生物填料塔处理餐厅污水的研究

分别以自行开发的组合型填料和焦炭作生物载体构成的生物填料等塔对餐厅污水处理进行了试验研究,试验考察了污水入塔COD值对塔中DO的影响,观察到的结果表明：长期在高入塔COD下运行对生物膜系统的持久、稳定不利;水力停留时间取3h－4h,COD的容积去除负荷为4kg/m^3.d时,出水既可达标,又可保持较高的处理能力;鼓风曝气时,气水比取8－12可使出水达标,而功耗较低;在相同的微生物系统和操作条件下,布水布气性好的组合填料处理效果高于布水气性差的焦炭。     

袋式除尘器在国外火电厂捕集烟尘的应用

本文根据有关抽查报告和资料，评述了美、日、澳、南非等国，近几十年来将袋式除尘器成功地取代静电除尘器捕集火电厂烟尘的实践，介绍了以玻纤滤料的低气布比和以合纤滤料的高气布比袋式除尘器的工作参数、各自的特点及设计、使用中的经验。     

响应曲面法优化旋流分离处理含油废水

旋流分离器对含油废水的油-水分离有较好的效果,但其分离效率受到结构尺寸的影响。目前定量计算大多采用经验公式进行设计,并且大部分经验公式是基于固-液分离的旋流器,对于油-水分离并不能达到最优的分离效果。通过响应曲面法(RSM)中的中心组合实验设计对旋流器进行设计计算,以20%含油率水样,旋流器公称直径75mm为例,优化结果为入口直径为14mm,溢流口直径为18.94mm,底流口直径为8mm,处理效率为93.13%,优于广泛采用的Arterburn和Rietema经验公式设计的处理效率。     

氧化塘水力特性模型研究

氧化塘是一种被广泛应用且运行费用较低的污水处理设施，其流型有多种模型可供采用，但主要模型参数纵向扩散系数（D）和扩散因素（d）均难准确预测，为了满足这些模型的通用性就需要建立所需参数的预测方程。通过氧化塘模型研究，利用示踪实验技术测定了水力逗留时间分布，提出了一种计算氧化塘模型纵向扩散系数D的经验公式，为求取扩散因素d或扩散传质准数Pe提供了简便方法。用所得经验公式求得胜利油田桩西联采油废水氧化塘Pe值，与实测值较好吻合，相对偏差为6．61％。     

烟气测试中流速计算误差分析

本文通过对烟气测试中流速计算公式的比较分析，结合实际监测数据处理，认为烟气流速计算中，使用通用公式与简化公式的误差，虽然与Ｒｓ和Ｂｓ有关，但主要误差来源于Ｂｓ。而Ｒｓ不必用精密仪器测出烟气中各组份后求算。只要用简易仪器测得烟气中的Ｘｏ２和Ｘｓｗ的百分含量，即可求出Ｒｓ近似值，用于烟气流速计算。     

城市扬尘污染长效管理机制研究

城市扬尘是影响空气质量、危害居民身体健康的污染源之一。本文进行了上海市杨浦区扬尘源解析，从类型上将扬尘分为建筑施工扬尘、道路施工扬尘和堆场扬尘。引用相关经验公式计算出杨浦区三类扬尘的起尘量大小顺序为：建筑施工〉道路施工〉堆场，并分析评价了杨浦区近两年扬尘排放量的时空变化。针对杨浦区的自身特点，以目标体系、标准体系、责任体系、管理体系、监督体系为框架，初步建立了扬尘污染管理的长效管理机制。     

基于路面激励的Adams车身柔性体影响研究

本文基于悬架三自由度简化模型进行了路面传递函数的计算，并选择了典型特殊路面--随机比利时路面、非随机离散低频扭曲路面和非随机高频离散路面振动路对轮心载荷进行了计算。各路面轮心理论计算结果与VPG路面分析结果对比均在可接受范围内，说明了简化模型及轮心载荷理论公式的可用性和指导性。基于此公式，计算了车身柔性体变化导致的轮心载荷变化情况，从理论上看到各特征路面均有此规律：车身柔性体刚度越大则轮心载荷越大，因此，为更真实模拟车身变形情况，建议使用完整的TB柔性体模型。     

孔压静力触探在确定砂土内摩擦角中的应用

内摩擦角作为砂土的抗剪强度指标之一,是工程设计的重要参数。常规海洋工程勘察中主要依据室内土工试验确定,如三轴压缩试验、直接剪切试验、颗粒粒径、级配和密实度等。随着孔压静力触探(Piezocone PenetrationTest,PCPT)在海洋工程勘察中广泛开展,利用孔压静力触探测试的锥尖阻力、侧壁摩阻力和孔隙水压力等参数确定砂土内摩擦角具有无需取样、快速、合理、可靠的优点,在桩基础、管线路由、水下基础等海洋工程勘察中具有越来越重要的工程意义。本文总结了3种利用PCPT资料确定砂土内摩擦角的方法即Mayne提出的内摩擦角评估经验公式、砂土最大最小经验公式和Senneset等提出的计算砂土内摩擦角经验公式,在中国广东沿海某风电场开展了3个钻孔的应用实践。对结果进行对比分析后认为,在熟练掌握PCPT测试方法、资料采集、数据处理和成果解释的基础上,依据Senneset等提出的计算方法,用PCPT资料确定砂土内摩擦角,具有一定的可靠性与适用性。     

