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自然生态系统健康的评价因素有组织结构、活力、恢复力、生态系统服务功能的维护、管理选择、对相邻系统的影响、减少投入、对人类健康的影响等,其类型有健康、较健康、亚健康、不健康、患病五级;其相应的生态恢复类型为生态预防、自然恢复、生态修复、生态重建;相应的生态工程有建立自然保护区、封育、补播与放流、人工林、人工草场、人工湿地等. 相似文献
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旅游景区解说设施研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
为了更好地促进旅游信息的传播与交流、旅游地形象的宣传、旅游学术思想的交流与共享、旅游产品的促销、旅游服务的完善与提高等,对旅游景区解说设施的功能、类型、解说效果、相关因素、流程进行了深入研究,提出了旅游景区解说设施的4个功能、2大类型,比较分析了各类型旅游解说设施的解说效果、解说设施及其相关要素的循环关系,以及旅游景区解说设施的规划流程。 相似文献
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辐射固化纳米环氧酚醛涂层在耐腐蚀、抗渗透、防结垢、防结蜡、耐磨损、抗细菌腐蚀、耐热性及绝热性等方面均有着突出的表现,在提高生产效率、节能降耗、安全环保等方面也有着积极的作用.这些突出的综合性将能够有效应对近年来的高温、高压、高含硫气田中频繁发生的集输管道腐蚀失效问题.在不久的将来,该类涂层可能会是石油化工管道功能性涂层中最好的选择之一. 相似文献
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Carl J. Sindermann 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1988,24(5):931-939
ABSTRACT: Sustained interest in and concern about the health status of the aquatic environment has resulted in extensive research focused on (1) effects of pollution on survival, growth, and reproduction of resource species at all life stages; (2) diseases of fish and shellfish, as they may be related to pollution and as they may serve as indicators of environmental stress; and (3) contaminant body burdens in fish and shellfish - their effects on the aquatic animals and their potential effects on humans. Effects, lethal and sublethal, of pollutants on life history stages of fish and shellfish have been documented, as have impacts on local stocks in badly degraded habitats, but as yet there has been no adequate quantitative demonstration of effects on entire aquatic species - probably because of the difficulty in sorting out relative effects of the many environmental factors that influence abundance. Sublethal effects, especially those that result in disease, have been examined intensively, and some diseases and disease syndromes have been associated statistically with pollution. Other pollution indicators (biochemical, physiological, genetic, behavioral, and ecological) have also received some attention, as have body burdens of contaminants in aquatic species. Research, especially that conducted during the past decade, has done much to clarify the many pathways and toxic effects of contaminants on aquatic animals, and has also helped to identify mechanisms for survival of fish and shellfish in the presence of environmental changes caused by human activities. 相似文献
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Hydrological,Physical, and Chemical Functions and Connectivity of Non‐Floodplain Wetlands to Downstream Waters: A Review 下载免费PDF全文
Charles R. Lane Scott G. Leibowitz Bradley C. Autrey Stephen D. LeDuc Laurie C. Alexander 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2018,54(2):346-371
We reviewed the scientific literature on non‐floodplain wetlands (NFWs), freshwater wetlands typically located distal to riparian and floodplain systems, to determine hydrological, physical, and chemical functioning and stream and river network connectivity. We assayed the literature for source, sink, lag, and transformation functions, as well as factors affecting connectivity. We determined NFWs are important landscape components, hydrologically, physically, and chemically affecting downstream aquatic systems. NFWs are hydrologic and chemical sources for other waters, hydrologically connecting across long distances and contributing compounds such as methylated mercury and dissolved organic matter. NFWs reduced flood peaks and maintained baseflows in stream and river networks through hydrologic lag and sink functions, and sequestered or assimilated substantial nutrient inputs through chemical sink and transformative functions. Landscape‐scale connectivity of NFWs affects water and material fluxes to downstream river networks, substantially modifying the characteristics and function of downstream waters. Many factors determine the effects of NFW hydrological, physical, and chemical functions on downstream systems, and additional research quantifying these factors and impacts is warranted. We conclude NFWs are hydrologically, chemically, and physically interconnected with stream and river networks though this connectivity varies in frequency, duration, magnitude, and timing. 相似文献
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Anne-Lucie Raoult-Wack Nicolas Bricas 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2002,15(3):323-334
After a century of major technicaladvance, essentially achieved by and for theindustrialized countries, the evolution of thefood sector in southern countries should nolonger be thought of in terms of a ``headlongpursuit.'' In the present context of demographicgrowth, urbanization, poverty and disparities,environmental degradation, and globalization oftrade, new priorities have emerged, and newethical questions have been raised, mainlyrelated to sustainability and equity. Thispaper analyses these ethical concerns in thefollowing terms: can the model of food sectordevelopment initiated by the industrializedcountries be applied to the entire world on asustainable and equitable basis, given theeffects of this development with regard to theenergy consumed, the changes in dietarybehavior and related nutritional problems, thenew demands in terms of food safety, thequestions of biodiversity, ownership ofknowledge, cultural identities, gender issues,and Man's relationship to food and Nature? 相似文献
