甘肃省环县地下水水质的多元统计分析

运用多元统计方法中的因子分析和聚类分析对甘肃省环县的地下水水质状况进行评价。因子分析对环县21个乡镇的井水水样进行分析,综合得到了三个主要影响因子。因子1包括电导率、盐度和溶解性总固体,受到自然地理地质因素影响;因子2包含了氟化物、六价铬、氨氮和化学需氧量,与地下矿物资源分布与农牧业活动联系密切;因子3包括浊度、色度和溶解氧,主要受人类活动影响。聚类分析将环县地下水水质按其相似度分为三个部分,分别为北部地区、中部地区和东南部地区,其水质状况也随地域不同有所变化。     

珠海金鼎工业园地下水水质演变及其对水污染防控的提示

以珠海金鼎工业园这一典型的滨海工业园为研究对象,对比分析了工业园建成后不同时期(2005—2007与2015—2022)园区地下水环境监测数据与稳定氢、氧、氮等多种环境同位素数据,探讨了该园区浅层地下水水质时空演变特征,分析了园区地下水水质的超标问题与诱因,并识别了园区地下水、主要离子与无机氮等成分的来源,明确了该浅层含水层特征指标对海水入侵的指示,为滨海工业园区地下水污染的管控提供了科学依据。     

灰色模型在岩溶地下水水质预测中的应用研究

运用灰色理论建立水质预测模型,通过对水质指标拟合值与实测值差异性分析,判断模型精密度,并预测山东省东阿县下马头水源地未来2年的水质变化趋势,结果表明:在4项水质指标预测模型中,总硬度、氟化物指标的GM(1,1)时间响应预测模型拟合结果较好;溶解性总固体、硝酸盐指标的GM(1,1)时间响应预测模型精密度均为3级,不适合指标的预测;未来2年下马头水源地岩溶地下水水质良好。     

珠三角滨海地区地下水水质自动监测技术的适用条件和方法初探

针对珠三角滨海地区地下水含有高氯化物、高铁离子等的水质特征,通过开展多次自动仪器与实验室手工比对监测,验证了氨氮、耗氧量（COD_Mn法）、锰、氯化物等水质参数自动监测分析方法在地下水中的适用性。结果表明,使用蒸馏预处理+水杨酸分光光度法自动仪器监测该区域地下水中的氨氮,其监测结果与实验室手工监测结果有较好的一致性,潜水井相对误差为2.15%～22.7%,承压水井相对误差为2.82%～9.45%;使用高锰酸钾氧化-光度滴定法自动仪器监测该区域地下水潜水中的耗氧量,其监测结果与实验室手工监测结果一致性较好,相对误差为9.17%～12.9%;使用高碘酸盐法自动仪器监测该区域地下水中的锰,其监测结果与实验室手工监测结果有较好的一致性,潜水井相对误差为5.78%～23.2%,承压水井相对误差为8.94%～35.1%;使用离子选择性电极法自动仪器监测该区域地下水中的氯离子,其监测结果与实验室手工监测结果均有较好的一致性,潜水井相对误差为3.01%～29.4%,承压水井相对误差为0.61%～9.95%。该研究可为建立统一、规范的地下水水质自动监测技术体系提供经验和参考。     

基于深度学习的地下水水质预测方法研究——以大湾区(广州)地下水多层监测基地氨氮为例

地下水水质预测可以准确反映水质的未来变化趋势,是地下水污染防治中的重要环节。为提高地下水水质自动监测的预测精度,以大湾区(广州)地下水多层监测基地2022年3层地下水的氨氮监测结果为例,进行数据预处理后,构建将集成经验模态分解(EEMD)与深度学习技术(RNN、LSTM及GRU)相结合的复合深度学习模型,开展传统机器学习模型与不同深度学习模型在水质预测效果方面的对比分析,并探讨深度学习模型多步长预测的预测效果。研究结果表明:①与单一深度学习模型相比,结合EEMD的复合深度学习模型解决了预测滞后性问题,具有更高的预测精度和拟合度。②复合深度学习模型的拟合度高于4种传统机器学习模型。4种传统机器学习模型中,仅MLR与RF的预测拟合度与单一深度学习模型接近。③多步长预测结果表明,复合深度学习模型可以准确地预测地下水水质在3 d内的变化趋势。综上,复合深度学习模型展现出更好的预测性能和泛化能力,可为地下水水质预测提供支撑。     

