膜法处理难降解石化废水的预处理工艺研究

采用混凝法分别以聚合氯化铁（PFC）、聚合氯化铝（PAC）和聚合硫酸铁（PFS）为混凝剂处理天津某石油化工厂二级氧化处理工艺出水，PFC对废水COD的去除效果最好，在PFC加入量为120mg／L时，废水的COD去除率最高，为22．35％。经正交实验确定了Fenton试剂氧化法处理废水的最佳实验条件为：Fe^2＋加入量290mg／L、H2O2加入量100mg／L、pH=6、反应时间30min，此时COD去除率为20．45％。活性炭吸附法对废水的处理效果随活性炭加入量增加而改善，活性炭的最佳加入量为2000mg／L，此时废水的COD去除率最高，为87．78％。     

Fenton氧化-生物接触氧化工艺处理甲醛和乌洛托品废水

采用Fenton氧化一生物接触氧化工艺处理含甲醛和乌洛托品的模拟废水（简称废水），在H2O2（体积分数30％）加入量2．5g／L、H2O2与Fe^2＋质量浓度比3．75、反应时间3h、不调节废水初始pH的Fenton氧化预处理最佳操作条件下，废水COD从1000mg／L左右降至300mg／L，COD去除率达72％。原废水完全无法直接进行生化处理，经Fenton氧化预处理后其BOD，／COD约为0．5，易于生化处理。Fenton氧化一生物接触氧化工艺处理废水，生物接触氧化停留时间为12h时，废水COD去除率高达94％，处理后出水COD小于70mg／L，处理效果很好。     

混凝-间歇式活性污泥法处理炼油废水

采用混凝-间歇式活性污泥（SBR）法处理炼油废水，考察了混凝、SBR法对炼油废水的处理效果。实验结果表明：在硫酸铝、聚丙烯酰胺、CaCl2加入量分别为50，3，100mg／L的条件下，油去除率为82．7％，COD去除率为57．1％，BOD，／COD为0．24，混凝处理出水具有一定的可生化性；对混凝处理出水用SBR法进行厌氧水解2h、好氧曝气9h的生物处理后，出水COD低于150mg／L，COD去除率在80％左右。     

用活性炭粒子群电催化反应器处理氯苯和硝基苯生产废水

采用自制的活性炭粒子群电催化反应器对氯苯和硝基苯生产废水进行处理，考察了槽电流、停留时间对氯苯、硝基苯去除效果的影响。在槽电流20-25A、停留时间30min的条件下，氯苯生产废水中的氯苯质量浓度为3．3～109．9mg／L、苯质量浓度为13．1—395．7mg／L时，氯苯和苯的去除率分别在99％和97％以上，TOC和色度的去除率分别在71％和92％以上；硝基苯生产废水中硝基苯、二硝基苯酚、对硝基氯苯的质量浓度分别为4．5—292．3，83．3—348．0，69．5—93．9mg／L时，硝基苯和二硝基苯酚的去除率分别在96％和99％以上，TOC和色度去除率分别在90％和98％以上，对硝基氯苯在出水中未检出。     

冷冻固定化硝化菌去除废水中氨氮的研究

采用聚乙烯醇(PVA)循环冷冻法制备固定化硝化菌颗粒,经活化后在颗粒填充率为9％的三相流化床中进行氨氮废水处理试验。处理低浓度氨氮有机废水(NH3-N质量浓度为75mg／L．COD约为400mg／L,水力停留时间为4h)时,NH3-N去除率约为90％,COD、TIN的去除率可达82％和60％左右;处理高浓度氨氮废水(NH3-N质量浓度450～500mg／L,水力停留时间为20h)时,NH3-N去除率在98％以上,氨氧化产物中NO2^--N质量分数在95％以上,为亚硝酸盐反硝化提供了有利条件。用该法制成的硝化菌颗粒寿命在3个月以上。     

生物絮凝剂MBFGA1预处理乳制品加工废水

用生物絮凝剂MBFGA1预处理乳制品加工废水（简称废水）。实验结果表明，废水处理的水力条件为：以150r／min的转速搅拌30S，再以30r／min的转速搅拌20min；MBFGA1的最佳加入量为15mg／L；废水pH为4．0时，MBFGA1对废水的絮凝处理效果最好；废水温度对浊度、COD去除率有一定的影响，在20～45℃时，废水浊度的去除率始终保持在85％以上；30℃时，COD去除率达到最大值65．0％。     

