基于广义概念的城市燃气管道泄漏精确定位

为了准确地检测城市燃气管道泄漏,提出了一种基于广义概念的管道泄漏检测定位方法。声发射技术对于管道泄漏的检测、定位是一个极好的工具,但由于泄漏源的传播容易受到周围背景噪声以及复杂工况的影响,其定位误差较大。基于时延估计的互相关信号处理方法被广泛用于管道泄漏检测定位,但由于泄漏应力波传播通道的动态特性,使得源信号在传播过程中会产生波形变化,给互相关函数峰值位置的确定带来困难。由此引入广义相关分析方法,通过对信号进行前置滤波,在一定程度上减少了传播通道动态特性因素对泄漏点定位的不利影响,得到了更为准确的时延估值。在此基础上,通过模拟实验,编写Matlab神经网络代码,构造GRNN模型,进一步预测定位。结果表明,GRNN预测的声发射检测值、互相关定位值以及广义相关定位值,相比之前定位精度分别得到提高,其中基于广义相关的延时估计方法定位最为精确,将该方法用于工程实际中,可以更加精确地定位出泄漏点。     

输气管道泄漏压力波的频谱特性模拟

为了研究输气管道泄漏压力波的频谱特性,基于大涡模拟对管道泄漏进行了非稳态分析。模拟了不同管道压力、不同泄漏孔径以及不同管道气体流速下的泄漏压力波频谱分布,探讨了不同条件对压力波频谱特性的影响。所得结论对各类管道泄漏压力波的频谱分析具有一定的借鉴作用。     

非金属管道微小泄漏动力学数值模拟和试验对比

为了探索非金属输送管道泄漏规律,从数值模拟和试验两个角度,对液体PE管道发生泄漏前后管道内流体与泄漏口的流动状态进行了对比分析,为判定管道泄漏提供了依据。运用FLUENT软件针对PE液体管道泄漏,在不同孔径、不同压力下,构建管道泄漏模型分别进行仿真,分析不同泄漏情景下压力梯度的分布规律。同时在近似相同条件下进行PE管道两点泄漏模拟试验。结果显示:数值模拟与试验结果基本一致,泄漏孔处压力、流速均与管内初始压力成正相关;初始压力和孔径的增大,会导致管内压力下降速度上升,但最终会趋于稳定值。     

A review on different pipeline fault detection methods

Pipeline faults like leakage and blockage always create problem for engineers. Detection of exact fault quantity and its location is necessary for smooth functioning of a plant or industry and safety of the environment. In this paper brief discussion is made on various pipeline fault detection methods viz. Vibration analysis, Pulse echo methodology, Acoustic techniques, Negative pressure wave based leak detection system, Support Vector Machine (SVM) based pipeline leakage detection, Interferometric fibre sensor based leak detection, Filter Diagonalization Method (FDM), etc. In this paper merit and demerits of all methods are discussed. It is found that these methods have been applied for specific fluids like oil, gas and water, for different layout patterns like straight and zigzag, for various lengths of pipeline like short and long and also depending on various operating conditions. Therefore, a comparison among all methods has been done based on their applicability. Among all fault detection methods, Acoustic reflectometry is found most suitable because of its proficiency to identify blockages and leakage in pipe as small as 1% of its diameter. Moreover this method is economical and applicable for straight, zigzag and long, short length pipes for low, medium and high density fluid.     

