北京市居民血硒水平的调查

采用新极谱法测定北京市健康人群５０５例，全血硒含量为１４３．１±４７．８μｇ／Ｌ。其中男性３２５例，女性１８０例，血硒含量分别为１３．０×１．４３５μｇ／Ｌ，小于２０岁血硒含量１６２．４±５５．２μｇ／Ｌ，高地６１岁血硒含量１２２．４×１．４３４μｇ／Ｌ，随年龄的增长，血硒水平呈下降趋势，北京市居民血硒水平与国内外有关文献比较为中等硒水平，呈营养状态。     

城市居民血硒含量与健康水平的相关性

采用新极谱法对辽宁省本溪市居民的全血样品进行了硒含量的测定,其中健康人１９８例,血硒含量为１９０．７±４３．４μｇ／Ｌ,男,女各９９例,血硒含量分别为１８７．１×１．３０４μｇ／Ｌ和１８４．１×１．２２７μｇ／Ｌ,病人１８３例,包括血液病,癌症,凡血管疾病,黄疸性肝炎,糖尿病,矽肺。     

不同地域环境孕妇血硒水平的研究

丹东市、聊城市、晋城市土壤含硒量分别是0.106±0.09、0.113±0.08、0.09±0.007mg/kg,属于缺硒生态景观;温州市土壤,面粉含量分别是0.188±0.01、20.026±0.014mg/kg属于中等硒含量生态景观。各城镇孕妇血硒含量依次为112.2±48.5(54例)、113.7±63.4(32例)、96.0±48.1(44例)、130.6±60.6(59例)μg/L。生态景观硒含量最高的温州市孕妇血硒含量高于缺硒生态景观的城镇。     

大连市区普通居民的汞暴露风险研究

为了解沿海地区居民的汞暴露情况及其膳食汞的主要来源,对大连市区普通居民的膳食消费情况及其发汞浓度进行了调查与分析。普通居民的膳食消费情况采用调查问卷的形式进行,调查问卷的内容包括水产品消费情况、年龄、性别、身高、体重等,填写调查问卷的志愿者们同时自愿提供头发样品。膳食样品,如水产品、谷物、蔬菜等常见品种在大连市区的市场采用随机采购的方式获得。头发和膳食样品中的汞含量采用原子荧光光谱法测定,测定结果为:水产品中总汞含量为15.32(1.89~86.40)μg·kg-1,其中甲基汞含量为8.05(1.79~40.33)μg·kg-1;谷物和蔬菜总汞含量分别为2.04(0.05~11.95)μg·kg-1和0.96(0.05~2.74)μg·kg-1;头发样品中总汞浓度为(0.46±0.55)μg·g-1,其中甲基汞浓度为(0.28±0.19)μg·g-1。通过估算得知,大连市普通居民日平均的汞摄入量为0.043μg·(kg·d)-1,其中来自水产品的摄入量占膳食摄入的63.6%。居民发汞浓度与年龄、水产品食用量呈正相关,与身高、体重没有显著的相关性;与美国国家环境保护局规定的人体发汞风险参考剂量1μg·g-1相对照,此次调查人群中约有4.6%的居民发汞浓度超出该标准限值,这表明大连市区普通居民可能面临汞暴露的潜在风险。该研究结果将为我国普通居民的汞暴露评估和风险控制提供重要参考数据。     

硒的土壤生态环境、生物地球化学与食物链的研究现状

综述了硒的自然生态环境及全球土中硒含量与分布、形态及转化,决定植物硒含量及食物链系统中硒水平的关键因素,植物对硒的吸收和积累与遗传因子的关系,硒在植物组织中主要的存在形式,植物中硒的形态与生物有效性和生物利用率研究的意义,对食物链中的硒水平进行调控的方法及今后硒研究的前沿问题。     

硒的土壤生态环境、生物地球化学与食物链的研究现状

综述了硒的自然生态环境及全球土壤中硒含量与分布、形态及转化 ,决定植物硒含量及食物链系统中硒水平的关键因素 ,植物对硒的吸收和积累与遗传因子的关系 ,硒在植物组织中主要的存在形式 ,植物中硒的形态与生物有效性和生物利用率研究的意义 ,对食物链中的硒水平进行调控的方法及今后硒研究的前沿问题。     