次氯酸钙法处理发泡剂生产废水

采用废漂白液(次氯酸钙)处理发泡剂偶氮二甲酰胺生产废水。废水pH为8～9时,加入质量分数3％～5％的漂白液和1‰PAM絮凝剂,反应2h,沉淀澄清。实验室试验中COD去除率为88％,工业处理试验中COD平均由626mg／L降为105mg／L,去除率为83．2％。该法工艺简单,以废治废,费用低,处理效果好。     

UV/Fenton氧化-混凝联合工艺处理含酚废水

采用UV／Fenton氧化-混凝联合工艺对模拟苯酚废水进行处理,探讨了UV／Fenton预氧化程度和混凝处理条件对模拟苯酚废水处理效果的影响。结果表明,采用混凝处理,COD去除率仅为14．1％;当UV／Fenton预氧化处理过程中H2O2的质量浓度为150～300mg／L时,废水的混凝性能可提高1．5倍以上;当H2O2质量浓度为450mg／L、光反应时间为30min时,采用UV／Fenton氧化一混凝工艺联合处理后COD去除率达82．7％。苯酚废水采用UV／Fenton预氧化处理后,进行混凝处理过程的适宜pH为6．5,混凝剂Fe^3 的适宜质量浓度为500mg／L.     

混凝—催化氧化法处理丁苯橡胶生产废水

以聚合氯化铝（PAC）、阴离子聚丙烯酰胺（PAM）为混凝剂，以H2O2-O3为氧化剂，采用混凝-催化氧化法处理对丁苯橡胶生产废水。考察了混凝剂种类及其加入量、废水pH对混凝处理效果的影响，氧化剂及其加入量、反应时间和废水pH对COD去除率的影响。实验得出的最佳工艺条件：混凝实验，废水pH为7、PAC和PAM加入量为400mg／L和4mg／L；催化氧化实验，废水pH为7～8、H2O2加入量为200mg／L、H2O2与O3的质量比为0．5。处理后，废水COD从860mg／L降至145mg／L，COD去除率达83．1％，出水水质达到国家二级排放标准。     

絮凝沉淀-Fenton试剂氧化法处理含高浓度硫酸盐的洗涤剂生产废水

采用絮凝沉淀-Fenton试剂氧化法处理含高浓度硫酸盐的洗涤剂生产废水（简称废水），考察了各种因素对COD去除率的影响。实验结果表明：根据实际废水的水质情况，选用聚合氯化铝（PAC）为絮凝剂，PAC最佳加入量为0．3g／L，经絮凝处理后COD去除率为42．3％；Fenton试剂氧化的最佳操作条件为：n（H2O2）：n（Fe^2＋）=0．5、H2O2加入量为7mmol／L、反应时间为2h，不调节废水初始pH，经Fenton试剂氧化处理后COD去除率为70％以上。经絮凝沉淀-Fenton试剂氧化法处理后，废水COD由1950mg／L降至240mg／L，总的COD去除率为87．7％，废水处理效果良好。     

The use of alum, ferric chloride and ferrous sulphate as coagulants in removing suspended solids, colour and COD from semi-aerobic landfill leachate at controlled pH.