基于VPL的输油管道实时泄漏检测系统

针对现有管道泄漏检测技术在管道微小泄漏检测和油品泄漏损失计算方面存在的不足,基于流体动力学和容量守恒原理,开发基于VPL（Visual Pipeline）的输油管道实时泄漏检测系统。建立管道模拟平台,通过组态编辑器、图像界面、管道工作室和SCADA 接口,开展输油管道实时泄漏检测、定位与分析,实现管道实时泄漏检测、报警,以及泄漏量的定量计算。现场测试结果显示,所开发的输油管道泄漏检测系统最小泄漏检出率为0.7%,泄漏点定位精度为96.96%,泄漏量计算准确率为94.42%。研究结果表明:基于VPL的输油管道实时泄漏检测系统漏报、误报率低,检测定位精度较高,尤其对于微小泄漏优势明显;同时,该系统能够实时定量计算油品泄漏损失,可以用于输油管道泄漏检测与应急辅助决策。     

基于模糊相似优先比的供水管网渗漏同步诊断*

为加强城市供水管网渗漏诊断能力,采用基于模糊相似优先比的漏损判别方法实现供水管网漏损定位及漏损程度的同步诊断。通过MATLAB软件调用最新版EPANET V2.2建立供水管网模型,在管段中间加入扩散器模拟单次渗漏事件,通过更改扩散器系数实现渗漏量的控制;基于压力驱动水力分析得到各节点压力变化,遍历模拟各管段漏损后,通过建立节点压力灵敏度矩阵,采用K均值聚类法进行监测点布置;在此基础上,在易渗漏管段模拟产生不同渗漏级别的渗漏事件,以监测点压力变化值构建源范例库,在熵权法的基础上,采用模糊相似优先比方法同步诊断渗漏位置及渗漏程度。以某一实际管网为例,模拟产生50例历史渗漏事件,采用模糊相似优先比同步诊断新渗漏事件的渗漏位置及渗漏程度,并对比3种权重方法。结果表明:模糊相似优先比法可有效地实现渗漏定位与渗漏程度的同步诊断。     

海底管道泄漏原油扩散漂移规律数值模拟

针对浅海输油管道泄漏原油扩散漂移问题,依据计算流体动力学理论,采用VOF模型和k－ε湍流模型来模拟多相流动,采用速度边界造波法和阻尼消波法来模拟波浪,建立洋流波浪环境下海底管道原油泄漏扩散漂移模型,对不同海洋环境、原油密度和泄漏量工况下的原油扩散漂移行为进行模拟,预测水下原油扩散上升路径、上浮到水面时间、溢油扩散范围以及水面溢油漂移速率等关键数据。研究结果表明:相对于静水、洋流和波浪等单一环境条件,在洋流波浪环境下泄漏原油的水下扩散范围更广、扩散上升速率更小、水面原油漂移速率更大;海洋环境对原油在水面的漂移速率影响较大,泄漏速率对原油的水下上升扩散速率影响较大;原油密度主要影响水下原油上升扩散过程,对水面原油漂移过程影响较小。     

Integrated leakage detection and localization model for gas pipelines based on the acoustic wave method

With the development of natural gas transportation systems, major accidents can result from internal gas leaks in pipelines that transport high-pressure gases. Leaks in pipelines that carry natural gas result in enormous financial loss to the industry and affect public health. Hence, leak detection and localization is a major concern for researchers studying pipeline systems. To ensure the safety and improve the efficiency of pipeline emergency repair, a high-pressure and long-distance circular pipe leakage simulation platform is designed and established by similarity analysis with a field transmission pipeline, and an integrated leakage detection and localization model for gas pipelines is proposed. Given that the spread velocity of acoustic waves in pipelines is related to the properties of the medium, such as pressure, density, specific heat, and so on, this paper proposes a modified acoustic velocity and location formula. An improved wavelet double-threshold de-noising optimization method is also proposed to address the original acoustic wave signal collected by the test platform. Finally, the least squares support vector machine (LS-SVM) method is applied to determine the leakage degree and operation condition. Experimental results show that the integrated model can enhance the accuracy and precision of pipeline leakage detection and localization.     