在线生物毒性监测技术预警水质有毒物质污染与因果关系分析的案例研究

有毒化学物质排放引起的水质污染可以用暴露后水生生物的生物学响应来监测预警。本文利用2013年7月份广东某水源流域发生的一次突发污染物事件作为案例分析,讨论在线生物预警技术在实际应用中的效果及存在的问题。研究结果表明,采用发光菌抑制和鱼类行为改变的生物预警技术均能够有效判别突发性污染事件。结合预警后的采样和化学分析,18种金属元素和114种有机污染物监测指标中,所有指标的浓度均低于国家地面水水质II类标准(GB3838-2002)。在能够检出的金属元素和有机污染物中,超出检出限最大的金属元素是钡,达到检出限的870倍;超出检出限最大的有机物是二氯甲烷,是检出限的145倍。根据文献发表的毒性数据和毒理学证据,推测本次案例研究中的二氯甲烷是潜在的污染因子;二氯甲烷通过其神经毒性和较强烈的嗅味影响到青鳉鱼的运动行为、导致报警。另外,文章分析了生物监测技术的优点和缺陷,以期为进一步开发水源污染生物预警系统提供基础数据。     

Effects of the Interactions Between Selenium and Phosphorus on the Growth and Selenium Accumulation in Rice (Oryza Sativa)

The solution culture, paddy soil culture and the simulation experiments in the laboratory were conducted to clarify the interactions between selenium and phosphorus, and its effects on the growth and selenium accumulation in rice. Results revealed that a suitable supply of selenium could promote rice growth and excessive selenium could injure rice plant, causing lower biomass, especially in the roots. The supply of selenite could enhance the selenium contents of rice shoots and roots in solution culture and in soil culture. The selenium concentrations in roots were much higher than those in shoots supplied with the same rates of selenium and phosphorus. The interaction between selenium and phosphorus was evident. When the phosphorus supply increased to meet the needs of plant growth, phosphorus could promote absorption and accumulation of selenium in the shoots. If the phosphorus supply was excessive, phosphorus could inhibit the accumulation of selenium in the shoots at the lower selenite level (2 mol l^–1), but could not at the higher selenite level (10 mol l^–1). With the supply of phosphate increased, the selenium concentrations in the roots decreased significantly at both selenite levels. The presence of phosphate could decrease Se sorption on the soil surface and increase the selenium concentration in the soil solution. The concentrations of selenium in shoots and roots supplied with 0.08 g kg^–1 phosphorus were lower than those with no phosphorus supplied. With the increase of phosphorus added to 0.4 g kg^–1, the selenium concentration in shoots and roots increased. The effect of phosphorus on the concentration was statistically significant at all three selenium levels.     

Effects of Selenium Supplementation on Arsenism: An Intervention Trial in Inner Mongolia

This paper reports the effects of a placebo-controlled Se-enriched yeast supplementation trial, conducted for 14 months, on arsenism in adult farmers living in a rural community in Inner Mongolia, China. The farmers had been naturally exposed to elevated concentrations of As in drinking water from tube-wells since 1983 but changed to arsenic-free drinking water when the trial began in June 1996. Blood and hair Se and As concentrations were analysed pre-intervention and at the end of the 3rd, 9th and 14th month, while skin lesions were assessed pre-intervention, as well as at the end of the 14th month, using the Arsenism Clinical Criteria established by the Ministry of Health, China. As the trial was a voluntary one, a number of farmers did not routinely have their blood and hair samples taken for analysis. Consequently, the data have been analysed in two categories. Fifty-four farmers from the Se-group and 29 from the placebo-group who were sampled on each occasion were considered as one group, which has been compared with the second group comprising up to a total of 100 farmers in the Se-group and 86 in the placebo-group. Results calculated for those farmers who were sampled on each occasion, showed that at the end of the trial, blood and hair Se concentrations of the Se-group increased from 0.130 to 0.186 µg ml^–1 and from 0.431 to 0.502 µg g^–1, respectively, while those of the placebo-groups remained constant. Blood and hair As concentrations of the Se-group decreased from 0.051 to 0.015 µg ml^–1 and from 2.57 to 0.680 µg g^–1, respectively, a greater reduction than those in the placebo-group that went from 0.064 to 0.024 µg ml^–1 and from 2.62 to 1.25 µg g^–1, respectively. When the data from all patients were examined, the analytical trends were similar. An evaluation of skin lesions in the category who were sampled for hair and blood on each occasion showed that 41.2% of hyperkeratosis, 50.0% of depigmentation and 44.7% of pigmentation in the Se-group improved one or more degrees, while those in the placebo-group improved by only 7.1, 12.0 and 6.7%, respectively. A total of 61.1% of the adults in Se-group improved in one or more type of skin lesion, but only 17.2% improved in the placebo-group. Comparable results were obtained when all the data from both categories of farmers were examined. Results from the trial showed that Se supplementation was more effective for the improvement of adults who were affected by double or triple skin lesions. In the placebo-group, most of the severely affected adults improved in only one kind of skin lesion, but in the Se-group, more adults improved in two or three kinds of skin lesions. Although the trial was limited by its relatively small size, the results have provided some evidence of the usefulness of Se supplementation for people affected by arsenism.     

