饮用水源地浮游藻类群落特征及富营养化风险评价

为了解新立城水库藻类分布及富营养化特征,于枯水期和丰水期进行调查与分析,结果表明,新立城水库共鉴定出藻类29种,隶属于绿藻门、蓝藻门、硅藻门、隐藻门、金藻门、裸藻门和甲藻门共7门19科,其中绿藻门最多,通过生物多样性指数分析得到,枯水期水质优于丰水期;分析近10年水库水体理化性质得到水库总体上呈轻度富营养化状态,氮磷浓度较高,农业面源污染是导致水体中氮磷浓度偏高的主要原因。     

池塘河蟹生态养殖对水体环境的影响

为了评判河蟹生态养殖对周围水环境的影响,2004年4-11月对河蟹生态养殖池塘的水环境进行了现状调查与监测.水源区的水质主要超标项目为总氮、总磷、氨氮和高锰酸盐指数,表明水源区水质主要是富营养化和轻微的有机污染.在池塘生态养殖区中,水质主要超标项目为pH值和总磷.生态养殖区水质虽有超标,但超标幅度明显低于水源区.调查同时发现,河蟹生态养殖区因栽有大量的水草,对氮磷的吸收比较充分,故生态养殖区的氮磷在养殖周期中的变化较水源区要小得多,叶绿素A的动态变化也证明了水草的生态意义.总体而言,生态养殖区的水质要明显优于水源区,基本上达到地表水环境质量标准中的3级标准和渔业水质标准的要求.河蟹生态养殖不会对外界水环境产生不良影响.     

养殖池塘生态系统中磷的收支及解磷微生物的研究进展

综述了池塘养殖系统磷的收支情况.研究发现,在池塘养殖系统中,磷输出最主要的形式为底泥沉积,养殖池塘中存在着磷的总体利用效率不高,水体中活性磷含量低的问题.而解磷微生物的应用在一定程度上可有效解决上述问题,它们能将植物难以吸收利用的磷转化为可吸收利用的形态.通过阐述解磷微生物的种类、解磷效果及解磷机制,结合养殖池塘的情况,分析了将解磷微生物应用于水产养殖中的可行性,并对今后的研究方向作出了展望.结合我国水产养殖的实际情况,筛选适应池塘养殖环境的高效解磷微生物,并将其应用于池塘养殖中,使池塘沉积物中难溶性磷转化具备相当的可行性.     

浙北地区养殖池塘表层沉积物重金属潜在生态风险评价

按照渔业生态环境监测规范,于2012—2013年在浙江省湖州市、嘉兴市所属10个不同县(区、市)较大规模的养殖场进行随机采样,采用微波消解-原子吸收、原子荧光法测定了107个池塘表层沉积物中7种重金属的质量比。结果表明,Zn的绝对质量比最高,两地市分别为221.29 mg/kg和188.63 mg/kg。以全国土壤背景值为标准,两地市养殖池塘表层沉积物中各重金属内梅罗综合污染指数情况相似,没有显著性差异(p0.05),其中Cu、Zn、Cd污染指数较高,Cr和As处于尚清洁水平,嘉兴市的Cu内梅罗指数达到9.14。两地市主要养殖池塘表层沉积物中Cd污染最严重,处于中等生态危害等级,其他6种重金属的潜在生态危害较轻微,危害从强到弱为Cd、Hg、Pb、Cu、As、Zn、Cr。各县(区、市)综合潜在生态风险指数都处于轻微危害状态,以南湖区最高(115.84),海盐县最低(76.14)。鱼类养殖池塘表层沉积物中重金属的潜在生态危害程度要大于虾、蟹、鳖类,主要是由于鱼类养殖池塘表层沉积物中Cd的潜在生态风险系数较高;不同养殖品种间池塘表层沉积物重金属的潜在生态风险指数差异不明显(p0.05)。     