Integrated-signal-based leak location method for liquid pipelines

Leaks in pipelines can cause major incidents resulting in both human injuries and financial losses. Among the considerable leak detection and location methods, the Negative Pressure Wave (NPW) based method has been widely used in locating leaks in liquid pipelines. The NPW based method only monitors the pressure changes at two ends of a pipeline. But the pressure is apt to be fixed by the end equipment and the change of it induced by a small or slow leakage is too small to be detected, which limit the application of the NPW based method in these situations. This paper presents a novel leak location method based on integrated signal, which is a combination of the pressure and flow rate signals. The representation of the integrated signal is derived from the transient analysis of the leakage. For the change of the integrated signal induced by a leakage is larger than the pressure change and it is also unaffected by the end equipment, the proposed method can be used to detect and locate small or slow leakage in a pipeline and can also be used in pipelines which end pressures are fixed by some kinds of equipment. The validation of the proposed method also confirms its advantages.     

Detection of small leakage from long transportation pipeline with complex noise

In the long distance pipeline remote monitoring system, small leak detection becomes an important issue. Weak singularities in small leak signals are usually difficult to detect precisely under complicated noise background, which may cause false alarm or miss alarm. The advantage of applying the harmonic wavelet method is explored in this paper. Pipeline small leak sensitive characteristics are recognized and the negative pressure wave inflexions are extracted by harmonic wavelet analysis, expressed in terms of harmonic wavelet time-frequency mesh map, time-frequency contour map, and time-frequency profile plot. This paper also presents a comparative study of both Daubechies wavelet and harmonic wavelet analysis when applied to pipeline small leak detection under complicated background noises. Results of simulating test and field experiment show that it is possible to distinguish weak non-stationarities from complicated noises by harmonic wavelet analysis in pipeline small leak detection system. The comparison clearly illustrates that harmonic wavelet based pipeline small leakage detection method is significantly more accurate than other wavelets analysis such as Daubechies wavelet. This work provides a reliable and safe guarantee for oil and gas long distance transportation, reducing petroleum product losses and protecting surrounding environment.     

基于稳定风场的埋地天然气管道泄漏数值模拟

针对目前城镇埋地管道天然气泄漏研究模拟工况简单、可信性较低等问题,考虑障碍物对环境风场的影响,利用计算流体力学（CFD）软件建立天然气管道三维泄漏模型,将模拟过程分为环境风场的稳态模拟和管道泄漏扩散的瞬态模拟两步,分析天然气泄漏扩散规律。结果表明:在风场稳态模拟中,建筑物附近风场受干扰明显,上游形成小范围的低速滞留区,下游形成较长的尾迹。在天然气泄漏扩散瞬态模拟中,土壤层天然气受风速影响较小,气体在近地面及贴近建筑物侧积聚,扩散范围随时间逐渐趋于稳定,泄漏扩散达到稳定后表现出土壤层积聚、气云沉降、贴近建筑物积聚、气云扩散局限性的特征。风速主要影响天然气的扩散高度,对水平方向的扩散范围影响较小,风速与天然气扩散高度成反比。     

Fracture criterion and control plan on CO2 pipelines: Theory analysis and full-bore rupture (FBR) experimental study

Pressurized pipelines are the most reliable and cost-effective option for the long-distance transportation of CO₂ from an emitter to an onshore storage site. Propagating or unstable factures are considered catastrophic pipeline failures, resulting in a massive escape of inventory within a short period of time. The decompression curve for CO₂ exhibits a large drop in decompression wave speed at the phase transition pressure, leading to a higher driving force for crack propagation. The study of fracture control plans is very important for assessing the possibility of fracture propagation and preventing unstable fracturing along CO₂ pipelines. Three full-bore rupture (FBR) experiments were performed using an industrial-scale (258 m long, 233 mm inner diameter) CO2 pipeline with initial CO2 states of gaseous, dense and supercritical phases, respectively. The relation between the decompression velocity and the pipeline fracture propagation velocity was analyzed during the process of buried CO2 pipeline release. A fracture propagation criterion was established for the buried CO₂ pipeline. For the gaseous CO₂ leakage, the pressure plateau corresponding to the decompression wave velocity only appeared near the closed end of the pipeline. For the dense CO₂ leakage, the pressure plateau corresponding to the decompression wave velocity was observed near the saturation pressure after rapid decompression. For the supercritical CO₂ leakage, the pressure plateau corresponding to the decompression wave velocity was observed in the stage when the supercritical CO₂ transformed into the two phases of gas and liquid. Compared with the gaseous and dense CO₂, for the supercritical CO_2, the initial decompression wave velocity was the smallest, and the requirement of the pipeline safety factor was the highest.     