山东省省级自然保护区人类活动遥感监测与评价

基于2018年高分系列遥感影像数据,提取山东省省级自然保护区人类土地利用活动信息,探讨人类活动对山东省省级自然保护区的影响。结果表明,自然保护区人类活动总面积占保护区总面积的22.2%,人类活动影响指数介于0~0.01368。不同类型的自然保护区人类活动面积不同,主要影响因子差异明显,森林生态类保护区以农业用地为主,内陆湿地类保护区以养殖场为主。内陆湿地类保护区是受到人类干扰程度最为严重的保护区类型,野生动物类保护区受到人类影响最小。     

地下水质量评价的属性识别法

依据属性识别理论中有关属性集、属性测度、有序分割类等概念和属性识别准则，建立了地下井水质综合评价的属性识别模型．结合地下水监测实例探讨了属性识别理论在水质评价中的应用．实例研究与模糊数学法、灰色理论法、物元分析及污染损失率法等4种不同方法评价结果完全一致．     

杭州市主城区浅层地下水水质现状

调查了杭州市主城区浅层地下水水质现状。结果表明,杭州市主城区浅层地下水污染较重,\"三氮\"超标现象普遍,而主要污染项目为NH3-N、NO2--N、IMn和总大肠菌群及细菌总数。指出,农业面源污染和生活污水,是造成杭州市主城区浅层地下水氮污染的主要原因。提出分析了地下水水质污染的成因。指出应加强地下水保护以及地下水资源的质量管理。进行科学、合理地开发利用,实现地下水水资源的可持续利用,支持杭州市国民经济的可持续发展。     

奎屯市一水厂水质现状及趋势分析

利用1996 - 2005年的地下水质监测数据,对奎屯市饮用水源地进行了现状评价,选择奎屯市一水厂作为研究目标,对总硬度、硝酸盐氮和硫酸盐三项指标的变化趋势进行分析,并对其变化成因进行了探讨.     

宇宙线辐射对人类健康的影响

介绍了宇宙线辐射对人类在不同生活环境和活动空间中所致的剂呈,估计了航空机组人员受到宇线照射潜在的危险性,并作出了卫生学评价。     

济南市环境空气监测技术“九五”发展初探

概述了济南市环境空气质量的主要问题，讨论了“九五”期间济南市环境空气监测技术发展目标和方案。     

Water Environmental Degradation of the Heihe River Basin in Arid Northwestern China

Water environmental degradation is a major issue in the Heihe River Basin belonging to the inland river basin of temperate arid zone in northwestern China. Mankind’s activities, such as dense population and heavy dependence on irrigated agriculture, place immense pressure on available and limited water resources during the last century, especially the recent five decades. An investigation on the water environmental degradation in the Heihe River Basin and analysis of its causation were conducted. The results indicated that water environmental changes in the whole basin were tremendous mostly in the middle reaches, which reflected in surface water runoff change, decline of groundwater table and degeneration of surface water and groundwater quality. Some new forms of management based on traditional and scientific knowledge must be introduced to solve problems of water environmental degradation in the Heihe River Basin.     

The impact of handpump corrosion on water quality in rural areas of West African sub-region

Water, even in its natural environment, contains some level of impurities. Water is nearly a universal solvent. It contains dissolved solids and gases, and hosts a number of micro-organisms. The exploitation of groundwater by means of boreholes for supplying small user groups and rural communities with water has been widely applied in certain parts of the world for several decades. In recent years this practice has spread all over the globe, and hundred of thousands of boreholes have beendrilled to tap low-yield aquifers. It is evident that such boreholes require pumps for lifting thewater. In developing countries these are usually handpumps, butsolar as well as other systems with submersible pumps are also used, depending upon the energy sources available and the financial means of the beneficiaries. This article gives a general overview of groundwater quality with regard to itsphysico-chemical composition. The results presented originatefrom the experience gained from handpump equipped boreholes within the UNICEF through German Centre for Technical EducationTransfer executed inter-regional UNDP-Handpumps Project inWest African Regions. Particular attention is paid to presenting corrosion onthe water quality of wells in terms of iron concentrationand other parameters. Furthermore, the corrosion attack ongalvanised iron, the effect of biofilms on the corrosionrate, and the difference between internal and externalcorrosion of rising mains are shown.     