对虾单养和对虾-罗非鱼混养试验围隔氮磷收支的研究

采用18个36 m2的围隔进行对虾单养和对虾-罗非鱼混养试验,研究其氮磷收支的差异.各围隔放养对虾(全长为0.045 cm)均为3 000尾,放养罗非鱼((201±25)g/尾)分别为0尾(F组)、4尾(A组)、8尾(B组)、12尾(C组)、18尾(D组)、24尾(E组),试验期间各围隔均不进行水交换,试验周期为70 d.结果表明,饲料和水环境调控剂是输入氮磷的主要来源,两者在对虾单养组中占氮磷总输入的87.8％和97.9％,在对虾混养组中占氮磷总输入的81.8%～91.9％和96％～98.7％.养殖生物和底泥沉积是氮磷输出的主要渠道,对虾单养组养殖生物占氮磷总输出的23.4％和10.5％,底泥沉积占氮磷总输出为50.5％和80％;对虾混养组中养殖生物占氮磷总输出的36％～47％和14.8％～18.1％,底泥沉积占氮磷总输出的28.1％～39.4％和72.3％～78％.C组为效果最佳组,养殖生物对氮磷的利用率分别为47％和18.1％,其中对虾对氮磷的利用率分别为36.9％和16％,均大于其他混养组,且显著大于单养组(p＜0.05).研究表明,对虾与罗非鱼混养明显提高了养殖生物对氮磷的利用,减少了氮磷在池塘底部的沉积,凡纳滨对虾(8.3×105尾/hm2)和罗非鱼(3 320尾/hm2)混养可取得较好生态效益和经济效益.     

湖南大通湖河蟹池塘生态养殖模式对水质净化的试验研究

为检验河蟹池塘生态养殖模式对渔业富营养化水体净化效果,于2011年4-9月(河蟹主要生长时期)对湖南大通湖河蟹生态养殖池塘进行调查监测.大通湖水源区常年肥水养鱼,TN、TP、CODMn等均超标,水体呈富营养化;河蟹生态养殖池塘TP等超标.9月底,河蟹生态养殖池塘中CODMn、TN、NH4+-N、NO2--N相对于水源区分别降低了56.5％、72.9％、66.6％、79.5％;而TP的质量浓度有所上升,增幅为83.3％.TP的上升与水源区水质、后期饲料投喂量增大和伊乐藻的衰亡有一定关系.总之,河蟹生态养殖池塘水质基本达到地表水环境质量标准中Ⅲ级标准和渔业水质标准的要求,且池塘中大量水生植物对N、P的吸收效果显著,池塘水质显著优于水源区.     

女山湖围网养殖对水质和大型底栖动物群落结构的影响

为合理利用和保护自然资源,对女山湖围网养殖内外水质的差异和底栖动物的群落特征及生物多样性差异进行监测。2009年3—5月,以黑白瓶法测溶氧(DO),重铬酸盐法测耗氧量(COD),紫外分光光度法测总氮(TN),钼酸铵分光光度法测总磷(TP),PHS-3精密数显酸度计直接测定pH值,重量法测定悬浮性固体和溶解性固体;1/16 Peterson采泥器取样,对底栖动物鉴定、计数,并计算密度和生物量。结果表明,围网内外水质的理化指标存在差异,围网内酸度、COD、TN、TP、有机质高于围网外。检出大型底栖动物18种,网围养殖区底栖动物群落组成与非养殖区差异较大(Jaecard指数为0.46)。围网内大型底栖动物密度、生物量和生物多样性低于围网外。建议通过湖泊围网的合理布局提高湖泊生产力,恢复和维持湖泊生态系统的良性循环。     

建筑企业安全文化对安全绩效影响的实证研究

基于安全文化在建筑业安全管理中的重要性越来越突出,因此安全文化对于提高安全绩效,减少建筑业事故发生率的作用日益得到重视。文中进行实证研究,探讨建筑企业安全文化对安全绩效的影响。安全文化的维度为安全制度文化、安全物质文化和安全观念文化,研究结果表明,安全制度文化、安全物质文化和安全观念文化均有助于安全绩效提高,研究结果可在一定程度上促使建筑企业重视并自觉改善安全文化,有助于减少建筑业安全事故发生率,提升安全绩效。     

A community driving under the influence (DUI) study of declining arrests

Abstract

Objective: Recent news reports in 2016 indicated that across Miami–Dade County, Florida, driving under the influence (DUI) arrests have decreased substantially. The objective of this research was to determine the reasons for the decline in DUI arrests from 2009 to 2016. Are there fewer impaired drivers on the roads? Can DUI enforcement and prosecution be improved?