水平管分层流下微孔泄漏特性数值模拟和实验分析

在油气田开发过程中,通常采用气液相混输模式,管道受腐蚀等因素影响容易出现穿孔而发生两相流泄漏。为分析两相流泄漏特性,对管内常见流型分层流下的微孔泄漏特性进行数值和实验分析;采用VOF耦合Level set算法分析了不同影响因素下的气液两相泄漏特性,设计了1种管道泄漏收集装置,进行室内两相流泄漏实验,并验证了数值预测模型的准确性。研究结果表明:气液两相流经过管壁泄漏口时会发生相分离,泄漏特性受小孔方位、管路内外压差、气液相流速影响较大;泄漏口位于管路侧壁时的泄漏特性与其他角度下的泄漏特性有所不同,可用泄漏影响区内的气液分布进行解释;当泄漏口位于管路底部时,存在临界液相分流系数,当液相分流比小于此临界值时,泄漏流体为单相液体。VOF耦合Level set算法的数值方法可为管路泄漏量预测和相分离特性分析提供参考。     

Numerical investigation of surface conduit parallel gas pipeline explosive based on the TNT equivalent weight method

With the rapid development of petroleum industry, the transport pipelines of oil and gas are increasingly constructed to minimize land use conflicts. Therefore, the parallel pipelines are unavoidable in order to save land resource, reduce the pipeline construction and maintenance costs. The economy and security of pipeline laying and running is the primary problem considered in pipeline construction, which the parallel spacing plays a decisive role to. The leakage of natural gas is very serious and dangerous due to its flammable and combustible. The explosive of leak gas causes impact failure to parallel pipeline. Specific to the surface conduit parallel gas pipeline, numerical simulation of leak natural gas explosive was carried out based on TNT equivalent weight method. Explosive damage degree of pipeline decreased with the pipeline distance increasing. Consulting with the pipeline ovalization strain design criteria and the combustion effect, the safety parallel natural gas pipeline space maybe at least 4 m to ensure the surface conduit parallel pipeline safely and steadily operation.     

Leak location of pipelines based on characteristic entropy

The leakage of oil/gas pipelines is one of the major factors to influence the safe operation of pipelines. So it is significant to detect and locate the exact pipeline leakage. A novel leak location method based on characteristic entropy is proposed to extract the input feature vectors. In this approach, the combination of wavelet packet and information entropy is called “wavelet packet characteristic entropy” (WP-CE). The combination of empirical mode decomposition and information entropy is called “empirical mode decomposition characteristic entropy” (EMD-CE). Both pressure signal and flow signal of low noise and high noise of pipeline leakage are decomposed to extract the characteristic entropy. The location of pipeline leak is determined by the combination of the characteristic entropy as the input vector and particle swarm optimization and support vector machine method (PSO-SVM). The results of proposed leak location method are compared with those of PSO-SVM based on physical parameters. Under the condition of high noise, the results of proposed leak location method are better than those of PSO-SVM based on physical parameters.     