疏浚对大连湾生物可利用磷的水体浓度和沉积物-水界面交换通量的影响

利用FeO/CAM复合膜对大连湾已疏浚区与疏浚影响区海水水体中生物可利用磷(Bio-available phosphorus,BAP)浓度和水质指标进行调查,并通过实验室培养法、间隙水浓度梯度估算法和薄膜扩散梯度技术(Diffusivegradients in thin films technique,DGT)法分别测定沉积物-水界面间BAP交换通量.结果表明,由于受到调查海区附近正在进行的疏浚工程的影响,疏浚影响区水体中浊度和悬浮物含量平均值高于已疏浚区,且疏浚影响区水体中BAP的平均浓度(22.2μg L-1)高于已疏浚水体(19.5μg L-1);而疏浚影响区叶绿素a和溶解氧的浓度明显低于已疏浚区.沉积物-水界面间BAP交换通量研究结果显示,BAP主要由沉积物向上覆水中扩散,沉积物是BAP交换的源;间隙水浓度梯度估算法和DGT法测定的BAP交换通量相似,但远低于实验室培养法测定值;BAP在已疏浚区沉积物-水界面间的交换通量小于疏浚影响区,说明在一定时间内疏浚可以减弱沉积物内源磷的释放.     

癌症与土壤环境中Sn元素的关系

利用土壤环境资料中关于锡元素的32335个数据,癌死亡调查资料787080例,研究了胃癌、食管癌、肝癌、宫颈癌、肺癌、大肠癌、白血病、鼻咽癌、乳腺病死亡率与人鲜生活区土壤环境中锡元素的关系,结果表明。食管癌死亡率与生活区土壤中锡元素质量分数的相关性显著,肝癌、宫颈癌、鼻咽癌死亡率与生活区土壤中锻元素质量分数的相关性极显著,而胃癌、肺癌、大肠癌、白血病、乳腺癌死亡率与生活区土壤中锡元素质量分数的相共性下显著。     

The Behaviour of Selenium in Geological Processes

Selenium contents were analyzed from a total of 244 soil samples collected over different rock types at a sampling density of one sample per 4km² around Geita gold mining areas, Northwestern Tanzania. Comparisons using literature survey contents of selenium in geological materials and some implications on the selenium in soils are compiled and discussed. Most selenium occurs as simple selenides in small quantities in low temperature hydrothermal deposits devoid of sulphur. It has been observed that to a large extent selenium content is increased more than most trace elements in the upper parts of the Earth perhaps through extraterrestrial deposition. In deep-seated rocks selenium is associated with sulphur but being volatile selenium and sulphur do not behave according to the crystallochemical law. Due to the higher stability of S⁶⁺, Se⁴⁺ and Se⁰ separate during migration. Thus, selenium is especially found in deep-seated plutonic rocks where large magma bodies cooled slowly and sulphur is available to precipitate sulphides. Selenium, which occurs with sulphides, is inhomogeneously deposited into continental margins. It is increased during magmatic differentiation and is highest in basic rocks. In magmatic and metamorphic conditions, selenium is found in the crystal structures of sulphides while in pneumatolytic and hydrothermal processes, it is relatively enriched into the late differentiates compared to sulphur. In metamorphic rocks selenium is more widely distributed. Selenium content in soils in the investigated area varies from (0.3–0.5gg^–1) in laterite and in black cotton soil 0.4gg^–1. Of all volcanic rocks selenium is highest in volcanogenic rocks especially the basalts. Surface waters are enriched in selenium, which they leach from volcanic materials. Selenium in sediments containing clay and organic matter is elevated but the content decreases with increased metamorphism. Selenium in volcanic areas can be used as a pathfinder in prospecting for volcanogenic ore deposits. S/Se ratios are distinct in different rock types and can thus be used to elucidate the origin of rocks, ores, and sediments.     