A probabilistic methodology to assess the risk of groundwater quality degradation

An approach to assess the risk of groundwater quality degradation with regard to fixed standards, based on DisjunctiveKriging (DK) is presented. The DK allows one to evaluate the Conditional Probability (CP) of overriding a given threshold of concentration of a pollutant at a given time, and at a generic point in a consideredgroundwater system. The result of such investigation over the considered area can be plotted in form of maps of spatial risk. By repeating this analysis at different times, severalspatial riskmaps will be produced, one for each consideredtime. By means of non-parametric statistics, the temporal trendof the CPs can be evaluated at every point of the considered area. The trend index, assessed by means of a sort of classification of the trend values obtained as described above,can be superimposed on the most recent values of the spatialrisk (i.e.: the most recent values of probability). Consequentlya classification of the risk of groundwater quality degradationresults with which to weigh both the spatial distribution and thetemporal behaviour of the probability to exceed a given standardthreshold. The methodology has been applied to values of nitrateconcentration sampled in the monitoring well network of theModena plain, northern Italy. This area is characterised by intensive agricultural exploitation and hog breeding along withindustrial and civil developments. The influence of agriculture on groundwater results in a high nitrate pollution that limitsits use for potable purposes.     

宁夏石空工业园区地下水质量状况调查

通过对宁夏石空工业园区内的浅层地下水进行环境质量监测,对监测结果进行分析,掌握园区内地下水环境质量状况,为工业园区内地下水环境可持续发展提供技术保障。     

深圳市浅层地下水环境状况调查及保护对策

依托深圳市浅层地下水质量监测调查成果,开展全市浅层地下水质量评估工作。结果显示:多数监测点位水质属《地下水质量标准》(GB/T 14848—1993)的Ⅳ类和Ⅴ类标准,综合质量评价水质为较差级别。深圳市浅层地下水环境质量不容乐观,需要加强地下水环境的保护。在此基础上分析深圳市浅层地下水环境质量较差的原因,并提出地下水环境保护对策及建议。     

国家地下水环境质量考核监测体系构建与应用

为支撑国家地下水环境管理与污染防治,在系统梳理我国地下水环境监测发展历程的基础上,分析了当前地下水环境监测的技术特点,从支撑国家地下水环境质量考核的角度出发,研究构建了涵盖点位布设、监测指标选取、样品采集与保存、样品分析测试、质量保证与质量控制、质量评价等全流程的监测技术体系和质量管理体系,建立了\"十四五\"国家地下水环境质量考核监测网络建设及业务运行模式。基于覆盖全国所有地级及以上城市、主要水文地质单元、典型规模以上地下水型饮用水水源地与重点污染源的考核监测网络,建立了完善的地下水环境监测技术与质量管理体系,有效支撑了国家地下水环境质量考核,有助于各级管理部门掌握地下水环境质量状况,有针对性地开展地下水污染防治,为逐步改善地下水环境质量提供基础保障。     

A Methodology for Space-Time Classification of Groundwater Quality

Safeguarding groundwater from civil, agricultural and industrial contamination is matter of great interest in water resource management. During recent years, much legislation has been produced stating the importance of groundwater as a source for drinking water supplies, underlining its vulnerability and defining the required quality standards. Thus, schematic tools, able to characterise the quality and quantity of groundwater systems, are of very great interest in any territorial planning and/or water resource management activity.This paper proposes a groundwater quality classification method which has been applied to a real aquifer, starting from several studies published by the Italian National Hydrogeologic Catastrophe Defence Group (GNDCI).The methodology is based on the concentration values of several parameters used as indexes of the natural hydro-chemical water condition and of potential man-induced modifications of groundwater quality. The resulting maps, although representative of the quality, do not include any information on its evolution in time. In this paper, this “stationary” classification method has been improved by crossing the quality classes with three indexes of temporal behaviour during recent years. It was then applied to data from monitoring campaigns, performed in spring and autumn, from 1990 to 1996, in the plain of Modena aquifer (central Italy). The results are reported in the form of space-time classification table and maps.     

岩溶地区地下水环境监测难点及解决思路

基于岩溶地区地下水分布特征,结合岩溶地区地下水监测现状,分析了岩溶地区地下水环境质量监测工作中所面临的问题和困难。提出了关于岩溶地区地下水监测的思考和建议,为岩溶地区地下水环境监测提供技术指导。     

模糊-主成分分析综合评价法在地下水水质评价中的应用

主成分分析法可以在保留数据原始信息的基础上有效地降低数据维度,从而将影响地下水质的多因子简化为几个综合因子,但对地下水的综合水质状况无法直接表达;模糊综合评价法能直接给出水体综合水质情况结论,但评价因子多为人为选取,存在较强的主观性。以辽宁思山岭矿区地下水水质现状评价为例,利用主成分分析法选取影响各断面水质的关键因子,将其作为模糊综合评价的评价因子,建立了模糊?主成分分析综合评价法的地下水水质耦合评价模型。研究结果表明,该模型能很好地体现分析因子对评价结果带来的影响,使得评价结果更科学、合理。