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Bhawana Upadhyay 《Natural resources forum》2005,29(3):224-232
This article attempts to delineate women's roles in natural resource management by highlighting their roles in management of water, agriculture, livestock, forestry and fishery. The article is based on the findings of case studies in rural areas of India and Nepal done during 2003 and 2004 by the author as well as by other researchers. Taking women as primary respondents, empirical work used participatory techniques, such as in‐depth surveys, focus group discussions and participant observation. Findings suggest that women clearly outdo men in terms of their involvement in use and management of all the studied sectors, i.e., water, agriculture, livestock, forestry and fishery. Yet, they face categorical exclusion and denial of equal sharing of benefits from natural resources. In order to ensure sustainable use of these resources, the article recommends that policy makers, planners and development workers must have a better understanding of the relative and often shifting roles of men and women in natural resource management, including division of labour, access to resources, decision‐making and traditional knowledge and practices. The article concludes with sector‐specific recommendations. 相似文献
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David C. Davenport Robert M. Hagan 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1980,16(4):717-723
ABSTRACT: This paper defines types of water losses in irrigated agriculture and outlines potentials for water conservation. Recoverable water “losses” (seepage, leakage, and spillage during storage and conveyance, and surface runoff and deep percolation during irrigation) and irrecoverable losses (evaporation from water and soil surfaces and transpiration from plants) are described and illustrated. Some conservation terms are defined, particularly the distinction between on-farm irrigation efficiency and areawide efficiency. Briefly reviewed are agricultural water conservation technologies and their applicability. The biggest untapped potential for water conservation may be a reduction in irrecoverable losses, especially evapotranspiration. The advantages and disadvantages of reducing recoverable and irrecoverable water losses are described, including possible effects on ground water, energy, salinity, crops, wildlife, and in-stream uses. Such information may be useful in several policy and management issues, e.g., ground water overdraft and possible constraints on crops and sites to be irrigated. 相似文献
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Control of Tamarix in the Western United States: Implications for Water Salvage, Wildlife Use, and Riparian Restoration 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Shafroth PB Cleverly JR Dudley TL Taylor JP van Riper C Weeks EP Stuart JN 《Environmental management》2005,35(3):231-246
Non-native shrub species in the genus Tamarix (saltcedar, tamarisk) have colonized hundreds of thousands of hectares of floodplains, reservoir margins, and other wetlands in western North America. Many resource managers seek to reduce saltcedar abundance and control its spread to increase the flow of water in streams that might otherwise be lost to evapotranspiration, to restore native riparian (streamside) vegetation, and to improve wildlife habitat. However, increased water yield might not always occur and has been substantially lower than expected in water salvage experiments, the potential for successful revegetation is variable, and not all wildlife taxa clearly prefer native plant habitats over saltcedar. As a result, there is considerable debate surrounding saltcedar control efforts. We review the literature on saltcedar control, water use, wildlife use, and riparian restoration to provide resource managers, researchers, and policy-makers with a balanced summary of the state of the science. To best ensure that the desired outcomes of removal programs are met, scientists and resource managers should use existing information and methodologies to carefully select and prioritize sites for removal, apply the most appropriate and cost-effective control methods, and then rigorously monitor control efficacy, revegetation success, water yield changes, and wildlife use. 相似文献
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Charles W. Slaughter Charles H. Racine Donald A. Walker Larry A. Johnson Gunars Abele 《Environmental management》1990,14(1):63-72
Use of off-road vehicles (ORVs) in permafrost-affected terrain of Alaska has increased sharply over the past two decades.
