青藏公路改建完善工程的生态环境保护措施

青藏公路地处青藏高原,生态环境类型多种多样.本文针对高寒草甸生态、高寒草原生态、沼泽湿地生态、砾漠戈壁和高寒荒漠生态、河流生态植被、高寒灌丛生态等类型地区不同生态环境类型,从工程防护、植被恢复和景观恢复等角度提出不同的生态恢复和保护措施,缓解青藏公路改建完善过程中对青藏高原生物多样性及生态环境的破坏.     

团粒喷播在废弃采石场生态恢复方面的应用

废弃采石场严重影响城市周边的生态景观,极易导致生态环境的继续恶化。以文登某一采石场破损山体的绿化工程为例,运用团粒喷播生态修复技术对废弃矿山进行生态性治理,并探讨其生态恢复方法,以期为今后废弃矿山的残损山体植被恢复和生态环境重建提供参考。     

黄土高原区煤矿排土场复垦及区域生态恢复示范工程

黄土高原资源开发后物生态恢复问题是该区域生态环境中亟待解决的重要问题,以内蒙古准格尔露天矿排土地复垦及区域环境生态恢复示范工程为实例,研究了在黄土高原资源开发区搞生态恢复工程的技术,方法和效果。研究结果表明,该生态恢复的技术关键是在必要的土地处理和工程措施基础上,选择适宜的植物种类,依不同的立半条件和功能划分,建立与之适应的生态结构模式。该研究中选出了６０余种适宜植物种和８种适宜生态结构类型,使其     

广西凤凰锰矿区废弃地生态环境问题及恢复治理对策

凤凰锰矿区是我国著名的大型锰矿区之一,历经数十年露天开采,遍布成百上千废弃采矿深坑,地表裸露光秃,重金属元素Mn、Cd、Pb、Cr等已污染土壤,危害植物生长,生态环境破坏严重。针对该矿区的生态环境现状问题,提出生态恢复治理对策和建议,认为生态恢复应从加强矿区土壤性状、有害元素赋存状态研究入手,指导生态恢复,复绿美化山川,营造和谐的生态景观;指出要重视尾矿资源的再开发利用,提高生态治理综合效益;强调重视利用生物治理技术修复重金属元素污染废弃地,恢复土壤的生态功能和永续利用;建议加强管理组织综合研究,建立凤凰矿区废弃地生态恢复创新示范工程,推动广西矿山生态环境治理的发展。     

建立陕西生态环境保护监控指标体系初探

针对陕西生态环境问题和生态环境功能特点提出生态环境保护监控指标体系，为生态恢复、生态建设、生态环境管理和生态环境保护提供科学依据。     

矿山生态恢复研究进展

论述了恢复生态学的概念、理论基础、矿山开采对生态环境的负面影响，矿山生态恢复的研究现状。并对以后发展提出了几点建议。     

新疆煤炭开采主要生态环境问题及治理对策

结合新疆煤炭资源开发利用的特点,通过分析煤炭资源大规模开发利用导致的主要生态环境问题,提出健全生态环境恢复法律法规、严格执行环评和"三同时"制度、实行开采许可证制度、明确生态恢复经费来源、推广煤矿绿色开采技术和洁净煤技术、强化生态恢复科研力度等治理生态环境破坏的对策。     

整合煤矿生态环境治理特点

整合煤矿生态环境治理方案的编写在整合前的场地和地面塌陷如何治理两方面还存在争议。以陕北某煤矿为例,在对煤矿生态环境调查的基础上,重点对整合前各煤矿的场地、道路、排矸场及地面塌陷进行了资料收集及与详细调查,并针对调查出的生态问题提出了针对性的恢复治理措施,并计算了工程量,为整合煤矿的生态恢复治理措施提出了切实可行的技术方法。     

金属矿复垦中的污染防治与生态复垦设计探讨——以广东云安县高枨铅锌矿为例

矿区土地生态复垦与重建是保护环境、减少矿产开采对周围生态环境破坏与污染的重要途径。金属矿废弃地的重金属污染和植物生长条件的严重劣化导致了矿区废弃地植被恢复和生态重建的效率低下、速度十分缓慢。因此,有效治理重金属污染并选择适宜的恢复植被品种是进行金属矿山废弃地植被重建和生态恢复的关键。文章以广东高枨铅锌矿复垦方案为例,在分析预测矿区土地破坏与污染状况的基础上,结合项目区地形地貌等特点,提出了尾矿库和废石场污染的三阶段防治措施:(1)化学钝化措施;(2)工程阻隔措施;(3)植被生长层建立或生态恢复的生物措施。根据当地气候条件及土壤特点,对适宜的植物品种进行了严格的筛选和组配,提出了尾矿库和废石场生态复垦规划设计方案以重建人工生态系统。     

生态恢复与重建

生态恢复与重建作为生态环境建设的重要内容之一，越来越受到重视，文章从生态恢复的概念和基本理论出发，重点探讨了生态的工程与技术，自然控制论在恢复生态工程中的调控作用，恢复生态与重建研究的重点领域和热点等内容，最后指出，只要加强工程，技术方面的研究，恢复受到损的生态系统是可能的。     