湛江某海上风电桩基局部冲刷特征研究

海上风电场桩基局部冲刷是工程设计与运行阶段的重要参数之一。基于湛江某海上风电场桩基3次现场局部冲刷实测数据,进行冲刷坑最大深度、冲刷坑半径和冲淤变化特征的分析与研究;根据桩基局部冲刷经验公式,采用工程海域实测海洋水文动力学数据进行最大冲刷深度与冲刷半径的计算,并进行公式计算值的对比与分 析。结果表明:桩基础在防冲刷设施的保护下,3次实测最大冲刷深度基本稳定为4.0 m,最大冲刷深度与桩径之比为0.57。而经验公式的最大冲刷深度与桩径之比均超过了1.1,说明桩基防冲刷设施取得了一定的效果,冲刷坑半径的计算值与现场实测值吻合较好。建议海上风电场在运行阶段进一步加强桩基冲刷坑监测与防护。     

预测流速法烟尘采样中采样嘴的选择及采样流量的计算

本文用公式计算出合理的采样嘴直径和采样流量,可以提高工作效率和数据的准确性     

A PARTICIPATORY APPROACH TO WATERSHED MANAGEMENT: THE BRAZILIAN SYSTEM1

ABSTRACT: Brazil is currently facing the challenge of implementing a new water resources management system to promote the rational and sustainable use of the country's waters. This system is based on the following principles of water management: (2) stakeholders' participation; (2) the watershed as the planning and management unit; and (3) the economic value of water. Stakeholders' participation and the involvement of civil society in the decision making process is guaranteed by permanent seats in the watersheds' management committees. These committees are the highest decision level for the establishment of water policy and for planning its use. The executive branch of the committees is the watershed agency or the water agency. This paper presents the recently approved Brazilian water resources management system and discusses the participatory approach followed to validate and to ensure prompt response to decisions regarding water use by all stakeholders. The formulation of the National Water Law (January/1998) was also supported by extensive consultation with civil society, professional associations, state and municipal governments as well as with federal governmental agencies and private sector organizations. It also presents an overview of the formulation of the National Water Law. Finally, as watershed committees have been created and are already operating in a limited number of watersheds, some of the major obstacles to the success of the new system are discussed along with alternatives for overcoming such obstacles.     

DISTRIBUTIONAL ISSUES IN WESTERN MUNICIPAL AND INDUSTRIAL WATER SUPPLY1

ABSTRACT Financing and repayment provisions of western water projects effect transfers of income among federal taxpayers, electric power users, local water users, and property owners. We use the Bonneville Unit of the Central Utah Project as a case study in the distribution of municipal and industrial water costs. We examine the distribution of costs among taxpayers and water users in different political/geographical jurisdictions, and how this distribution is affected by water law, cost allocation procedures, and the choice of revenue source for local repayment of reimbursable costs. In light of the magnitude of distributional effects of present water policy, we conclude that lack of open debate on water issues is unfortunate. We conclude with speculation on the relationship of western water policy to the motivation of western water leaders who are instrumental in its formulation     

MULTIOBJECTWE ALLOCATION OF WATER SHORTAGE IN THE SVARTA RIVER,SWEDEN1

ABSTRACT: A model is proposed for allocation of water shortages among competing water uses in the Svarta River basin in Sweden. The three major competing uses in the basin are hydroelectricity generation, irrigation water supply, and urban water supply. Minor uses that impact upon the allocation are minimum river flow requirements for fishlife and for dilution of treated wastewater, and storage level restrictions for recreation purposes in the main storage facility, Lake Sommen. Analysis of the competing demands on the water are modeled through the method-of-weights multiobjective technique using a deterministic mixed-integer optimization formulation. The (0–1) variables in the formulation are required to synthesize the restricted validity of permits for withdrawal of irrigation water from the river and to simulate the complex operating rules of the major regulation facility on the river. Due to the deterministic nature of the formulation, the model is used on a hydrologic scenario basis. Use of the model is demonstrated by application to the Svarta River.     

A MODELING APPROACH FOR STORM WATER QUANTITY AND QUALITY CONTROL VIA DETENTION BASINS1

ABSTRACT: Storm water detention basins have historically been employed for quantity (i.e., flooding) control only. However, recently it has been suggested that these basins may also provide a practical means of storm water quality control. This paper presents the formulation of a mathematical modeling approach which may be used by professionals to simultaneously design detention basins for the dual purpose of storm water quantity and quality control. Model simulations demonstrate that for a given basin, pollutant removal increases as storm frequency increases. The importance of particle size distribution and settling velocity for net pollutant removal is illustrated, The design procedure is demonstrated, and pollutant loading diagrams for estimating pollutant removal as a function of storm size are developed.     