Suspended solids, colour and chemical oxygen demand (COD) are among the main pollutants in landfill leachate. Application of physical or biological processes alone is normally not sufficient to remove these constituents, especially for leachate with a lower biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)/ COD ratio. The main objective of this research was to investigate the efficiency of coagulation and flocculation processes for removing suspended solids, colour and COD from leachate produced in a semi-aerobic landfill in Penang, Malaysia. A 12-month characterization study of the leachate indicated that it had a mean annual BOD/COD ratio of 0.15 and was partially stabilized, with little further biological degradation likely to occur. Particle size analysis of the raw leachate indicated that its 50th percentile (d50) was 11.68 microm. Three types of coagulants were examined in bench scale jar test studies: aluminium sulphate (alum), ferric chloride (FeCl3) and ferrous sulphate (FeSO4). The effects of agitation speed, settling time, pH, coagulant dosages and temperature were examined. At 300 rpm of rapid mixing, 50 rpm of slow mixing, and 60 min settling time, higher removals of suspended solids (over 95%), colour (90%) and COD (43%) were achieved at pH 4 and 12. FeCl3 was found to be superior to other coagulants tested. At pH 4 and 12, fair removal of suspended solids was observed at a reasonably low coagulant dose, i.e., 600 mg L(-1); hHowever, about 2500 mg L(-1) of coagulant was required to achieve good removals at pH 6. Better removals were achieved at higher temperature. The d50 of sludge after coagulation at pH 4 with a 2500 mg L(-1) FeCl3 dose was 60.16 microm, which indicated that the particles had been removed effectively from the leachate. The results indicate that coagulation and flocculation processes can be used effectively in integrated semi-aerobic leachate treatment systems, especially for removing suspended solids, colour and COD.     

Physico-chemical treatment of Merida landfill leachate for chemical oxygen demand reduction by coagulation.

In order to determine the optimal dosage and type of coagulant for the physico-chemical treatment of leachate from the sanitary landfill of Merida, Mexico, a total of 864 jar tests were performed. Four metallic coagulants (ferric chloride, ferric sulphate, aluminium polychloride and aluminium sulphate) with doses ranging between 50 and 300 mg L(-1) and two polyelectrolytes (high-density anionic and cationic reagents) with doses from 2 to 12 mg L(-1) were tested. Neither an adequate type of coagulant nor an optimal dose could be found. The removal of contaminants was measured as total and dissolved chemical oxygen demand (COD). Soluble COD removal efficiencies were low, from 0 to 47%, with a 4% average value only. These low values of organic material removal were attributed to the particular characteristics of the Merida landfill leachate (low suspended solids concentration), so even with sweep-floc coagulation (300 mg L(-1) dose) only low COD removal efficiencies were obtained. A study of the suspended particle size distribution of the leachate was conducted in order to explain the poor performance. The particle size distribution ranged from 0.375 to 948.2 microm, with an average value of 22.97 microm. In a second step the optimal pH for physico-chemical treatment of these leachates was determined. Finally a greater than 90% removal of organic material, measured as suspended COD, was obtained at pH 2, which was considered as the optimal value.     

臭氧氧化法深度处理印染废水二级出水

采用臭氧氧化法深度处理印染废水二级出水,以比臭氧消耗量为基础讨论出水水质的改善情况.实验结果表明:当比臭氧消耗量为6.5 mg/mg 时,出水的吸光度在400 nm处减少90%以上,在254 nm处减少85%以上;出水的溶解性有机碳质量浓度为11.23 mg/L、COD为16.3 mg/L;臭氧分子直接氧化对降低色度和去除有机物起到一定作用,采用臭氧氧化法深度处理印染废水二级出水在技术上是可行的.     

制药废水生化出水的强化混凝—高级氧化深度处理组合工艺比较

采用强化混凝和高级氧化法对制药废水生化出水进行深度处理,比较了不同混凝剂、不同氧化方法（包括Na₂S₂O₈氧化、电化学氧化、Fenton/类Fenton氧化）的处理效果。实验结果表明：经聚合硫酸铁与聚丙烯酰胺强化混凝处理后,废水的COD去除率达18.5%;强化混凝与不同氧化方法联用均可使废水脱色至无色,COD去除率达70.1%~92.4%。强化混凝—电化学氧化组合工艺的出水COD为27.1 mg/L,达到GB 8978—1996《污水综合排放标准》一级标准限值要求,且成本较低,适于实际应用。     

甲苯二胺对厌氧微生物活性的影响

以相对产甲烷活性(RA)和COD去除率为指标,考察不同浓度甲苯二胺对厌氧污泥微生物活性的影响。实验结果表明:甲苯二胺质量浓度为0~150 mg/L时,RA接近100%甚至高于100%,COD去除率为91%~93%,与对照组无差别,对厌氧微生物几乎没有抑制作用;当甲苯二胺质量浓度为200~400 mg/L时,RA为75%~95%,COD去除率与对照组相比下降了2~6个百分点,属于轻度抑制;当甲苯二胺质量浓度高于400 mg/L时,RA在70%以下,COD去除率降至85%以下,属于中度抑制;且随着甲苯二胺质量浓度增大,RA减小、COD去除率减小,抑制作用增强。因此,为了防止甲苯二胺对厌氧污泥微生物活性的抑制,甲苯二胺质量浓度应控制在0~150 mg/L。     