城市河流的生态恢复

目前,河流退化己被公认为一个全球性的生态环境问题,受到国际社会的普遍关注。随着环境意识、生态观念的增强以及生活水平的提高,对恢复严重受损的城市河流生态系统的要求越来越迫切。从一些发达国家的实践来看,水利工程与生态紧密结合是未来重要的发展趋势。中国的水利发展也正从传统的“工程水利”走向“生态水利”、“环境水利”的新阶段。     

开发建设项目生态环境影响评价原则─生态环境功能保护论

地球各类生态系统是人类可持续生存与发展所依赖的环境,即生态环境,从可持续发展战略出发,在开发建设项目的环境影响评价中应注重生态环境影响评价。本文提出,生态环境影响评价应从保持生态系统的环境功能着眼,评价生态功能所受的寻求功能补偿的措施。文中列出１２项以上的生态环境功能和建议进行的价值计量方法。同时指出,进行生态环境功能影响评价必须树立三种观念;（１）区别于传统经济观念的生态资源价值观,并从土地利用     

海上突发环境事件生态系统服务损失评估进展

评估海上突发环境事件对生态系统服务造成的损失,对落实生态损害赔偿制度、保证生态系统服务与功能正常发挥具有重要意义.基于生态系统服务的定义,明确了生态系统服务损失的内涵,是除直接经济损失外,生态系统产生的供给、调节、文化和支持等公益服务的损失.阐述了国内外关于海洋生态系统服务损失评估的研究现状及实践,重点介绍了美国自然资源损害评估（NRDA）体系中生境等价分析法和资源等价分析法的基本假设与主要步骤,通过等价分析法确定生态恢复工程的规模,并结合生态系统服务价值评估的研究成果确定损失.我国学者借鉴NRDA体系等开展了大量研究,提出环境损害鉴定评估、溢油生态损害评估等方法,并在"塔斯曼海"号溢油、蓬莱19-3油田溢油等典型案例中进行应用及优化,比较了不同评估方法差异及影响因素.评估损失必须首先确定事件对海洋生态的影响范围与影响程度、受体类型及敏感度等关键因子,可采用现场监测、遥感及扩散模型等方法确定影响范围与程度,在实践中一般需要综合应用、互相补充.从管理和技术层面,分析了我国海上突发环境事件生态系统服务损失评估研究现状与应急管理需求的差距,在此基础上建议:①建立健全法律体系,细化生态损害评估的责任、内容和要求,明确将生态系统服务损失纳入生态损害赔偿;②构建技术评估体系,根据化学品性质、生态系统类别及特征等,分类出台一系列技术标准;③建议在遥感遥测技术、化学品泄漏数值模型等方面进一步开展研究,提高准确度和时效性.      

生态修复目标导向的河流生态功能分区初探

经济社会的快速发展不可避免的对河流生态系统造成了损伤,如何使受损河流生态系统恢复到健康状态已经成为当前亟待解决的重要环境问题之一.河流修复生态功能分区是对河流进行适应性生态修复的必要前提和基础,可为制定生态修复目标提供科学依据.本研究在已有分区体系基础上,依据生态功能分区的理论,对河流修复生态功能分区的内涵进行了辨析,...     

Evaluating the impact of ecosystem service assessments on decision-makers

Ecosystem services support human livelihoods and economies but are declining in many places. Ecosystem service assessments estimate the benefits that nature provides to people and can be used to evaluate trade-offs in impacts and changes resulting from land use decisions. Such assessments can affect the capacity of decision-makers to make sustainable land use decisions, but the actual impact of such projects on decision-maker attitudes is almost entirely unstudied. We addressed this knowledge gap by evaluating the impact of an ecosystem service assessment on decision-makers in California. We asked how decision-makers’ understanding of and attitudes about ecosystem services changed “pre-” and “post-” assessments and between treatment groups where ecosystem services were assessed and a comparison group where ecosystem services were not assessed. Mixed methods included regression models to estimate the treatment effect of the assessment (using a difference-in-differences approach), as well as interviews and direct observations to further understand how decision-makers responded to the assessment. Regression results showed small increases relative to the comparison group in decision-maker understanding of ecosystem services and perceived relevance of ecosystem services to their work. Interviews confirmed that decision-makers learned specific ways that they could use ecosystem services in conservation and development decisions and believed that doing so would improve outcomes. These results demonstrate how ecosystem services assessments can facilitate a conceptual shift in the minds of decision-makers, which is a necessary ingredient for subsequent policy impact. Impact evaluation studies of this type − that estimate a counterfactual and explore rival explanations for observed outcomes − are needed to truly understand whether ecosystem service projects impact decision-makers and, ultimately, produce outcomes for environmental and human well-being.     