MUNICIPAL WATER SUPPLY RESTRICTIONS AS URBAN GROWTH CONSTRAINTS1

ABSTRACT: Municipal water supply restrictions and/or conservation policies are widely believed to affect urban growth, at least in Western states. An analysis of this issue, drawing upon a wide array of empirical water use research, casts doubt upon the presumed connection. Water availability seems likely to have little effect upon the amenities which draw newcomers to Western cities. It also seems to have little effect upon the locational decisions of industries which affect growth by creating new jobs. Consequently, there is little reason to oppose municipal water restrictions as prejudicial to urban growth or to favor such restrictions in the hope of constraining growth.     

COMPUTATIONAL IMPROVEMENT FOR STOCHASTIC DYNAMIC PROGRAMMING MODELS OF URBAN WATER SUPPLY RESERVOIRS1

ABSTRACT: This paper describes two methods that are introduced to improve the computational effort of stochastic dynamic programming (SDP) as applicable to the operation of multiple urban water supply reservoir systems. The stochastic nature of streamflow is incorporated explicitly by considering it in the form of a multivariate probability distribution. The computationally efficient Gaussian Legendre quadrature method is employed to compute the conditional probabilities of streamflow, which accounts for the serial correlation of streamflow into each storage and the cross correlation between the streamflow into various storages. A realistic assumption of cross correlation of streamflow is introduced to eliminate the need to consider the streamflow combinations which are unlikely to occur in the SDP formulation. A “corridor” approach is devised to eliminate the need to consider the infeasible and/or inferior storage volume combinations in the preceding stage in computing the objective function in the recursive relation. These methods are verified in terms of computational efficiency and accuracy by using a hypothetical example of three interconnected urban water supply reservoirs. Therefore, it can be concluded that these methods allow SDP to be more attractive for deriving optimal operating rules for multiple urban water supply reservoir systems.     

四川水资源可持续利用与水质保护研究

四川水资源以河川径流为主，可利用率不高；水资源时空分布不均，径流的地区差异大；水能丰富，开发条件优越。水质污染日趋严重。在分析水质现状的基础上，针对水资源利用中存在的主要问题，提出了水资源可持续利用与水质保护的相应措施：以大型骨干水利工程建设为重点，改善水资源的时空分布；把建设全国能源基地与实现地方电气化相结合，因地制宜开发水能资源；以生态环境工程建设推动水质保护和水土保持；开源与节流并重，加强水资源的综合利用。     

WHO GETS CLEAN WATER? AID ALLOCATION TO SMALL WATER SYSTEMS IN PENNSYLVANIA1

ABSTRACT: Research on the condition of drinking water provision in the United States documents the inequitable financial impact of environmental regulations on small water systems (those serving 3,300 or fewer people). While a variety of federal and state financial assistance programs are available for water systems, few quantitative analyses have evaluated the success of these programs in alleviating the problems of small systems. A case study of the largest aid initiative for water supply infrastructure in Pennsylvania provides the empirical framework through which to analyze government funding opportunities for water systems. This study examines the allocation practices of the Pennsylvania Infrastructure Investment Authority (PENNVEST) to water systems of varying sizes. Utilizing data from PENNVEST applications and the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection, the distribution of PENNVEST award recipients and denied applicants by size characteristics are compared. The study indicates that very small water systems (those serving 500 or fewer) do not apply for or receive funds with the same frequency as their larger counterparts. Understanding the allocation of awards from PENNVEST offers insight into the ability of small communities to access capital for water supply infrastructure.     

气田采出水处理系统优化运行效果评价

长北天然气处理厂气田采出水处理系统自投运以来,在生产运行过程中存在采出水悬浮物含量高、油分处理效果差的状况,回注水中含油、悬浮物较高,回注泵故障频发,回注压力高。分析水质变差原因,同时对现有采出水处理系统进行分析,优化缓蚀剂加注方案,制定加药程序,引入新设备、新工艺提升采出水处理效果,使回注水含油量、悬浮物含量达到SY/T 5329-2012《碎屑岩油藏注水水质指标及分析方法》要求。     

基于Meta分析的中国水资源价值移位研究

Meta分析价值移位方法是国际上资源价值评价领域关注的热点,国内相关研究较少。水作为重要的自然资源,研究其价值是解决我国水资源问题的关键途径。本文搜集我国水资源价值评估实证研究结果,建立效益移位基础数据库,应用基于Meta分析的函数效益移位方法,对我国水资源价值移位做实证研究,探讨效益移位法在我国水资源价值评估领域的可应用性及发展前景。结果表明:①水资源所在地、人口密度、水质、供水成本和利润以及对最大水费承受程度的差异会影响地区水资源价值变化;②模型平均移位误差在可接受范围内,可用于快速评估地区水资源价值;③省级层面水资源价值呈现出沿海高于内陆,华北、华东和西南高于其他地区的空间分异 规律。