铁炭微电解-微波激发无极紫外光处理活性红195染料模拟废水

以NaClO为氧化剂，采用铁炭微电解-微波激发无极紫外光协同作用处理活性红195染料模拟废水。实验的优化工艺条件为：当NaClO加入量为9mL／L，用铁炭微电解～微波激发无极紫外光协同作用处理质量浓度为400mg／L的活性红195染料模拟废水50min时，废水脱色率达97％，COD去除率达82％。     

电絮凝-过硫酸盐氧化协同工艺处理页岩气压裂返排废水

采用电絮凝-过硫酸盐氧化协同工艺处理页岩气压裂返排废水,通过电解过程产生的Fe2+活化过硫酸盐产生强氧化性的硫酸根自由基氧化废水中的有机物,同时Fe2+被氧化成Fe3+进而水解起到絮凝作用。实验结果表明,在电解时间25 min、电流密度41.7 m A/cm~2、电极间距4 cm、搅拌转速100 r/min、废水pH 7.0、过硫酸盐添加量0.006 mol/L的条件下,COD去除率达94.5%,出水BOD_5/COD从0.13增至0.56,电导率从104 mS/m降至71 mS/m,矿化度从16 704 mg/L降至4 065 mg/L,不可滤残渣含量从554 mg/L降至59 mg/L。电絮凝-过硫酸盐氧化协同处理的效果明显优于单独电絮凝和硫酸亚铁活化过硫酸盐氧化工艺,循环伏安测试结果表明其原因是硫酸根自由基的产生,同时溶液的导电性增强,强化了絮凝效果。     

Anoxic-aerobic treatment of the liquid fraction of cattle manure

Cattle manure from a dairy farm was treated in order to reduce its pollution potential. The manure came from a farm with 120 cows kept in stables in a free stall barn. As pretreatment, the manure is usually filtered on the farm using a screw press separator with a 0.5 mm mesh. Approximately 70% of the total filtered volume passes through the screen, thus constituting the liquid fraction. This fraction, with a composition of around 64,500 mg COD/l, 5770 mg total-N/l and 800 mg total-P/l, was subjected to centrifugation followed by a two-step biological treatment (anoxic-aerobic) to reduce organic matter (COD), nitrogen and phosphorus compounds. Centrifugation led to the following removal efficiencies: 35% total solids, 60% COD, 75% total phosphorus and 20% total nitrogen (mainly organic nitrogen). With the subsequent anoxic-aerobic treatment, average removal efficiencies of 85% for COD, 90% for total phosphorus and 75% for total nitrogen were achieved.     

酞菁蓝颜料生产废水处理试验研究

采用初沉-电凝聚-加碱沉淀-生化工艺处理酞菁蓝颜料生产废水,试验表明,COD可从1190mg／L降至95．9mg／L,Cu^(2 )质量浓度可从163．5mg／L降至0．7mg／L,色度可从210倍降至43．3倍,出水COD、色度达到GB8978—1996《污水综合排放标准》一级排放标准,Cu达到二级排放标准。     

高含水油泥调质脱稳用剂

高含水油泥主要来自于页岩气田、油气田和炼厂的污水处理场（站）,含水率一般高达90%以上,成分复杂、乳化严重,是性质稳定的多相体系。破胶脱稳是高含水油泥处理处置与利用的前提,也是减量化的瓶颈,其核心是调质脱稳用剂的优选。介绍了高含水油泥的性质及调质脱稳的原理和方法,阐述了高含水油泥调质脱稳用剂的研究及应用现状,总结了助滤剂、氧化剂、电解质、破乳剂、絮凝剂和微乳化剂等常用药剂的调质机理、适应范围、研究实例和优缺点,并提出了调质脱稳用剂未来的发展方向。