水质理化指标将丹江口水库湖北库区水域划分为4个区,各分区的主要物理指标存在显著差异,化学指标较为均一;近10年水质历史监测数据显示,湖北库区除总氮指标外,其余监测指标水质类别均达到或优于Ⅱ类,总体水质保持优良;氨氮、总磷、总氮3项指标年均浓度从2007年起呈增加趋势,在2011年后均有所降低并趋于稳定。农业面源污染对丹江口水库水质影响较大。目前采取的各项环保措施对丹江口水库的水质产生了积极的影响,需继续加大各项治理措施的实施力度,完善水质监测系统,保障丹江口水库水质安全。     

乌鲁木齐市土地利用景观格局变化研究

运用GIS、RS技术及景观生态学理论和方法,基于乌鲁木齐市2006年和2010年遥感影像解译数据,对乌鲁木齐市5年间土地利用景观格局变化特征进行分析,分别从斑块类型和景观水平2个方面对研究区土地利用景观类型进行动态分析。揭示其变化原因和内在规律,为研究区生态治理提供数据支撑,对景观的规划与管理、资源的有效利用和生物多样性保护具有重要意义。     

基于BP神经网络的齐齐哈尔地区地下水水质评价

阐述了人工神经网络基本原理,介绍了BP网络的地下水水质评价模型.在传统的评价方法基础上,根据各评价因子对环境和人类影响程度不同,给水质监测指标分组,从实用角度对水质进行评价.与传统评价方法相比,该评价模型在某评价因子数值极大的情况下,也能准确反映地下水的污染情况,并且通过GIS技术利用评价结果得到地下水水质分布图,从空间反映地下水水质变化规律.