Methods: The following methods were used in this study: (1) Analysis of existing DUI arrest and crash data; (2) conducting and analysis of a telephone survey of reported knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors concerning impaired driving; (3) conducting and analysis of roadside surveys on the roads on weekend nights in Miami–Dade County; (4) information from focus group discussions with police and prosecutors in Miami–Dade County; and (5) a comprehensive review of the best DUI prevention practices and enforcement strategies used across the country.

Results: DUI arrests decreased 64% in Miami–Dade County between 2009 and 2016. This was a significantly larger decrease than has occurred in the State of Florida as a whole (34%) and in the United States (29%) over the same time period. The decline was not due to any decline in DUI behavior in the county.

Conclusions: Based upon the data and information gathered in this project, the following actions were recommended for Miami–Dade County: (1) County police chiefs need to find ways to overcome law enforcement apathy toward DUI enforcement and persuade their traffic enforcement officers to be proactive rather than reactive when it comes to identifying and making impaired driving stops. (2) County police agencies should join forces to conduct more sobriety checkpoints. Checkpoints are safer for both the police and the drivers going through them and serve as a general deterrent to impaired driving. (3) An interagency DUI task force or team of 5 to 7 officers should be established within the county. These officers would be solely dedicated to DUI enforcement and paid for by each individual agency or under a grant from the state or federal government.     

The Bhopal tragedy: its influence on process and community safety as practiced in the United States

The chemical accident at 12:45 AM on December 3, 1984 in Bhopal India had a profound effect on the practice of chemical process safety in the United States. Fearing the possibility of similar events occurring in the United States, the United States Congress convened several hearings and investigations into the causes of the disaster. The inquiries focused both on the state of process safety within the US chemical industry and on the readiness of communities located near chemical operations to respond to sudden and dangerous toxic discharges. Of equal significance were concerns over the safety of workers in chemical plants. This paper reviews the major legislative, academic, and industrial changes initiated in the area of process safety after the event, their influence on saving lives, and on improving living conditions surrounding chemical complexes in the United States.     

The influence of work‐family culture and workplace relationships on work interference with family: a multilevel model

This research tested a multilevel model examining the influence of work‐family culture and supportive workplace relationships on work interference with family. Web‐based survey data were provided by 792 information technology employees from 10 organizations. Random coefficient modeling was used to test a path model examining the relationships between work‐family culture, leader‐member exchange (LMX), coworker support, and work interference with family. The direct effects of LMX and coworker support on work interference with family were significant. The indirect effect of work‐family culture on work interference with family was also significant. Results demonstrate the value of work‐family culture in understanding supportive supervisory and coworker relationships and work interference with family and highlight the need to employ multilevel models to understand these relationships. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于演化博弈的矿工脱岗行为原因研究

为探究矿工脱岗行为解决办法,采用演化博弈理论建立了矿工与煤矿企业之间的策略博弈模型。首先根据矿工与煤矿企业间的利益相关性确定影响各方利益的综合因素,然后结合煤矿企业实际确定两博弈方的收益矩阵,进而利用演化博弈模型分析两博弈方进行决策的动态演化过程。结果表明,博弈方选择不同策略的概率取决于对手的得益,且两博弈方的策略相互影响,最终达到3个稳定状态,即(在岗,不检查)、(脱岗,不检查)和(脱岗,检查)。矿工坚守岗位与脱岗处罚、矿工损失、检查成本等因素有关,并结合具体案例进行验证,建议煤矿企业应加大检查和处罚力度,使脱岗矿工损失较大,以逐渐减少脱岗行为。     