Until the early 1960s, most ORV use was by industry or government, which employed heavy vehicles such as industrial tractors
and tracked carriers. Smaller, commercial ORVs became available in the 1960s, with the variety and number in use rapidly increasing.
Wheeled and tracked ORVs, many used exclusively for recreation or subsistence harvesting by individuals, are now ubiquitous
in Alaska. This increased use has led to concern over the cumulative effects of such vehicles on vegetation, soils, and environmental
variables including off-site values.
Factors affecting impact and subsequent restoration include specific environmental setting; vegetation; presence and ice content
of permafrost; microtopography; vehicle design, weight, and ground pressure; traffic frequency; season of traffic; and individual
operator practices. Approaches for mitigating adverse effects of ORVs include regulation and zoning, terrain analysis and
sensitivity mapping, route selection, surface protection, and operator training.
We regret the untimely death of Gunars Abele on August 27, 1989; he was a valued colleague and good friend. 相似文献
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Christopher A. Frissell David Bayles 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1996,32(2):229-240
ABSTRACT: Ecologically effective ecosystem management will require the development of a robust logic, rationale, and framework for addressing the inherent limitations of scientific understanding. It must incorporate a strategy for avoiding irreversible or large-scale environmental mistakes that arise from social and political forces that tend to promote fragmented, uncritical, short-sighted, inflexible, and overly optimistic assessments of resource status, management capabilities, and the consequences of decisions and policies. Aquatic resources are vulnerable to the effects of human activities catchment-wide, and many of the landscape changes humans routinely induce cause irreversible damage (e.g., some species introductions, extinctions of ecotypes and species) or give rise to cumulative, long-term, large-scale biological and cultural consequences (e.g., accelerated erosion and sedimentation, deforestation, toxic contamination of sediments). In aquatic ecosystems, biotic impoverishment and environmental disruption caused by past management and natural events profoundly constrain the ability of future management to maintain biodiversity and restore historical ecosystem functions and values. To provide for rational, adaptive progress in ecosystem management and to reduce the risk of irreversible and unanticipated consequences, managers and scientists must identify catchments and aquatic networks where ecological integrity has been least damaged by prior management, and jointly develop means to ensure their protection as reservoirs of natural biodiversity, keystones for regional restoration, management models, monitoring benchmarks, and resources for ecological research. 相似文献
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B. De Martis M. A. de Miranda Restivo A. Mocci Demartis E. Serra 《Environmental management》1992,16(3):381-388
Capoterra Pond in southern Sardinia is described and analyzed with respect to its morphological, meteorological, physical
and chemical characteristics, and its zoobenthic, zooplankton, and phytoplankton biocenoses. The birdlife, flora, and riparian
associations of vegetation are studied in order to draw international attention to the importance of this lagoon, the precariousness
of its ecosystem, the seriousness of current attempts to destabilize it, and the need to encourage the Sardinian authorities
to initiate conservation measures, especially as rare birds have found their niches there. 相似文献
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This assessment of the environmental protection regulatory system for the $2.2 billion iron and steel plant, oil refinery, and thermal generating station composing the core of the greenfield Nanticoke industrial complex is based upon: the use of governmental and industrial research in project management; technology and institutional arrangements for environmental protection; evidence of environmental changes to date; analysis of government and industrial approval files; and interviews with government, industry, and interest group representatives. Planning, regulation, and management have been reasonably efficient and effective to the beginning of the operational stage for all three major industries as of spring 1980. Of major future concern, however, is management of the cumulative and synergistic impacts of the industries and associated development on air quality as well as the lands, waters, and sensitive ecosystems of the nearby Lake Erie coast. Continuous monitoring, more comprehensive research, and better overall coordination of government, industrial, and public interests are required if Nanticoke benefits are to be achieved without undue cost to pre-project resource users within and outside the Haldimand-Norfolk region. 相似文献