基于超压值地铁上覆管道爆炸对隧道及人员安全影响研究*

为分析地铁上覆管道爆炸对乘客安全影响,采用基于超压冲击波阀值数值模拟,通过将泄漏气体能量等效为TNT当量,分析不同泄漏模式爆炸冲击波对地铁隧道及人员安全影响。结果表明:爆炸产生的超压冲击波对隧道及人员影响小于限值,不会造成人员伤亡,研究结果可为地下工程下穿油气管线安全影响分析提供理论支撑。     

海底埋地热油管道泄漏扩散的数值模拟

采用有限容积法建立海底饱和含水淤泥多孔介质的流固耦合传热模型。利用FLUENT软件数值模拟了海底埋地输油管道输送过程中海泥温度场变化及原油在海泥中的分布规律。分析了原油泄漏后在海水中的分布规律。对泄漏后海泥温度场的模拟表明:管道泄漏后,一定时间内管道周围海泥温度波动比较剧烈,由于受海底温度的影响,泄漏前锋原油温降较快,热影响区范围变化逐渐趋于平稳。且随泄漏位置的不同,海泥温度场变化及海泥原油分布差异较大。当原油从海底海泥介质中到达海水底层后,在海水浮力的作用下流向海面,流动过程受到海水流动速度海平面风速等因素的影响。为以温度传输为基础的海底埋地管道泄漏检测提供了一定的理论基础。     

可变径管道漏磁检测有限元仿真与实验研究

为了更好地支持压力管道检验,降低事故率,本文基于漏磁检测原理,利用有限元分析软件建立了管道外漏磁检测模型,对管道漏磁检测进行了仿真计算,得到了缺陷处漏磁场特征曲线,模拟了圆柱形缺陷对管道外壁漏磁场的影响,得出了不同参数缺陷对漏磁场的影响规律,并且基于理论和有限元计算结果试制了可变径管道外漏磁检测仪的样机,利用该检测仪对壁厚为8mm的带有人工缺陷的管道进行扫描检测,研究不同参数缺陷对漏磁场信号的影响规律。结果表明,所得结果与有限元仿真的结果吻合良好,且缺陷检测精度及效果满足要求,另外,检测装置对内外壁缺陷检测同样可行有效,适合特种设备（压力管道）检测的工程应用。     

Image rotation method for identification of NPW signals in the localization of pipeline leakage

Gas and oil are mainly transported through long-distance pipelines on land. Pipeline leaks lead to severe hazards to the environment and economy and even imperil human lives. Negative pressure wave (NPW)-based methods are fast and effective for leak monitoring and localization. The key problem for an NPW-based method is to determine the NPW and its arrival time, which is characterized by the knee point in the time domain signal. In this paper, an image rotation method is proposed based on the shape characteristic of the time domain signal induced by an NPW. Through image rotation, the knee point turns into the highest point, which is easy to detect. To verify the performance of the proposed method, leakage experiments were conducted on liquid and gas pipeline models. Previously developed FBG pipe fixture sensors were used to detect an NPW. These sensors were equidistantly installed on the pipeline, forming a sensor array. Based on the sensing array, a novel leak localization algorithm was used to compute the leakage position. The experimental results indicated that the image rotation method has good performance for identifying an NPW, even though many noise- and pressure-induced fluctuations exist in the signals. This method enables automated real-time monitoring and has potential for practical application.     

基于特征提取的输油管道泄漏系数预测*

为准确预测管道泄漏系数,估计管道泄漏量,以基于瞬变流方法的模拟数据为例,建立多个管道泄漏系数预测模型(多层感知机、长短期记忆网络、随机森林、支持向量机以及K近邻回归),综合考虑管道流量和压力数据特点,提出序列提取法和均值提取法2种管道时序数据预处理方法,模型评价指标为相关系数（R2）和平均绝对百分比误差（MAPE）。研究结果表明:随机森林和多层感知机的抗噪性较强,在5%的噪声影响下,模型准确度下降幅度较小;均值提取法去噪功能较好,可在一定程度上降低噪声影响;基于均值提取法的多层感知机模型效果相对较好,R2为0.997 5,MAPE为1.599%,研究结果可为准确预测管道泄漏系数、估计泄漏量提供指导。