大气活性氮沉降临界负荷研究进展

氮沉降增加是全球变化最重要特征之一,它对全球尺度的粮食生产、碳氮循环及环境质量均具有重要影响,如何有效防控氮沉降增加已成为国内外关注的热点问题。氮沉降临界负荷作为描述生态系统不受氮沉降损害的特定数值,为氮沉降污染防治提供了有益参考。目前,国内外关于氮沉降临界负荷的研究已取得了较大进展,但尚缺乏对氮沉降临界负荷及其定量方法的系统总结。因此,本文总结了氮沉降临界负荷的研究方法以及这些方法在国内外典型生态系统的应用,探讨了该领域目前存在的问题及发展趋势,以期为今后开展相关研究工作提供参考和借鉴。     

基于最小费用距离模型的生态可占用性分析——以广西西江经济带为例

生态可占用性是指从生态学角度出发,生态系统或者生态空间可以被开发利用的程度,是生态系统本身的属性。论文提出生态可占用性的概念和研究目的,并利用最小费用距离模型,分析了广西西江经济带景观单元的可占用性,提出分区方案。研究表明,可占用性低值区、较低值区、中值区、较高值区和高值区分别占区域总面积的12.17%、18.75%、38.55%、28.69%和1.84%。大部分建设用地分布在较高值区内,其余建设用地中,城镇用地主要分布在高值区,而农村居民点和工矿用地则主要分布在中值区。文章认为,研究能够揭示不同类型建设用地的分布规律和区域生态空间布局;虽然受到源的分布、尺度和空间范围等因素的影响,但所得结论对于引导区域开发、构建生态安全格局具有重要指导意义。     

废旧煤矿区域生态环境保护方式改革与分析研究

煤炭能源长期在中国的能源结构中占据主导地位,是中国不可或缺的一次性能源。煤炭资源的开发和利用极大的促进了中国的经济发展,推进了现代化建设的路程。但同时对煤炭资源的过度开采也导致了严重的生态环境问题。尤其是对废旧矿区的处理不恰当造成了矿区周围地表塌陷,空气污染,植被破坏等一系列问题,废旧矿区周边逐渐发展成为严重受损生态系统。对中国当前废旧煤矿区域已出现的生态环境问题以及潜在的环境和安全隐患进行调查和分析,提出通过恢复植被等方法对废旧煤矿区生态环境治理方法和技术措施。     

Marginalization by collaboration: Environmental justice as a third party in and beyond CALFED

Governance and planning of ecosystem and water management within the California Bay-Delta, a critical component of California's water economy, have been characterized by a range of innovations in collaboration and conflict resolution. Despite legal mandates to incorporate environmental justice, the California Bay-Delta Authority's (CBDA) policy-development process and the subsequent Delta Vision process have systematically marginalized the role of environmental justice in California's water policy. We suggest that environmental justice in Bay-Delta planning can be understood as a “third party” with a tenuous seat at the CALFED water management table. As such environmental justice is a useful lens through which to assess the state's broader commitments and capacities relative to equity as a planning principal and outcome. We interpret the fate of environmental justice within Bay-Delta planning as indicative of the inherent tensions between systems based on increasing market dominance and state legitimation and the values of environmental justice based on distributive, procedural, and cognitive justice. We construct a model of marginalization and environmental injustice in collaborative planning to illustrate these tensions. We draw upon experiences of members of the Environmental Justice Sub-Committee of CBDA's Bay Delta Public Advisory Committee, as well as interviews with other key environmental justice interests, and a comprehensive review of internal and public CBDA documents relating to the environmental justice program including budgets and program plans, and ethnographic field work. We conclude that by learning from the mistakes of Bay-Delta planning, a positive model of collaborative, environmental justice-based planning for water and ecosystem management is possible.     

Spatial assessment of ecosystem functions and services for air purification of forests in South Korea

Ecosystem functions can be understood as the quantified amount of an ecosystem’s role in a natural process, while ecosystem services are the requantification of the ecosystem functions by factoring in environmental conditions and human needs based on social perspectives. In this study, differences between ecosystem functions and services were presented in terms of air purification of a forest ecosystem. Forest volume growth was employed to quantify the pollutant absorption capacity of a forest and was indicated by the natural functions (NF) for air purification by a forest ecosystem. Forest ecosystem services can be requantified from the forest functions by adding the air pollutant and population densities. Air pollutant density was applied to the assessment of the environmental services (ES) of forest ecosystems. Furthermore, the environmental social services (ESS) of forest ecosystems were assessed by including population density considerations. We simulated differences in NF, ES, and ESS in relation to pollutant and population density; while NF was spatially quantified without a close relationship to air pollutant and population density, ES and ESS reacted to environmental and social condition more sensitively. These results imply that the ecosystem services of forest resources for air purification are high where the pollutant and population densities are high, while the ecosystem functions of forest resources for air purification depend solely on forest conditions and not on the density changes of air pollutants and population. This study suggests that the differences in NF, ES, and ESS are important factors to be understood and considered in the decision-making process for ecosystem services. When considering human needs and surrounding environmental conditions, the results suggest that decision makers should utilize the ES and ESS concepts, which reflect both population and pollutant density along with additional human-related factors.