煤矿安全文化评价系统的研究

提出了一种将组合评价方法(AHM方法和TOPSIS方法)应用于煤矿安全文化的评价思路和方法。根据煤矿安全文化的特点,构建了由10个指标(企业精神、安全目标、安全风气、企业形象、人文环境、安全管理体制、安全操作规程、安全措施、安全防护设施和安全工作条件)组成的煤矿安全文化评价模型,利用AHM方法确定指标的权重,采用改进的TOPSIS方法对煤矿企业的安全文化进行评价。同时,简要介绍了基于Web技术的评价系统实现的主要功能、评价模块。最后以某煤矿公司作为该评价模型的实例,对其下辖的5家企业安全文化方面进行了评价分析。结果表明,该组合评价方法较传统的定性评估更为科学、客观,为煤矿公司对下辖企业的安全文化评价提供了可靠参考,也为煤矿企业在安全文化建设方面指明了方向。     

Investigations into the influence of dustiness on dust explosions

A new safety characteristic the “dustiness” according to VDI 2263 – part 9 (Verein Deutscher Ingenieure, 2008) is investigated. Dustiness means the tendency of a dust to form clouds. The paper deals with the influence of the dustiness on vented dust explosions. In order to look into the effects of the dustiness on dust cloud formation and explosion properties experiments and simulations in a vertical dust dispersion glass tube apparatus were carried out.Preliminary explosion experiments showed that the dustiness has an influence on the reduced explosion pressure in a vented 75 L test apparatus. Dusts with comparable p_max and K_St values and different dustiness were tested. Dusts with higher dustiness produced higher overpressures, despite comparable safety characteristics. In order to verify the results for applications in the process industries further tests with different settings are planned as well as industrial scale experiments. Characteristics of the dust such as particle size, density, specific surface area and particle shape, which influence the dispersibility, have been determined experimentally.The Euler/Lagrange and the Euler/Euler approaches are compared for simulating an exemplary dust/air mixture. Especially sedimentation and the ability of the approaches to simulate the tendency of dust to stay airborne were investigated. The Euler/Lagrange approach is better suited for simulating local dust concentrations, particle size distributions and particle forces. It could be used to point out regions of high dust concentrations in a vessel. With the Euler/Euler method it is possible to achieve fast solutions for one specified diameter, but the simulated dust/air mixtures are always more homogenous than in reality. ANSYS CFX version 13 was used in all simulations.     

边坡爆破高度对边坡稳定性的影响

为了解爆破后由急倾斜且具有水平裂隙发育岩体组成的边坡稳定性及其内部破坏规律,最终总结出爆破高度对边坡稳定性的影响特征,使用基于颗粒流理论的PFC3D进行该工况模拟。利用PFC3D中的JSET和Bonds模拟非连续和连续性的岩体构造形式,以对实际的岩体中岩块和裂隙发育进行模拟。针对存在该类型构造发育边坡的实际工况,设置了13个爆破点的6个爆破方案进行模拟。研究了模拟结果表现出的边坡内部裂隙和位移随爆破高度的变化规律。其表明了对于同时起爆各爆破点而言,爆破高度越高爆破后边坡越稳定的结论,并分析了出现该现象的原因。说明了结论的普适性,同时该边坡实际的爆破情况也支持了该结论。     

关于促进社区居民垃圾分类习惯养成的研究

社区是生活垃圾排放的主要源头场所。本研究以社区为中心,从习惯养成的角度出发,以斯金纳强化理论为依据,综合分析多方面影响因素,为社区垃圾分类管理及居民垃圾分类投放习惯的养成提出合理化建议。     

应急准备文化体系结构与核心要素研究

该文介绍了作为一种特殊文化形态——应急准备文化的产生与背景。论述了应急准备文化的基本概念及其理论与实践意义,提出有应急知识、应急意识和应急行为作为三个核心要素组成的应急准备文化体系结构,叙述了应急准备文化建设基本原则和主要内容,并展望了应急准备文化的发展前景。