多氯联苯(PCBs)胁迫下鲫鱼肝脏EROD酶活性与血清性激素含量的相关性研究

以鲫鱼(Carassius auratus)为试验鱼类,研究其暴露于不同浓度的PCBs(多氯联苯)后鱼肝组织中EROD酶活性和血清性激素含量的动态变化,探讨了2者间的相关性。结果表明,鲫鱼在PCBs中暴露后,其肝脏组织中EROD酶被诱导,酶活性随PCBs浓度增大而增强,呈明显的剂量-效应关系;EROD酶活性随暴露时间延长而上升,10 d后达平衡;鲫鱼血清中睾酮含量随PCBs浓度增大和暴露时间延长呈下降趋势,但雌二醇含量则显著上升,表明PCBs对鱼类具有环境雌激素效应;在一定浓度范围内,EROD酶活性与血清睾酮含量呈负相关,与血清雌二醇含量呈正相关。因此可用鱼肝EROD酶和血清性激素含量的协同变化作为污染生物标志物来评价PCBs的早期污染生态效应。     

食品中砷和硒生物可给性研究及健康风险/有益性评价

硒(Se)是人体必需的微量元素,一般通过大米和海鲜摄入。然而大米和海鲜是人体砷(As)暴露的主要途径之一。采用ICP-MS对广州市售的大米和3种鱼中砷和硒浓度进行了检测,并通过体外(in vitro)模拟胃肠消化(PBET)法对鱼肉中砷和硒的生物可给性进行了考察。结果表明,大米和鱼肉中砷的浓度分别为0.085～0.168μg·g~(-1)和2.224～5.533μg·g~(-1),硒的浓度分别为0.098～0.190μg·g~(-1)和1.641～2.315μg·g~(-1)。大米和鱼肉中86.86%～99.34%和51.95%～75.64%的砷生物可给,76.73%～85.44%和71.48%～79.83%的硒生物可给。通过大米和鱼肉摄入的硒基本可以满足人体需求。通过大米和3种鱼摄入的无机砷占国际粮农组织和世界卫生组织(FAO/WHO)公布的无机砷的每日最高允许摄入量(TWI)2.1μg·kg~(-1)BW的0.5%～35.7%,但是摄入无机砷的致癌风险分别为1.69×10~(-5)～5.81×10~(-4)和2.13×10~(-4)～7.34×10~(-4),是可接受或可容忍的风险的0.17～7.3倍,尤其是小孩,更易摄入砷产生毒害。     

全氟辛烷磺酸在大连区域环境多介质中的归趋模拟

阐明污染物的环境归趋对于其污染控制和生态风险评价具有重要意义。本文构建了三级环境多介质逸度模型,研究全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS)在大连区域环境多介质中的分布及其迁移规律。结果表明,PFOS在大气、水、土壤和沉积物相的模拟浓度分别为5.10 pg·m-3、22.60 ng·L-1、2.25μg·kg-1和0.34μg·kg-1,与实测值较为一致。环境相间的迁移主要是大气向土壤中迁移和土壤向水中的迁移,水和土壤是大连区域PFOS的主要的汇。PFOS在大气和水相的平流输入为主要的污染来源,而大气的平流输出是其主要的输出途径。灵敏度分析表明,有机碳分配系数、溶解度、水和气相平流输入、土壤中水的径流速率以及温度是影响模型结果的主要参数。不确定分析则表明,整体参数的变化对水体输出结果影响最大,对沉积物影响最小。本研究较好地模拟了PFOS在大连区域环境多介质中的迁移和归趋,可为其污染控制和生态风险评价提供科学依据。